BOOKS
Forensic Drug Analysis and Groundwater Monitoring The Analysis of Drugs of Abuse. Terry A. Gough, Ed. xvii + 628 pp. John Wiley & Sons, 605 Third Ave., New York, NY 10016. 1991. $210 Reviewed by Carl M. Selavka, National Medical Service, Inc., 2300 Stratford Ave., Willow Grove, PA 19090 Terry Gough has done an excellent job of b r i n g i n g a h i g h l y t a l e n t e d group of forensic scientists into collaboration on an important work. Although primarily aimed at the global readership of forensic drug chemists, the text will be of some value to most forensic scientists. This source would be a worthwhile addition to the libraries of most forensic laboratories, and I highly recommend it for those who endeavor to stay c u r r e n t with t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e l a t e d to forensic drug identifications. The treatment of subject material in the chapters is of mixed quality. The book contains superb contributions by F r a n k e a n d de Zeeuw on m u l t i t e c h n i q u e a p p r o a c h e s , Mills and Fontis on IR spectroscopy, Widdop and Caldwell on hospital laboratory service, and Gough on the exa m i n a t i o n of d r u g s in s m u g g l i n g offenses, but several other chapters were disappointing. However, most chapters have a consistent amount of in-depth treatment; they require some knowledge of the subject but present sufficient new information and l i t e r a t u r e citations to provide thorough coverage of the topic. Almost always, the chapters present a fresh perspective or two. T h e book is o r g a n i z e d into two main sections. In the first section individual analytical techniques (TLC, GC, HPLC, MS, IR, NMR, and imm u n o a s s a y ) , u n i f y i n g or m u l t i method approaches, and the systematic examination of illicit capsules and tablets are addressed. The second section features a selection of topics, i n c l u d i n g d r u g i m a g i n g as used in interdiction; forensic analytical service laboratory design and operation; and the systematic examin a t i o n of d r u g s e i z u r e e v i d e n c e , which draws on almost all the other
aspects of forensic analysis covered. The first chapter, on TLC, is written in a rather complex style with a confusing p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e o r y . The limitations of the technique are not well described, and references to summary texts are not provided. The next chapter, on GC, is a voluminous literature review t h a t has no reference to previous s u m m a r y reviews, and its drug-by-drug style does not give a sense of the overlap of methods. As a source, it will be most useful to experienced gas chromatograp h e r s . It does, however, contain a useful discussion of diagnostic information related to artifacts, provide comparative analyses, and present limitations.
*' The text will be of some value to most forensic scientists· " The t h i r d c h a p t e r , a highly detailed treatment of the statistical basis of systematic analyses using multiple t e c h n i q u e s , is excellent a n d should be required reading for all forensic chemists. Chapter 4, which provides an acc e s s i b l e t h e o r y of H P L C , is a d e quately detailed and contains references to compilations and reviews of applications for various drug classes. C h a p t e r 5 t r e a t s MS a p p l i c a t i o n s with an uneven level of sophistication. T h e t h e o r e t i c a l p o r t i o n s a r e written for neither novices nor experienced analysts, but the discussions of drug identification methods in illicit samples are excellent. The treatment of GC/MS methods in toxicological samples is not very useful, a n d t h e n u m e r o u s r e f e r e n c e s to
646 A • ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 65, NO. 14, JULY 15, 1993
packed-GC methods seem somewhat outdated. Chapter 6 is an exhaustive, highly detailed summary and comparison of IR techniques and their applications to drug identifications. This is a stellar chapter; all drug chemists would do well to read it. The next chapter, on NMR spectroscopy, provides references to theoretical texts as well as a detailed, annotated bibliography of methods by drug class. C h a p t e r 8 is a w e l l - w r i t t e n a l though seemingly misplaced discussion of the theory of immunoassays and t h e methods used to construct the antibody and labeled antigenic c o m p o n e n t s of an i m m u n o a s s a y . Chapter 9 completes the first section of the book with an interesting discussion of dosage form production, characterization, and identification. C h a p t e r 10 gives complete information regarding on-site imaging and vapor recognition i n s t r u m e n t a tion. It is well written and provides a glimpse of what we might expect to see for these systems in the future. The n e x t c h a p t e r d e s c r i b e s a p proaches to urine drug screening in Singapore. Unfortunately, a much more in-depth and authoritative discussion of comprehensive urine drug testing is provided in one paragraph in Chapter 12 than is offered in all of Chapter 11. Chapters 12, 13, and 14 constitute "systems views" of analytical service labs that must perform drug identifi cations, q u a n t i t a t i o n s , and related analyses on bulk seizures, biological matrices, and a wide variety of other samples. The laboratories described—in the United Kingdom and New Z e a l a n d — s h a r e m o s t of t h e same legal, scientific, and administ r a t i v e concerns as o t h e r s a r o u n d the world, and the discussions often are thought-provoking and insightful. Chapter 15 provides a highly detailed and authoritative treatment of the application of analytical methods to seized drug materials. Summary findings and suggested methods for source differentiation are i n - d e p t h a n d well s t r u c t u r e d . T h e e d i t o r saved one of the best for last!
Groundwater Contamination and Analysis at Hazardous Waste Sites. S. Lesage a n d R. E. J a c k s o n , E d s . 545 pp. Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016. 1992. $175 Reviewed by Ernest S. Gladney, Laboratory Assessment Office, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 This book is divided into four sections: "Analytical Methodologies," "Monitoring Strategies," "Site Investigations," and "Geochemical Investigations." Each section contains three to five chapters, and each chapter is w r i t t e n by one or more researchers active in the field of hazardous waste site remediation. The first chapter is an overview of t e c h n i q u e s for o r g a n i c s a n a l y s i s commonly used by commercial laboratories to analyze groundwater and wastewater samples, with an emphasis on how to use and interpret analytical data received from external sources. Although the technical discussion is brief, a unique feature of this chapter is the introduction of basic concepts of quality control and quality a s s u r a n c e , especially as viewed by t h e c u s t o m e r o b t a i n i n g analytical services. In t h e second c h a p t e r , a landfill case study illustrates the importance of including in a site investigation pollutants t h a t are not on the priority list. The author makes a strong case for the possibility that most organic compounds in c o n t a m i n a t e d groundwater are nonpriority pollutants for which well-documented analytical procedures often are unavailable. The third chapter in the initial section r e c o u n t s t h e experience of one group of researchers in designing workable analytical procedures for some of the difficult target comp o u n d s on t h e RCRA Appendix IX list. The next chapter details analytical methods used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for i n - d e p t h s t u d i e s of c o n t a m i n a t e d sites a n d demonstrates the need to use a wide variety of analytical techniques in a single investigation and to investigate surfactants and their degradation products in conjunction with domestic waste disposal sites. The concluding paper in this section concentrates on the use of GC for studying the t r a n s p o r t of volatiles intentionally i n t r o d u c e d into a n a t u r a l groundwater system. The p r e s e n t a t i o n s in t h e second section focus on specific monitoring
s t r a t e g i e s . The importance of field techniques is the subject of a chapter on polynuclear a r o m a t i c hydrocarbons. S t r a t e g i e s a n d d a t a r e q u i r e ments for qualitative surveys, regul a t o r y compliance i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , and research programs are discussed individually. Volatiles are covered in Chapter 7. U s i n g d a t a from m o r e t h a n 500 waste disposal sites, the author demo n s t r a t e s t h a t t h i s c l a s s of compounds is detected most often a n d t h a t therefore, in m a n y investigations, volatiles analysis is the most cost-effective strategy for screening. Chapter 8 is an outstanding exploration of the use of statistical methods' for sampling design in groundwater monitoring a t waste disposal sites. Of particular interest is a discussion of what actually constitutes background concentrations at a complex, multisource facility. The next two chapters compare chemical data from large numbers of sites in Germany and the United States. Multiv a r i a t e plots are used to establish c l u s t e r s of c o n t a m i n a n t s t h a t a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of different types of wastes and sites. T h e t h r e e c h a p t e r s in t h e t h i r d section p r e s e n t eight i n d e p e n d e n t case studies by USGS, A u s t r a l i a n , and Canadian investigators. Included are sites dominated by pesticide s y n t h e s i s w a s t e s , explosives, wood preservatives, domestic solid waste, and mixed industrial organic w a s t e s . The geology, a n a l y t i c a l chemistry, and d a t a i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a t each site are explored in detail, revealing some unusual twists in site characterization encountered in several cases. The final section covers specific geochemical and biological processes observed at h a z a r d o u s waste sites. The movement and fate of chlorofluorocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, dense n o n a q u e o u s - p h a s e liquids, and unstable inorganic and organic compounds such as ammonia and methane are explored. This book is intended for use as a comprehensive reference by environmental engineers, hydrogeochemists, analytical chemists, and upper-level undergraduate and graduate stud e n t s . T h e r e l i a n c e on n u m e r o u s case studies makes the book suitable for use in university teaching. I am particularly heartened to see emphasis on quality control and quality assurance techniques, statistical methods, a n d d a t a i n t e r p r e t a t i o n for complex, irregular systems. Most articles include recent references, and the index is adequate.
However, the $175 price t a g will discourage students and perhaps young professionals in environmental science from purchasing the book. The almost total concentration on organic compounds is a n o t h e r d r a w back; i n o r g a n i c s p e c i e s a r e m e n t i o n e d in only two c h a p t e r s , a n d radiochemicals are not considered at all. The imbalance of t h e m a t e r i a l covered does not justify the broad title selected by the editors. Although I consider this book to be a valuable contribution to organic groundwater c o n t a m i n a t i o n c h e m i s t r y a n d site characterization, it will probably not receive as wide an audience as t h e material deserves.
Books Received Comprehensive Analytical Profiles of Important Pesticides. Joseph Sherma and Thomas Cairns, Eds. CRC P r e s s , 2000 Corporate Blvd., N. W., Boca Raton, FL 33431. 1993. $70 Detailed analytical procedures, most based on GC, LC, and HPLC, are presented in this text for the det e r m i n a t i o n of p y r e t h r o i d i n s e c t i cides, fungicides, miticides, h e r b i cides, plant growth regulators, and fumigants in a g r i c u l t u r a l products such as grains, produce, eggs, milk, animal tissue, and soils. Each chapter includes a description of the specific pesticides in a class, their biological and chemical properties, and typical formulations. Equipment and reagents, standards, instrument parameters, procedures, equations, sample chromatograms, and typical a n a l y t e recovery r a n g e s a r e p r e sented in detail and accompanied by diagrams illustrating apparatus setups and references current to 1991.
Luminescent Spectroscopy of Proteins. Eugene A. Permyakov. 164 pp. CRC P r e s s , 2000 Corporate Blvd., NW, Boca Raton, FL 33431. 1992. $80 This book describes the basic principles of protein luminescence spectroscopy a n d its use in s t r u c t u r a l , physicochemical, and functional property studies of proteins. Fluorescence, p h o s p h o r e s c e n c e , i n t e r n a l conversion, vibrational relaxation, and other phenomena are discussed, along with the role of tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine as protein chromophores. The effects of tempera t u r e , pH, ionic strength, and fluorescence quenching of protein groups for determining structural and functional properties are discussed.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 65, NO. 14, JULY 15, 1993 • 647 A
