Flow of Fluids - ACS Publications

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UNIT O P E R A T I O N S

Flow of Fluids

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flow engineering is such an intimate part of the industrial complex that major changes in fundamental practices would disrupt many large operations. Metering fluid streams in heavy industry is so closely connected with millions of dollars of material and energy that a standard reference details the sequence of arithmetic procedures for calculating flows, as rounding-off errors may represent substantial sums of money. Despite the stability of basic concepts, however, important extensions into new areas are being made, including investigations of liquid flows a t high pressure and the effects of pipe roughness. Flow through noncircular ducts has not yet been made amenable to thorough theoretical analysis, but its economic importance in such fields as heat-transfer equipment, civil engineering works, and petroleum production has encouraged empirical study and correlation. Several interesting reports have concerned annuli and complexly shaped channels and ducts. The simple mathematical relations for steady-state systems require extensive modification when time, temperature, or spatial distribution of velocity enter the system as variables. Studies have been made of variable-velocity flow associated with specific systems such as internal combustion engines and hydroelectric power plants. Generation, propagation, and attenuation of surges in pipelines have received the attention of several groups of investigators. Interaction between velocity fields and temperature fields has been studied from three different points of view: changes in flow patterns produced by specified heat inputs, changes in heat transfer produced by changes in flow patterns, and analogy between heat interchange and momentum interchange. Distribution of local velocities is more thoroughly discussed in the fluid dynamics

MURRAY WEINTRAUB received his B.Ch.E.from the Cooper Union Institute of Technology and M.S. from the University of Pittsburgh. At the U. S. Bureau o f Mines, Central Experiment Station, Pittsburgh, Pa., he is engaged in applied research on combustion of solid fuels and related studies of fluid mechanics. Weintraub is a registered professional engineer and a member of the ACS and AIChE.

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review. However, a number of investigations are covered here because of their value to the design engineer. Reports include analysis of previously published data, investigations into velocity patterns, generation of controlled turbulence, and fluid mixing. Developments in flow measurement include a revised edition of a long-accepted handbook. Reports cover the effect on flow indications of orifice plate roughness and of unsteady flow and design and application of flow meters other than orifice, pitot tube, and weir "head meters." S o all-inclusive correlation has yet been developed for flow through porous beds. Of considerable value, therefore. is empirical information on fuel beds. toiver packings, filters, and microporous solids. Most studies of flow through packed beds have covered mixing processes during flow, while some investigators have sought analogies between heat transfer and pressure losses. .4comprehensive project for the study of flow of vaporizing mixtures has been established a t Cambridge University. The range of validity of previously published correlations for two-fluid systems has been more clearly defined. Of special interest are studies of flow a t critical pressure drop and flow through piping and orifices during phase change. A number of reports describe improved equipment for pneumatic and hydraulic methods of transporting solids, but as these methods are usually selected for situations where certain advantages outweigh any possible lack of energy efficiency, there has been little incentive to study pressure-flow relationships. Interest may be stimulated by the two long-distance conveyance systems described last year and by the extensive application of hydraulic energy both in coal winning and in coal transport in the Soviet Union. Theory and practice of separation processes have received a moderate amount of attention. Studies have included distribution of velocities and pressures and boundary layer in cyclonic devices. The liquid-phase analog of the standard dust-collector cyclone is receiving increasing application as a washing and separation device in mineral industries. Application of fluidization has been active both a t the developmental and fullscale industrial level. Other multiphase systems investigated include spray generators and two-phase ejectors. Although there are many new designs. modifications, and improvements in pumps, compressors, and other mechani-

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

cal elements, the basic problems of selection, construction, and operation of these components remains the same. This year several publications discuss factors overlooked in integration of pumps, motors, piping, and process. Cost reduction, corrosion, and safety in piping systems have also received attention.

Single-phase Flow Basic calculations for flow through simple conduits are described in many textbooks, but when repeated calculations must be made graphical aids (37A: 54A) are always welcome. The application of fundamental factors frequently overlooked in apparently simple situations is well illustrated by White (67A) in discussing design of flues for gas appliances. Slater, Villemonre, and Day (5OA) found that standard pipe friction theory did not account for loss of oil flowing at >2@@0p.s.i. until appropriate allowance was made for the effect of pressure and temperature on physical properties of the fluids. Even under less strenuous conditions, correction must be made for elasticity of water, if precise energy balances are to be made. Shchapov (47.4)

Table I. Single-phase Subject Noncircular ducts and annuli Flow formulas for open channels Channels with mobile boundaries Design of irrigation works Friction factors and transition in tubes, annuli, flat plates Non-Newtonian flow in annuli Air-lubricated journal bearing .Annulus with inner rotating cylinder Annuli with square outer duct Ducts of triangular and rectangular section Equipment Cross-flow through tube banks Effect of clearances in shelland-tube heat exchangers Laminar flow in shell of heat exchangers Flow forces on control valvrs Flow through A-K standard fittings Perforated plates LVoven and crossed-rod screens

Friction loss in helix Combustion equipment components Multiple-cell pump basin

Flow Ref. (53A) (7'4) (26.4)

(7'4)

(4OAj ( 55A ) ( 7 7.4) (QA) (6'4, 25.4)

(5'4,57'4) ( 58A 1

Interest in two-fluid systems is highlighted by establishment of a proiect on flow of vaporizing mixtures reported that disregarding elasticity correction in pressure penstocks can lead to under-evaluation of turbine efficiency by as much as 0.5%. The effect of altering the internal surface of tubes \\-as studied by Brouillette and others ( 2 A ) and by O’Sullivan ( 3 5 A ) . The former group investigated variations in number and dimensions of fins. 0’Sullivan studied hole- type roughness and found that friction factor did not become independent of Reynolds number.

Equipment and Noncircular Ducts.

Fluid friction in conduits partially filled xvith electrical conductors was measured by Stephenson (52.4). Flow through annuli with inner rotating cylindrical members is important in viscometry and in lubricated journal bearings and in petroleum production where a circulating fluid is used to carry away material broken out by the drill. One study (72A) showed that pressure drop could be reduced to a minimum by rotating the pipe a t some particular angular velocity. Other investigations in this field, as

\$-ellas investigations into open channels and odd-shaped ducts and annuli, are listed in Table I. \-aluable design data on a variety of process equipment components, such as heat exchangers: valves. and perforated plates, are reported in publications also included in Table I.

Time, Temperature, and

Space

Variables.

LTnsteady fluid-flow processes affect the design of internal combustion engines (75.4), supply and discharge channels of hydroelectric power plants (73A): and lhrottling restrictions (2OA), but the most serious aspect of this type of flow is the potentially destructive one of \vater hammer. [Valler and Kersten (23A: 60A) developed a theory for the analysis of surges generated by reciprocating pumps and for the propagation of disturbances in oil pipelines. Paynter and Ezekiel (30A) discussed the effects of bends, joints, variable pipe thickness, and similar variations in solid medium upon transmission of the surge. Design criteria for controlling water hammer effects are outlined by Parmakian (37A, 38A) and by Osborn ( 3 J A ) . Sleicher (57A) has described measurements of the ratio of eddy diffusivit)- for heat to that for momentum. The ratio approached a constant value of about 1.4, well above the value of unity used by many authors in developing analogies between heat and momentum transfer. The new data permit more accurate calculation of heat transfer from measured values of velocity distribution. Another aspect of the interaction of heat and flow is the study of changes in flow field produced by heat transfer (76,4, 77.4. 42A, 46‘4). The converse effect of flow patterns on heat transfer processes has also been considered 13A, d-4,

ZQA),

Hydraulic power, from pump operating at from large public utility furnace

325 p.s.i.,

i s used to transport ashes

Several studies on distribution of local velocities are of direct value to the design engineer. Rothfus, Walker, and \Yhan (454) developed a correlation valid for tubes, annuli? and parallel plates. Available data on the relationship between maximum velocity. average velocity, and friction factor were reviewed by Robertson (43‘4). Flow distribution in non-Sewtonian systems was calculated by Ree, Ree, and Eyring ( 4 7 A ) . A method of calculating flow patcerns was suggested by hleyer (32A). The use of grids to generate a uniform velocity gradient (36’4) and to generate a controlled turbulence (75A) was reported by two groups of investigators. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow was discussed by Lindgren (30z4)and by Preston (4OA). The latter developed criteria of shape and dimensions for an optimum ”wire” to create a

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UNIT OPERATIONS Table II. Meters and Controls Subject Ref. General Gas properties (34B) Calibration techniques ( 7 4 28, 22B) Comparison of meter types (3B, 72B) Hydraulic measurements, (23B, 28B, civil works 33B) Stability analysis of control systems ( 6 B ,ZOB) Control systems for oil production, and transmission ( 77B, 32B) Head meters Effect of roughness of orifice plate Nonlinear response of orifice H.P. steam flow measurement New-type straightening vanes Pitot tube in shear Pulsation response of manometers Variously shaped crest spillways Submerged weirs Leon tube for water flow Other meters Mass flow probe Turbine type meter Hot wire Condenser-microphone Hot ribbon Capacity diaphragm Piezoelectric Radioactivity Electromagnetic induction

.___

data for Pall rings, a new type of tower packing which has seen some service in Europe. Investigations were also reported on fluid flow through fuel beds (7C. 70C, 72C): filters (77C, 7QC, 2OC), and geologic structures (4C,73C). Gilliland, Baddour, and Russell (7C) studied flo~vthrough microporous solids, correlating flow of "fixed gases" on the basis of gas phase molecular floiv. Flow

of hydrocarbons could be correlated as the sum of gas-phase flow and a surface flow due to adsorption, for which a n equation was derived. I n some cases adsorbed flow was 17 times that predicted for nonadsorbed flow. Ebach and White (3C) have added to the limited available data on axial mixing. Baumeister and Bennett (2C) could find no simple analogy benveen heat

quick transition a t a leading edge. Mixing of fluids while flowing in pipes and other equipment was also discussed (79A, 27'4. -38'4, 33A, 4 4 4 , 5 6 A ) . Meters and Controls

Because of financial considerations, fluid metering in heavy industry must necessarily consist of standardized operations. However, the additions and changes in the latest edition of a standard reference (24B) demonstrate the numerous changes in orifice coefficients, values of gas properties, and other basic data in recent years. Other recent developments in fundamental considerations, the use of differential head meters, and development of new forms of primary devices are noted in Table 11.

Porous Beds

A noteworthy addition to the literature of fluid flow is a comprehensive text ( 7 8 2 ) on the physics of flow through porous media. New measurements of flow through various types of consolidated and unconsolidated beds have been published i n a variety of fields. Eckert, Foote, and Huntington (6C) have provided such

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Boiler feed pump discharge, at 2 100 p.s.i. and 450" F., is controlled b y 8-inch overhead valve with pressure-seal bonnet and extended stem

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

transfer and pressure drop. They developed a simplified correlation of their pressure drop data which showed good agreement with that predicted by Ranz from the drag coefficient of single spheres. T h e fact that net transfer of heat, mass, or momentum through a porous bed must, in most cases, be the result of both diffusive and mechanical mixing processes was considered in studies on effective thermoconductivities (27C) and of chemical reactions in porous solids (73C). A number of investigators (3C, 75C-77C) made mathematical analyses of mixing based on models of different degrees of complexity. Other heat-transfer studies were reported by Glasser and Thodos (8C) and by Green (9C). The latter pointed out the need for more precise data because measurements by the transient techniques used are seriously affected by a number of factors.

single phases. When Isbin, Moy, and da Cruz (470) measured critical flow rates for two-phase steam-water, they found that measured mass flow rates were always greater than those calculated for single phases or calculated from extrapolation of two-phase flow a t noncritical pressure drops. Another interesting study was that of Hesson and Peck (390) who measured flow through orifices of two-phase carbon dioxide from triple point to critical pressure. When either liquid or gas single phase was fed into a nozzle, pressure drop was always that expected for single phase despite flashing or condensation that may have occurred during passage through the orifice. They derived a single equation which described their observations over the entire range of phase combinations. Transport Processes. A major difficulty in conducting large-scale studies of fluid transport of solids is the scarcity of instruments for measuring velocity of the two phases independently. One

method described (80) consists of a cy-clicai separation and weighing of the solids. Other methods include the use of and of a specially radioactive solids (48D) constructed convergent-divergent nozzle (50). Some elementary considerations for design of pneumatic conveying equipment have been described by Fischer (2SD),while recent developments in coal and ash handling equipment have been noted by Wentz (671)). Magner (54D) has described equipment used in the recently developed system of air-drilled wells in which compressed air replaces drilling mud for removal of drilling debris. A few contributions on the fluid mechanics of pneumatic transport system design have been published. Coeuillet ( 2 0 0 ) attempted to apply hydraulic transport laws to the case of pneumatic back-filling of mines. Patterson ( 6 0 0 ) provided information of value to design of pulverized-coal transport systems in the flow ranges used by modern large

Multiphase Flow The necessity for understanding the fundamentals of flow during vaporization as a preliminary to understanding boiler circulation. as well as the need for experimental data in rational boiler design, has led to the establishment of a comprehensive research project at Cambridge University. The apparatus and preliminary tests for this project have been described (260). Experiments on pressure drop of condensing steam in horizontal pipes were conducted by Dunn and Stuhlbarg (250), who developed a new equation for computing this pressure drop. Agostinelli and Salemann (70)investigated flow of a flashing mixture of water and steam through smooth annuli with inlet conditions to 600" F . and 3000 p.s.i. A few correlations for two-phase pressure drop have been presented in recent years, but more experimental data must be accumulated before t.he ranges of validity of these correlations are defined. Reid and others ( 6 2 0 ) found that the Chenoweth-Martin correlation may be used for 4- and 6-inch diameter pipes with more reliability than the correlation of Lockhart and Martinelli. Other aspects of t\vo-fluid flow include surface roughness of a conduit (790), angle of inclination of the pipe ( 7 7 0 ) , flow pattern and hold-up in vertical flow ( 3 5 0 ) , and structural details of the liquid-vapor interface in annular flow (530, 6 8 0 ) . The limiting condition reached when flow velocity of a fluid through a pipe or a nozzle is equal to the velocity of propagation of a pressure wave through that fluid is a well understood phenomenon for

Courtesy Crane Co.

Zone air conditioning of large installations requires multiplicity of circulating pumps and valves VOL. 51, NO. 3, PART II

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steam boilers. His observations include friction factors for 8- and 12-inch diameter pipe handling air-coal mixtures and data on formation and control of coal drifts in horizontal pipe. Chernov (760) showed that the aerodynamics of air jets a t velocities less than 30 meters per second is not significantly affected by the presence of pulverized particles in concentrations up to 1 pound of solid per pound of air. Dredging operations have used liquid media as a conveyance for solids for many years, but this means of transport for long distances has proved to be economical only under specialized conditions. A review of mining technology ( 2 0 ) describes the expansive development of hydraulic mining in the U.S.S.R. including coal-seam fragmentation and coal transport. Another report on the U.S.S.R. (430) describes the entirely hydraulic operation of a 700-ton-perday mine at a depth of 200 feet. Lammers and others (500) studied the feasibility of hydraulic transport of a Texas lignite and concluded that a t the present time, under the conditions required by their problem, such transport would not be competitive with rail transport. O n the other hand, Pursglove ( 6 7 0 ) remarked that coal transport by pipeline would be especially advantageous as a source of supply for the fluidized carbonization process he described because of the suitability of the coal size. Another publication (330) shows the advantages of hydraulic back-filling of metal mines with refuse from the dressing plant. Optimum concentrations and particle sizes are discussed. Some comprehensive experimental studies by the Central Mining Institute of Poland were reported by Zahaczeivski (700). Both operational studies and design equations for open-channel and closed-channel transport were provided. Other studies of interest include the effect of free fall during hydraulic transport in a vertical pipe ( 2 7 0 ) , the mechanics of sediment-ripple formation ( Z ? D ) ,and the hydraulics of drilling mud particle transport ( 2 2 0 ) . Separation Processes. Accurate estimation of the relative motion between particles and fluid must be based upon knowledge of particle size and concentration. Conversely, these two parameters are frequently evaluated from measurements of particle aerodynamic behavior. Cruise (230)and Schadt and Cadle ( 6 3 0 ) examined the relationship between sampling methods and accuracy of size and concentration measurements, especially as applicable to atmospheric pollution. A simplified method of calculating terminal velocity of particles was provided in a graphical approach by Jottrand (440). A device for separating solid or liquid

particles from a fluid carrier is a simple vessel which constrains the fluid stream to move in a circular path so that differences in centrifugal forces cause different phases to separate. The simplicity and effectiveness of the “cyclone“ have led to its adoption throughout industry, and considerable operating data have accumulated. Morris (570) has compiled such data from 24 industrial plants. Additional new data on operating characteristics were contributed by Kirpichev and Tsarkova ( 4 7 0 ) and by Goette and Engel 1340). The liquid-phase cyclone has attained considerable use in the coal and other mineral industries as a particleseparation device, a washing system, and a method of size classification. Data on these uses have been compiled ( 7 4 0 , 2 7 0 , 360,380). Despite the widespread use of the cyclone and its apparently simple principle, little is known about the more detailed aspects of the fluid mechanics \vithin the device. Nakhapetyan and Isaev (580) offer data on the distribution of velocities and pressures which may provide some clue to the phenomenon in which presence of a solid in the fluid stream reduces pressure drop in a cyclone chamber. Havemann and Bhaktavatsala (370) have developed a dust-separator design which minimizes re-entrainment of the separated dust. The influence of boundary layer processes was found by Barth ( 4 0 ) to limit materially the improvement of separation power attained by increasing load and decreasing diameter. Conditions relating to removal of separated quantities of dust become worse as Froude number increases. Besides the achievement of phase separation, a purpose for obtaining relative motion between particle and fluid is the reduction of film thickness with consequent acceleration of heat and mass transfer. Friedlander (370) analyzed the behavior of suspended particles in terms of their rrlative motion with respect to fluid eddies as in a turbulent fluid. 4 better understanding of this relative motion and the results obtainable may be of immense economic importance in combustion of pulverized coal and liquid fuel, as shown by Bayles ( 7 0 ) , Thring (650), and Khvostov ( 4 6 0 ) . Other studies of the relative motion of two phases and the application of such motion include gas entrapment in spreading liquid over a rough surface ( 3 0 ) , design of a liquid extraction device ( 6 0 ) , and liquid scrubbing of dusts from gases (720, 770). Fluidization. Publications of recent years have analyzed fluidization as the interaction of solids with bubbles of the fluid phase. Bracale and Cabella (700) take issue with this picture of inhomogeneity and attempt to show that solid

distribution in a fluidized bed is essentially uniform. Furukaiva and Ohmae (320) have taken the analogy between fluidized systems and liquids and extended it to describe many flow and static properties of fluidized beds. One of the major difficulties in smallscale development of fluidization processes is the inability to produce a well fluidized bed in a small-diameter pipe. This problem has been met by the use of baffles (55D) and by mechanical agitation (560). A British patent j S d 0 ) proposes to assist fluidization on a larger scale by the use of mechanical vibration of the vessel. Beranek ( 9 0 ) describes a design method for fluidization plants based on elementary considerations of expansion and minimum fluidization velocity. These parameters are determined for the specific problem by a simple apparatus. The method appears to be someivhat over-simplified but is probably adequate for ideal, easily fluidized poi\-ders. Detailed considerations of heat transfer are found in another revieiv: but it is appropriate to refer the design engineer to a comprehensive analysis and summary of heat-transfer data by \\-ender and Cooper ( 6 6 0 ) . b’icke (69D) has described three methods for utilizing the rapid turnover in a fluidized bed to quench hot gases. The problem of residence time in a fluidized combustion bed \vas treated theoretically by Paleev and Gurevich ( 7 9 0 ) . New industrial processes using fluidization techniques include the production of uranium tetrafluoride i i 7 D ) . desulfurization in a loFv-temperature fluidized carbonization process (J2D). large-capacity pyrites roasters (dOD),an evaporator-calciner for disposal of radioactive wastes (78D), and a hydrogenator for heavy oil (750). Other Multiphase Systems. In most two-phase chemical reactions. reaction rate is greatly dependent upon the estenc of the interfacial area. One method for generating large areas is through the use of spray nozzles. Fraser. Eisenklam, and Dombroxvski ( 3 0 0 ) ha\-e revimved the principles of liquid disinregration by centrifugal and aerodynamic forces generated in spray nozzles and have described their application to the design of various types of atomizers. These investigators ( 2 1 0 ) have also reported results of an investigation into the effect of viscoelasticity of the fluid on spray generation. The design of spray nozzles for turbojet engines \vas discussed by Lambrecht and Alvermann ( 1 9 0 ) . Burton and Joyce (730) and Fraser (29D)demonstrated that optimum drop size is a function of application. Some of the parameters which govern particle size and spray pattern attained are indicated. . h o t h e r interesting problem, the com-

FLOW OF FLUIDS plex behavior of ejectors when both driving and driven fluids exist i n both liquid and vapor phase, was studied experimentally and analytically by Kaye and Rivas ( 4 5 0 ) .

Mechanical Design

Pumps. One of the major reasons for the popularity of centrifugal pumps in the process industries is the comparatively little attention they require. M’essing (4OE) points out, however, that it is still necessary to take operating conditions into account during selection and to avoid major errors in general layout if satisfactory service is to be obtained. He has outlined necessary considerations in erection, layout of lines, assembly, first operation, maintenance, and other operating procedures and supervision necessary to maximize useful life. The safety and simplicity of vertical pumps are stressed by Cannon and Lundquist ( 7 E ) ho describe also the disadvantages associated Lsith this type of pump. .A philosophy for analyzing the requirements for satisfactory operation of pumps in a given situation was developed by Emerson ( 7 4 6 ) who applied his principles to operation of the main coolant centrifugal pump in a pressurized-water reactor plant. Other contributions to the rational integration of pumps and compressors into a given process include a discussion of hydraulic variable-speed couplings betLveen pumps and motors (23E): a method of converting values of net positive suction heads measured with cold water to values applicable to other fluids (19E): and a description of conversion equations used \rhen testing gas compressors a t other than rated speed (23E). The increasing demand for steam ejectors: influenced to a great extent by the expansion of \-acuum processing of metals, makes of special value a contribution by Linck (Z5E) in which charts of capacity-pressure curves, steam requirements: and investment costs are provided as aids in selecting ejectors for high vacuum. The engineer interested in design details of specific pumps will find a number of helpful publications listed in Table 111. Piping a n d Valves. Piping constitutes a major cost of all chemical plants as \vel1 as of long-distance transmission lines. The problem of reducing this cost has been approached from several aspects. Kern (%E) has discussed simplicity in to\ser piping design. Ludivig ( 2 S E ) has summarized special considerations in layout? construction, and testing which must be given to highpressure piping. Methods of economy by minimizing overdesign in pipe strength were empha-

sized by Christopher ( 8 E ) , while a discussion by Mark1 (30E) carries to a logical conclusion the problem of overdesign. H e attempts to establish a code of balanced quality to collate the magnitude of specific hazards with factors of safety and of ignorance in design equations, in grades of construction material, in requirements of construction skills, and in all other factors entering into safety in critical piping. Two other factors entering into the economy of piping systems are accurate estimates of piping labor costs (34E) and of pipe support foundations ( 76E). Besides the pipe elements themselves, a pipe system must include couplings, valves, and frequently safety devices. Recent contributions include a discussion of the selection and use of high-pressure valves for high-temperature duty (78E), a study of the mechanical features of automatic control valves (33E), the design and application of safety relief valves (32E),and a simplified method of calculating rupture disk sizes (27E). Several publications on stress analysis and structural design of flanges, gaskets, and other connections are included in Table 111.

more immediate application is a technique for determining a n index of cavitation erosion during operation of full-scale hydraulic equipment (27E) and a conclusion by Knapp (22E) that cavitation nuclei may be reduced by exposing the fluid to sufficient pressure to drive undesired gases into solution. T h e American Standards Association (39E) has revised its 1931 standard of practice for drainage of coal mines with increased consideration of the types of corrosion prevalent and methods of combating them.

Acknowledgment Thanks are due P. R. Sebastian for his assistance in assembling the references discussed in this review.

Literature Cited Single-phase Flow (1A) Blench, T., “R.egime Behaviour of Canals and Rivers,” Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, 1957. ( 2 4 ) Brouillette, E. C., hiifflin, T. R., Myers, J. E., .4m SOC. Mech. Engrs. Paoer 57-A-47. Annual Mretinp, iYew Ydrk, December 1937. (3A) Buthed, P., Ozl Gas J . 55, S o . 26, 1 1 1 /,“:7, \lY.JI).

Table 111. Mechanical Design Subject Ref. High-pressure pumps Advantages of hydraulic drive (37~5) (77Ei Air-driven Liquid nitrogen (4Ej New standards for material, (5E, 72E, gaskets, flanges ( 74E) Centrifugal pumps Design and application ( 73E. 35E(also compressors) 37E) Reduction of thrust load (29E) Packing problems ( 7 E . 9E) Air pump, acoustic drive (7 0 ~ 1 Compressor foundations (38E) Relief valve calculations (3E)

Corrosion a n d Erosion. Drahos ( 7 7E) reviewed the various types of corrosion and the economics of proper material selection. A goal of all materials engineers is to find some material, no more expensive than steel, which is completely immune to the corrosion encountered in the specific problem. Anderson ( 2 E ) has described the various types of plastic pipe and the advantages and limitations of these materials for use in the refining and manufacturing aspects of the petroleum industries. Studies on vibration induced by water flow ( 6 E )and of corrosion and cavitation erosion (25E) extend somewhat our knowledge of these types of damage. Of

(4A) Contois, It’. H., Am. SOC. Mech. Engrs., Paper 57-A-112, -4nnual Meeting, New York, December 1957. (54) Cornell. N’. H.. Trans. Am. Sac. ‘ M e c h . Eng;. 80, 791’ (1958). (6A) DeBray, B. G., Aeronaut. Research Council London, Curr. Paper 323 (1957). (7.4) . . Diehl. J. E., Unruh, C. H., Petroi. R+ner 37; No. 10, 124 (1958). (8A) Dornaus, W. L., Trans. Am. Sac. Mech. Engrs. 80, 1129 (i958). (9A) Ducoffe, A. L., Bennett, J. R., Ray, C. G., Ibid., 80,1349 (1958). (10A) Eckert, E. R. G , Irvine, T. F., Jr., “Proc. Fifth Midwestern Conf. Fluid Mech.,” p. 122, Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann i\rbor, Mich., 1957. (11A) Feng, T.-Y.,.41n. SOC.Mech. Engrs., Paper 57-A-129, .4nnual Meeting, New York, December 1957. (12.4) Ferrell, H., Fitch, E. C., Boggs, J. H., Zbid., Paper 57-PET-9, Petrol. Mech. Eng. Conf., Tulsa, Okla., September 1957. (13A) Frank, J., “Unsteady Processes in the Supply and Discharge Channels of Hydroelectric Power Plants,” SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 1957. (14.4) Fredrickson, A. G., Bird, R. B., IND.ENG.CHEM.50, 347 (19581. (15.4) Grant, H. L., Nisbet, I. C. T., J . Fluid Mech. 2 , 2 6 3 (1957). (16.4) Hanratty, T. J., Rosen, E. If., Kabel. R. L.. IND.ENG.CHEM.50, 815

(ies8i.

(17.4) Homig, H. E , M i t t . Ver. Grosskesselbesitrer No. 47, 113 (April 1957). 118.4) Huber. E. \V.. VDI-Forschuneshefi ‘ 23.’No. 462: 1-32 11957). (19.4’) Hyma;, S. C., Joseph, L.. i4.ZCh.E. Journal 4 , 3 3 (1958). (20.4) Indri, E , Energia elettrica 34, 554 (1 957),. I - _ -

(21A) Johannes, C., Kraybill, R. R., Am. SOC. Mech. Engrs., Paper 57-HT-26,

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ASME-AIChE Heat Transfer Conf., University Park, Pa., August 1957. (22A) Kaye, J., Elgar, E. C., Trans. A m . SOC. Mech. Engrs. 80, 753 (1958). (23A) Kersten, R. D., Waller, E. J., Proc. A m . SOC. Civzl Engrs. 83, PL 1 (J. Pipeline Div.), Paper 1195 (March 1957). (24A) Knight, H. .4., Walker, R . B., .4eronaut. Research Council London, Rept. Mem. 2987 (1957). (25A) Kolodzie, P. A., Van LVinkle, h?., A.I.Ch.E. Journal 3, 305 (1957). (26A) Leliavsky, S., “Irrigation and Hydraulic Design,” Vol. 11, Macmillan, New York, 1957. (27.4) Levenspiel, 0.. IND. EKG. CHEM. 50, 343 (1938): (28.4) Levenspiel, O., Petrol. Refiner 37, No. 3, 191 (1958). (29.4) Lewis, W. G., Herbert, M. V., Engineering 184, No. 4769, 143 (1957). (30.4) Lindgren, E. R., Arkia Fysik 12, 1 (April 1957). (31.4) Manson, S. V., Trans. A m . Sot. Mech. Engrs. 80, 693 (1958). (32A) Meyer, R., Houiiie Blanche 12, KO.8 , 303 (1957). (33.4) Miller, E., Foster, S. P., ROSS, R. W., Wohl, K., A.I.Ch.E. Journal 3, 395 (1957). (34A) Osborn, D. F., Trans. S. African Inst. Cirii Engrs. 7,No. 6 , 203 (1957). (35A) O’Sullivan, J. K., Engineering 183, No. 4760, 684 (1957). (36A) Owen, P. R., Zienkiewicz, H . K., J . F l u i d M e c h . 2, 521 (1957). (37‘4) Parmakian, J., Proc. A m . Soc. C i d Engrs. 83, PO 2 (J. Pow. Div.), Paper 1216 (April 1957). 138A) Parmakian. J.. Trans. A m . Sot. .Mech. Engrs. 80, 1563’(1958). i39Ai Pavnter. H. M.. Ezekiel. F. D.. Ibtd.,-86, 1585 (1958).’ (40A) Preston, J. H., J Fluzd Mech. 3, 373 (1958). (41A) Ree, F. H., Ree, T., Eyring, H., IND.ENG.CHEM. 50, 1036 (1958). (42A) Reynolds, W. C., Kays, W. h?., Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs. 80, 1160 (1958). (43A) Robertson, J. M., “Proc. Fifth Midwestern Conf. Fluid Mech.,” p. 67, Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1957. (44A) Rothfus, R. R., Archer, D. H., Sikchi, R . G., A.I.Ch.E. Journal 4, 27 (1958). (45.4) Rothfus, R. R., Walker, J. E., Whan, G. &4., Ibid., 4, 240 (1958). (46A) Scorer, R . S., J . Fluid Mech. 2, 583 (1957). (47A\, ShchaDov. N. M.. Izuest. Akad. ‘ .Vauk S.S.4. R.‘ Otdel. Tekh. X a u k 1957, No. 2, p. 117. 148.4) Shires. G. L.. Aeronaut. Research Council London, Curr. Paper 318, (1957). (494) Short, B. E., Treat, B. F., Am. SOC. Mech. Engrs., Paper 57-A-49, Annual Meeting, New York, December 1957. (5OA’i Slater. J. G.. Villemonte, J. R., Day, H. J.,’ Proc. Ah. SOC. Civil Engrs. 83, HY 1 (J. Hydr. Div.), Paper 1163 (February 1957). (51.4) Sleicher, C. .4.,Jr.. Trans. A m . SOC. >MeLh. Engrs. 80, 693 (1958). (52A) Stephenson, D. G., Trans. Eng. Inst. Canada 1957, KO.1, p 39. (53A) Szesztay, K., Vizugyi Koziemenyek 1957, No. 1/2, p. 22. (54A) Tassoney. J. P., Droter, J. M., Chem. Eng. 67, S o . 18, 138 (1958). (55A) Test, F. L., Kingston, R. I., Trans. A m . SOC.Mech. Engrs. 80, 593 (1958). (56A) Tichacek, L. J., Barkelew, C. H.,

Baron, T., A.I.Ch.E. Journal 3, 439 (1957). (57A) Tong, L. S.,London, A. L., Trans. A m . Soc. Mech. Engrs. 79, 1558 (1957). (58A) Vernon, L. H., Sliepcevich, C. M., IND. ENG.CHEM.49, 1945 (1957). (59.4) Walker, J. E., Whan, G. .4., Rothfus, R. R., A.I.Ch.E. Journal 3, 484 (1957). (60.4) Waller, E. J., Am. SOC. hfech. Engrs., Paper 57-PET-16, Petrol. Mech. Eng. Conf., Tulsa, Okla., September 1957. (61.4) iVhite, T. T., J. Inst. Fuel 30, 646 (1957).

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Meters and Controls (1B) Barrett, lf. L., Jr., M e c h . Enp. 80, NO. 5, 61 (1958). (2B) Broer, L. J. F., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Kortleven, A, Appl. Sei. Research 7A, 1 11957). (3B) Combes, J. J., de Pasquale, XI. J., Automatton 4, No. 9, 47 (1957). (4B) Dall, H. E., Instr Engr. 2, 91 (.4pril 1958). 15B) Davis. P. 0. A. L.. J . Fluid Mech. 3. 454 (1958). (6Bj Ezekiel, F. D., Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs. 80, 904 (1958). (7B) Forshae, J. R., Taylor. H., .4eronaut. Research Council London, Rept. Mem. 2990 (1957). (8B) Grossman, L. M.. Li, H., Einstein, H. 4 . . Pror. A m . SOC.Cir~zlEners. 83, HY 5 (J. Hydro. Div.), Paper 1T94 (O’ctober 1957). ( 9 s ) Hassan, K. E., Am. SOC. Mech. Engrs., Paper 57-A-197, Annual Meetinq, Sew York, December 1957. (10B) Hochreiter, H . M., Trans. ’4r.n. Sod. Mech. E n , q s . 80, 1363 (1958). (11B) Holdaway, H. W.? H e h . Phys. Acta 30, No. 1, 85 11957). (12B) Horlock, J. H., Aeronaut. Research Council London, Curr. Paper 321 \

057) ,( 1~ , ,.- ,

(1 0581.

(19B) Murdock, J. W., Goldsbury, J., Ibid., 80, 975 (1958). (20B) Reethof, G., X d . , 80,1299 (1958). 121BI Sato. H.. R&t. Inst. Sei.and Techno/. ‘ Univ. Tokyo 1 1 , $0. 7, 73 (1957). (22B) Shafer, M . R., Ruegg, F. W., Trans. A m . Sac. M e r h . Engrs. 80, 1369 (1958). (23B) Shchapov, N. h?., “Hydrometry of Hydraulic Structures and Machinery,” Gosenergoizdat, MOSCOW, 1957. (24B) Spink, L. K., “Principles and Practice of Flow Meter Engineering,” 8th ed., Foxboro CO., Foxboro, Mass., 1958. (25B) Sprenkle. R . E.. Courtright, N. S., Mech Eng. 80, No. 2, 71 (1958). (26B) Staab. F.. Ine.-Arch. 25, 404 (1957). (27B) Thurston, G‘: B., Hargrove, L. E., Jr., Cook, B. D.. J . Acoust. Soc. A m . 29, 992 (1957).

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

Flow through Porous Media

3

3B) Hull, D. E., IND.EKG. CHEM.50, 199 (19%). 4B) Ippen! .4. T.: Raichlen, F., Proc. A m . Soc. Czcii Enprs. 83, HY 5 (J. Hydro. Div.), Paper 1392 (October 1957). 5B) Ivasaki, T., Trans. Japan. soc. Cic. Engrs. 43, No. 2. 29 (19571. 6B) Kemp, J. F., J . Sci. Instr. 34, 390 (1957). 7B) Lonq, F. V., Am. SOC.Xfech. Engrs., Paper 57-PET-15, Petrol. Mech. Eng. Conf., Tulsa, Okla., September 1957. 8B) Martin, R. J.: lfoseley, D. S . , Trans. ,4m. Sot. .Mech. Engrs. 80, 1343

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(28B) Troskolanski, A. T., “hpplied Hydromechanics-Hydraulic Measurements,’’ vol. 111, Panstwowe Wydawnictwa Techniczne, Warsaw, 1957. (29B) Vaneijan, S. S., Gcdrotekh. i. Meliro 9, No. 5, 39 (1957). (30B) Weeda, W.,Ingenieur (C‘trecht) 69, No. 9, 23 (1957). (31B) Wolff, E. R., Lniv. Toronto Inst. .4erophys., Rept. 12 (January 1957). (32B) Young, E. C., Am. SOC. hiech. Engrs., Paper 57-PET-22, Petrol. Mech. Eng. Conf., Tulsa, Okla., September 1957. (33B) Zavialov, K . D., Proskuriakov, A. K., eds., “Problems of Construction of Hydrologic Instruments,” Trudy Gosudarst. Gidrolog. Inst. No. 64, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1957. (34B) Zimmerman, R. H., Beitler, S. R., Darrow, R. G., Trans. 9711. Soc. Mech. Engrs. 80, 1358 (1958).

(lC! Barclay, K. hl., LVright, C. C., LLalker, P. L., Bull. hfineral Inds. Expt. Sta., Penn State Cniv. No. 70, 29 (June 1957). ( 2 C ) Baumeister. E. B.. Bennett. C. 0.. ‘ A.I.Ch.E. Journal 4, 6; (19581. ’ (3C) Carberry, J. J., Ibid., 4, KO.1, 1351 (1958). (4C) Childs, E. C., Collis-George, N., Holmes. J. W..J . Soil Scz. 8. No. 1, 27 ( i 9 5 h . (5C) Ebach, E. A, \Vhite, R. R., A.I.Ch.E. Journai4,161 (1958). (6C) Eckert, J. S., Foote, E. H., Huntington, R. L., Chem. Eng. Progr. 54,70 (1958). ( 7 C ) Gilliland, E. R., Baddour, R. F., Russell, J. L.,A.I.Ch.E. Journal 4, 90 (1958). (8C) Glasser, M. B., Thodos, G., Ibid., 4, 63 (1958). (9C) Green, L., Jr., .4m. SOC. Mech. Engrs., Paper 57-HT-19, .4SME-AIChE Heat Transfer Conf., University Park, Pa,, August 1957. jlOC) Kirov, N. Y., Szpindler, G. A. D., J . Inst. Fuel 31, 63 (1958). (11C) Kottwitz, F. .4.,Boylan, D. R., A.I.Ch.E. Journal 4, 175 (1958). (l2C) Novak, J., Prrice i s t a w p r o vjzkum a Vyui.itipa1iv Publ. 9, No. 27-9, 3 (1957). (13C) Nusinov, G. O., Podzemnaya Cazifikatsiya Ugler No. 1, 22 (1957). (14C) Petersen, E. E,, .4.I.Ch.E. Journal 3, 443 (1957). I(15C) Prausnitz, J. lf.,Ibid., 4, 30. 1, 14M (1958). (16C) Scheidegger, A. E., Can. J . Phys. 36, 649 (1958). (17C) Scheidegger, A. E., “Compt. rend. et Rapports-Assemblee generale de Toronto 1957,” vol. 11, p. 236, Gentbrugge, Toronto, 1958. (18C) Scheidegger, A. E., “Physics of Flow through Porous Media,” University Press, Toronto, 1957. (19C) Storrow, J. X., .4. I.Ch. E. Journal 3, 528 (1957). (20C) Tiller, F. M., Zbid., 4, 170 (1958). (21C) Yagi, S., Kunii, D., Ibid:, 3, 373 (1957).

Multiphase Flow

(1D) Agostinelli, X., Salemann, V.,? Trans. ,4m. SOC.Mech. Engrs. 80, 1138 (1938). (2D) Allsman, P. T.? Hill, J. E., Lewis: W. E., “Review of Mining Technology,

FLOW OF FLUIDS

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ChaDter DreDrinted from “Minerals YeaSbook i 9 i 7 , ” Vol. i, Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1958. (3D) Bankoff, S. G.. A.1.Ch.E. Journal 4, 24 (1958). (4D) Barth. W.. V D Z Zeitschtift . .99., 459 (April 11; 195j). (5D) Barth, W., Nagel, R., Waveren, K. van, Chem.-Zng.-Tech. 29, 599 (1957). (6D) Bauer, S. G., Brit. Chem. Eng. 3, 128 (1958). (7D) Bayles, A. L., Am. SOC.Mech. Engrs., Paper 57-A-276, Annual Meeting, New York, December 1957. (8D) Belohlavek, L., Brablik, J., Strojirentsvi 8, No. 4, 287 (1958). (9D) Beranek, I. J., Brit. Chem. Eng. 3, 358 (1958). (10D) Bracale, S., Cabella, A., Ricerca sei. 27, No. 5, 1448 (1957). (11D) Brigham, W. E., Holstein, E. D., Huntington, R. L., Am. SOC. Mech. Engrs., Paper 57-PET-14, Petrol. Mech. Eng. Conf., Tulsa, Okla., September 1957. (12D) Brink, J. A,, Jr., Contant, C. E., IND.Exc. CHEM.50,1157 (1958). (13D) Burton, E. J., Joyce, J. R., J . Inst. Fuel 30, 395 (1957). (14D) Chakravarti, A. K., Sarkar, G. G., Lahiri, A., Zbid., 30, 612 (1957). (15D) Chem. Eng. 65, No. 17, 65 (1958). (16D) Chernov, A. P., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut. T M 1430 (1957). (17D) Chertkov, B. A., Teploenergetika 4, 53 (October 1957). (18D) Chilton, C. H., Chem. Eng. 6 5 , No. 17, 51 (1958). (19D) Chisholm, D., Laird, A. D. K., Trans. Am. Soc. M e t h . Engrs. 8 0 , 276 ’

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(20D) Coeuillet, M. R., Reu. ind. minbrale 40,437 (1958). (21D) Colliery E n g . 34, 209 (1957). (22D) Cooke. P. W.. J . Inst. Petrol. 43. ’ No’. 399. 69 11957).’ (23D) Criise, A. ’J., Engineerzng 185, No. 4750, 366 (1957). (24D) Dombrowski, N., Eisenklam, P., Fraser, R. P., J . Inst. Fuel 30, 399 (1957). (25D) Dunn, R. J.. Stuhlbarg. D.. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., Pape;’ 58-HT-2, ASME-AIChE Heat Transfer Conf.. Chicago, August 1958. (26D) Engineer 204, No. 5295, 81; No. 5296, 112 (1957). (27D) Erickson, G. E., M i n i n g Eng. 9, 869 (1957). (28D) Fischer., J.., Chem. Ene. 65. No. 11. 114 (19581. (29D) Fraser, R. P., Commonwealth Phytopathological News (Kew, England) 3, No. 1, 3 (1957). (30D) Fraser, R. P., Eisenklam, P., Dombrowski, N., Brit. Chem. Eng. 2, 414,496, 536, 614 (1957). (31D) Friedlander. S. K.. A.I.CI2.E. Journal ’ 3, 381 (1957). ’ (32D) Furukawa, J., Ohmae, T., IND. ENG.CHEM.50, 821 (1958). (33D) Ginocchio, A., Rev. ind. minhale 40,453 (1958). (34D) Goette, A., Engel, O., V D Z Zeitschrift 100, 147 (Feb. 1, 1958). (35D) Govier. G. W.. Radford. B. A.. ‘ Dunn, J. S: C., Can: J . Chem. ’Eng. 35; No. 2, 58 (1957). (36D) Haas, E. O., Nurmi, E. O., Whatley, M. E., Engel, J. R., Chem. Eng. Progr. 53,203 (1957). (37D) Havemann, H. A,, Bhaktavatsala, B. S., J. Indian Inst. Sei. 39, No. 1, 23 11957). (38D) Herkenhoff, E. C., M i n i n g Eng. 9, 873 (1957). (39D) Hesson, J. C., Peck, R . E., A.Z.Ch.E. Journal 4,207 (1958). ~

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(40D) Hester, A. S., Johannsen, A., Danz, W.,IND. ENG. CHEM.50, 1500 (1958). (41D) Isbin, H. S., Moy, J. E., da Cruz, A. J. R.. A.I.Ch.E. Journal 3. 361 11957). (42D) Jacbbs, J. K., Mirkus,’J. D:, IND. ENG.CHEM.50,24 (1958). (43D) Jones, I., J . Znst. Fuel 31, 209 (1958). (44D) Jottrand, R., Brit. Chem. Eng. 3, 143 (1958). (45D) K a y , J., Rivas, M. A, Jr., Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., Paper 57-HT-35, ASME-AIChE Heat Transfer Conf., University Park, Pa., August 1957. (46D) Khvostov, V. I., Teploenergetika 5 , 12 (January 1958). (47D) Kirpichev, E. F., Tsarkova, .4.A, Ibid.. 4. 60 (October 1957). (48D) ’Kiitzinger, C. A. J:, Nuclear Instr. 1, 66 (1957). (49D) Lambrecht, J., Alvermann, W., Motortech. 2.18, No. 10, 318 11957). (50D) Lammers, G. R., Allen, R. R., others. U. S. Bur. of Mines. ReDt.’Invest. 5404 (1958). (51D) Levitz, N. M., Petkus, E. J., Katz, A . .4., Jonke, A . A., Chem. Eng. Progr. 53, 199 (1957). (52D) Liu, H.-K., Proc. A m . Sod. Civil Engrs. 83, HY2 (J Hydr. Div.), Paper 1197 (April 1957). (53D) McManus, H. N., Jr., Am. SOC. Mech. Engrs., Paper 57-A-144, Annual Meeting, New York, December 1957. (54D) Magner, H. J., Ibid., Paper 57PET-7, Petrol. Mech. Eng. Conf., Tulsa, Okla., September 1957. (55D) Massimilla, L., Bracale, S., Cabella, A,. Rtcerta ~ci.27.1865 11957). \ , (56D) Molstedt, B. V., Moser, 3. F., IXD.END.CHEM.50, 21 (1958). (57D) Morris, T. M., M i n i n g Eng. 9, 877 (1957). (58D) Nakhapetyan, E. A,, Isaev, S. I., Teploenergetika 4, 32 (September 1957). (59D) Paleev, I. I., Gurevich, M. .4., Energomashinostroente, 1957 (August), p. I

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(60D) Patterson, R. C., Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., Paper 58-SA-24, Semiannual Meeting, Detroit, June 1958. (61D) Pursglove, J., Coal Age 62, 70 (January 1957). (62D) Reid, R. C., Reynolds, A. B., Diglio, A. J., Spiewak, J., Klipstein, D.H., A 1.Ch.E. Journal3,321 (1957). (63D) Schadt, C., Cadle, R. D., Anal. Chem. 29,864 (1957). (64D) Stamicarbon, N. V., Brit. Patent Spec., 779,826, (A pl. Sept. 24, 1953, Dubl. Julv 24. 1957f (65D) T h r h M. W:, Brit. J . Appl. PhyJ. 8, 89 (19573: (66D) Wender, L., Cooper, G. T., A.Z.Ch.E. Journal 4,15 (1958). (67D) Wentz, H . S.,Bull. Mineral Inds. Exut. Sta., Penn State Univ. No. 70. 41 ‘(June 1957). (68D) Westmoreland, J. C., Am. SOC. Mech. Engrs., Paper 57-A-50, Annual Meeting, New York, December 1957. (69D) Wicke, E., Chem. Eng. Sei. 6, 160 (1957). (70D) Zahaczewski, R., Przeglqd G6rniczy 13, No. 6, 282 (1957).

Mechanical Design (1E) Allen, R. E., Am. SOC.hfech. Engrs., Paper 57-A-243, Annual Meeting, New York, December 1957. (2E) Anderson, G. C., Ibid., Paper 57-

PET-21. Petrol. Mech. Eng. Conf., Tulsa, Okla., September 1957. ” (3E) Bigham, J. E., Chem. Eng. 65, No. 3, 133 (1958). (4E) Bleyle, A. D., Crosby, H. LV., Kendall. R. E., [ND. ENG. CHEM.49, 1955 (1957). . (5E) Brooks, R. C., Mech. Eng. 80, No. 3, 62 11958). (6E) Burgreen, D., Byrnes, J. J., Benforado, D. M., Trans. A m . Sod. Mech. Engrs. 80, 991 (1958). (7E) Cannon, J. P., Lundquist, J. X., Chem. Eng. 65, No. 5, 139 (1958). (8E) Christopher, I)., Petrol. Refiner 37, No. 3, 143 (1958). (BE) Coopey, Lt’., Ciiem. Eng. 65, No. 2,131 (1958). (10E) Dauphinee, 1’. M., Re&. Scz. Znstr. 28, 452 (1957). (11E) Drahos, F. R., Chem. Eng. 65, No. 5, 162 (1958). (12E) Dunlop, C. A , Miller, T. V., Mech. Eng 80, No. 3, 62 (1958). (13E) Eck, B., “Fans-Design and .4pplication of Centrifugal and Axial Blowers,” 3rd ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1957. (14E) Eichenberg, R., Mech. E n g . 80, KO.3, 66 (1958). 115E) Emrrqnn. L. F.. Am. SOC. Mech. Engrs., Pap& 58-SA-74, Semiannual Xleeting, Detroit, June 1958. (16E) Fistedis, S. H., Petrol. Rejner 37, No. 3, 150 (1958). (17E) Frederick, D. D., Porter, R. L., IKD.Exc. CHEM.49. 1969 (1957). (18E) Handschumachkr, R. .4.,Combustioii 29,49 (February 1058). (19E) Hendrix, L. T., Petrol. Refiner 37, S o . 6, 191 (1958). (20E) Kern. R., Zbid., 37, No. 3, 136 (1958). (21E) Kerr, S. L., Ilosenberg, K., Trans. .4m. Sac. Mech. Engrs. 80,1308 (1958). (22E) Knapp, R. T., Zbid., 80, 1315 (1958). (23E) Koenig, F. C., Rejning Eng. 30, C-11 (August 1958). (24E) Lezard, C. V., Engrs. Digest 19, 271 (1958). (25E) Lichtman, J. Z.,Kallas, D. H., Chatten, C. K., Cochran, E. P., Trans. A m . Sac. Mech. Engrs. 80,1325 (1958). (26E) Linck, C. G., Chem. Enq. 65, No. 1, 145 (1958). (27E) Lowenstein, J. G., Ibid., 65, No. 1, 157 (1958). 128E) Ludwig.. E. 13.. Petrol. RPfiner 37. ’ No. 3. 155-(1958). ’ (29E) McFariand, C,, Chem. Eng. Progr. 53, No. 4, 108a (1057). (30E) Markl. A. R. C., “Balanced Quality as a Means of Attaining Maximum Economic Safety for Critical Piping,” Tube Turns. Inc.. Louisville. Kv., 1958. (31E) Newhall, D.’H., IND. EN& ‘CHEM. 49, 1949 (1957). (32E) Norris, H . L., Jr., Am. SOC.Mech. Engrs., Paper 57-A-218, Annual hfeeting, New York, December 1957. (33E) Reid, A. M., Trans. Sac. Znstr. Tech. 10, No. 1, 12 (March 1958). (34E) Roberts, 0. R., Petrol. Refiner 37, No. 3, 147 (1958). (35E) Smith, L. H., Trans. Am. Sac. Mech. Engrs. 80, 517 (1958). (36E) Stepanoff, A. J., “Centrifugal and Axial Flow Pumps; Theory, Design, and Application,” 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1957. (37E) Stone, A , , Trans. Am. Soc. Merh. Engrs. 80, 1273 (1958). 138E) Swieer. W. 17.. Am. SOC. Mech. ‘ Engrs., paper 57-A-67, Annual Meeting, New York, December 1957. 139E) U. S. Bur. Mines Bull. 570 (1957). (40E) Wessing, W., Maschinenschaden 30, No. 7/8, 105 (1957). \---,

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