Glycomic Characterization of Prostate-Specific Antigen and Prostatic

Jan 7, 2009 - Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, Department of Microbiology ... prostate epithelial cells, and have a long clinical history of u...
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Glycomic Characterization of Prostate-Specific Antigen and Prostatic Acid Phosphatase in Prostate Cancer and Benign Disease Seminal Plasma Fluids Krista Y. White,† Lucy Rodemich,‡ Julius O. Nyalwidhe,† Mary Ann Comunale,‡ Mary Ann Clements,† Raymond S. Lance,†,§ Paul F. Schellhammer,†,§ Anand S. Mehta,‡ O. John Semmes,† and Richard R. Drake*,† Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Biomedical Proteomics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, and Urology of Virginia, Sentara Medical Group, Norfolk, Virginia 23502 Received September 8, 2008

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) are glycoproteins secreted by prostate epithelial cells, and have a long clinical history of use as serum biomarkers of prostate cancers. These two proteins are present at significantly higher concentrations in seminal plasma, making this proximal fluid of the prostate a good source for purifying enough protein for characterization of prostate disease associated changes in glycan structures. With the use of seminal fluid samples representative of normal control, benign prostatic disease and prostate cancers, PAP and PSA were enriched by thiophilic absorption chromatography. Released N-linked glycan constituents from both proteins were analyzed by a combination of normal phase HPLC and MALDI-TOF spectrometry. For PSA, 40 putative glycoforms were determined, and 21 glycoforms were determined for PAP. PAP glycans were further analyzed with a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer to assign specific glycoform classes to each of the three N-linked sites. The glycans identified in these studies will allow for more defined targeting of prostate disease-specific changes for PAP, PSA and other secreted prostatic glycoproteins. Keywords: prostate-specific antigen • prostatic acid phosphatase • glycomics • mass spectrometry • biomarker

Introduction The clinical measurement of the concentration and activities of two prostate derived glycoproteins, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), in serum has been assessed for decades in attempts to detect prostate cancers. Concentrations of PSA in serum above 10 ng/mL reliably indicate the presence of cancers, yet PSA testing is limited in its ability to differentiate prostate cancer (PCa) from benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and specificity of the test diminishes significantly at lower PSA values below 10 ng/mL.1-3 Digital rectal exams (DRE) and determination of serum PAP were the principal method for prostate cancer detection and staging before the advent of PSA testing, and they too have many limitations.4,5 Serum PAP levels can still be used as an indicator of metastatic disease and possibly recurrence prediction,6,7 but it has proven to have low specificities and sensitivities as a detection biomarker as compared to PSA.8 While X-ray crystal structures have been reported for both * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 757-446-5656. Fax: 757-624-2255. E-mail: [email protected]. † Eastern Virginia Medical School. ‡ Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research. § Sentara Medical Group.

620 Journal of Proteome Research 2009, 8, 620–630 Published on Web 01/07/2009

human PSA and PAP,9,10 there was little resolution of the glycan constituents of these proteins. Because of the known associations of changes in glycosylation associated with cancer progression,11-14 characterization of the glycan constituents of PSA and PAP derived from clinical samples representing healthy and different prostatic disease states could identify new biomarker candidates for prostate cancer detection. PSA contains 8% carbohydrate by mass,15 and has one glycosylation site at asparagine (Asn)-45.16 Previous studies on PSA glycosylation have compared seminal plasma from healthy donors to prostate tumor metastatic cell line LNCaP.17-19 PSA purified from the seminal fluid of healthy subjects have been characterized as having sialylated complex biantennary glycans, frequent core fucose modifications, high mannose glycans, and some terminal N-acetylgalactosamines.19,20 PSA glycans isolated from LNCaP cell lines have also been characterized as having some triantennary structures,18 as well as decreased sialic acid content and the presence of increased fucose and GalNAc content.17 A recent comparison of the sialic acid content of free PSA and proPSA isolated from serum, seminal plasma and tissues from noncancer control subjects and prostate cancer subjects was reported.21 Essentially, no differences in sialylation content for the different forms of PSA were 10.1021/pr8007545 CCC: $40.75

 2009 American Chemical Society

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Glycomic Characterization of PSA and PAP in Prostate Cancer

Figure 1. Seminal plasma fractionation by thiophilic adsorption chromatography. Seminal plasma protein fractions purified by thiophilic adsorption chromatography (TAC) were separated on a 12% Bis-Tris NuPAGE SDS-gel (Invitrogen) and stained with Coomassies blue. Unbound proteins are shown in lane 1, with protein from the 0.8 M NaSO4 elution in lane 2, 0.6 M (lane 3), 0.4 M (lane 4), 0.2 M (lane 5) and 0 M/25 mM HEPES (lane 6). This gel shows the proteins from normal seminal plasma, and is representative of the purifications of the benign and cancer samples. PAP and PSA identities were confirmed in the above fractions by staining, Western blots and MALDI-TOF analysis.

detected for any condition or sample.21 A separate study of serum PSA derived glycans compared structural differences between free and complexed PSA.22 Both forms of PSA were found to have mostly sialylated and fucosylated biantennary structures, while a few multiantennary complex structures were also identified.22 These previous studies did not evaluate the specific structural configurations for each oligosaccharide isolated, and very few numbers of clinical samples were used. PAP has three glycosylation sites at Asn-62, Asn-188, and Asn-301,9,23 making it a more difficult target for site specific structural characterization, yet one that may be a suitable complement to PSA. An X-ray crystal structure of PAP from normal seminal plasma had reported that Asn-301 had glycan modifications consisting of primarily high mannose oligosaccharides, while glycans at Asn-188 were less resolved, but consistent with complex structures containing sialic acid and fucose.9 In relation to prostate cancer, a previous serial lectin analysis of PAP isolated from tissue in BPH and cancer subjects reported a decrease in high-mannose and hybrid glycans with core fucoses in cancer relative to BPH, and an increase of nonfucosylated hybrids in PCa as compared to BPH.23 The objective of our study described herein was to obtain purified forms of both PSA and PAP from a clinical cohort of seminal plasma from healthy, BPH and prostate cancer subjects for further glycan structural analyses. We hypothesized that characterization of these PSA and PAP glycoforms across specified clinical sample sets would identify a subset of glycan constituents as biomarker candidates for the detection of prostate cancers. Following a purification step using thiophilic chromatography, the released glycans from PSA and PAP were characterized using HPLC separation of aminobenozate derivatives, permethylation and MALDI-TOF/TOF profiling, and

Figure 2. Normal phase HPLC separation of 2-AB derivatized N-linked glycans from PAP. The relative levels of N-linked glycans from PAP isolated from normal control, benign (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) conditions separated by normal phase HPLC. Structural designation are as follows: A1G1, hybrid glycan with a single galactose residue on the 1,6 arm; FcA2, core fucosylated (1,6) agalactosylated biantennary glycan; Man6, High mannose glycan with 6 mannose residues, A2G2, biantennary N-glycan; Man7, High mannose glycan with 7 mannose residues; A3G3, triantennary N-linked glycan; FcA3G3, core fucosylated (1,6) triantennary N-linked glycan; A4G3, tetraantennary N-linked glycan with 3 galatose residues; A4G4, tetraantennary N-linked glycan; FcA4G4, core fucosylated (1,6) tetraantennary N-linked glycan. B indicates bisecting GlcNAc residues.

glycopeptide analysis on a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer. The cumulative structures obtained for both PSA and PAP are reported and potential disease specific classes of glycoforms are identified. Specific assignments of glycan structural subtypes have also been determined for each of the three glycosylation sites on PAP. The glycan structures reported for PAP represent the first description of its glycan constituents using mass spectrometry based methods.

Experimental Procedures Seminal Plasma Samples. Seminal fluid was obtained from men seen at the EVMS Department of Urology/Divine Tidewater Urology clinic for prostate cancer screening from 1989 to 2003. A semen collection kit was provided for each donor. Journal of Proteome Research • Vol. 8, No. 2, 2009 621

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Figure 3. Normal phase HPLC separation of 2-AB derivatized N-linked glycans from PAP treated with sialidase. N-linked glycans from PAP isolated from normal control, benign (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) were treated with sialidase prior to normal phase HPLC separation. Shown are the relative intensities of each indicated structure per condition, normal (gray bars); BPH (black bars); PCa (white bars). Structural abbreviations are described in the legend for Figure 2.

Figure 4. Normal phase HPLC separation of 2-AB derivatized N-linked glycans from PSA. N-linked glycans from PSA isolated from normal control, benign (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) were separated by normal phase HPLC. Shown are the relative intensities of each indicated structure per condition, normal (gray bars); BPH (black bars); PCa (white bars). Structural abbreviations are described in the legend for Figure 2.

Following semen collection, an instant freeze pack was applied to each tube for storage, and brought with the donor to the urology clinic. Following transport to the Virginia Prostate Center biorepository at EVMS, each sample was thawed, centrifuged to remove sperm, and stored in 0.5 mL aliquots. Initially, normal (n ) 65), BPH (n ) 59), and PCa (n ) 92) pools (8-10 mL total/pool) were compiled from samples previously aliquoted for expression profiling studies (0.05-0.2 mL per sample), and matched for age. Each aliquot went through less than 2 freeze/thaw cycles, and average serum PSA values were 10.4 ng/mL (range 0.01-225.8) for PCa, 3.6 ng/mL (range 0.15-13.9) for BPH, and 1.5 ng/mL (range 0.3-4.8) for normal. The pooled samples were then subjected to a low-speed spin (4 °C, 12 000 rpm, 20 min) to remove any cellular contaminants, followed by ultracentrifugation (4 °C, 37 000 rpm, 1 h) to pellet out the prostasomes. The supernatant was collected and 400 µL aliquots were stored at -80 °C. A more defined subset of seminal plasma pools were created for each clinical group, with each cohort having defined serum PSA values in the 2-7 ng/ 622

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mL range. Nine samples, 500 µL per sample, were used to make each seminal plasma pool, and the samples used were collected between 1997 and 2003. The mean serum PSA values were 3.58 ng/mL for normal, 2.64 ng/mL for BPH, and 5.83 ng/mL for prostate cancer. BPH cases were defined as being biopsy negative, and the cancer samples were predominantly Gleason grade 6 (3 + 3). These pools were processed as previously described. The final supernatant of approximately 4.5 mL was aliquoted and stored at -80 °C until needed. Protein concentrations were determined for all seminal plasma pools. Thiophilic Adsorption Chromatography (TAC). PSA and PAP were purified from seminal plasma pools using thiophilic adsorption chromatography (TAC) following the methods outlined by Kawiniski et al.24 Briefly, seminal plasma pools were applied to Fractogel EMD TA “T-gel” (Merck KGaG, Darmstadt, Germany) columns (2 cm × 0.5 cm) equilibrated in 1 M sodium sulfate, and eluted in decreasing salt fractions. Protein content of each pool was normalized to 3.0 mg, with the samples in a final volume of 1 mL in 25 mM HEPES/1 M sodium sulfate.

Glycomic Characterization of PSA and PAP in Prostate Cancer

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Figure 5. Normal phase HPLC separation of 2-AB derivatized N-linked glycans from PSA treated with sialidase. N-linked glycans from PSA isolated from normal control, benign (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) were treated with sialidase prior to normal phase HPLC separation. Shown are the relative intensities of each indicated structure per condition, normal (gray bars); BPH (black bars); PCa (white bars). Structural abbreviations are described in the legend for Figure 2.

Figure 6. Normal phase HPLC separation of 2-AB derivatized N-linked glycans from PAP from the refined second sample pool. N-linked glycans from PAP isolated from the second pool of normal control, benign (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) seminal fluids stratified to PSA levels and other clinical parameters. Shown are the relative intensities of each indicated structure per condition following normal phase HPLC separation: normal (gray bars); BPH (black bars); PCa (white bars). Structural abbreviations are described in the legend for Figure 2.

Next, the sample was applied to the column, followed by 2 mL of column buffer, and allowed to flow through by gravity; this 3 mL fraction collected is named “unbound”. The column was washed with 8 bed volumes of column buffer. Batch elution with decreasing sodium sulfate molarities (0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, and 0.0 M) was performed using a low-pressure peristaltic pump. For each concentration, approximately 3 mL fractions were collected, aliquoted, and stored at -80 °C. The presence of PSA and PAP were confirmed by Western blot, and MALDI peptide mass fingerprinting of the corresponding excised gel bands was done to assess relative purity. MASCOT scores of greater than 100 (significance threshold of 54) and sequence coverage of greater than 45% were routinely obtained for both PAP and PSA bands.

Normal Phase HPLC. Rapid glycan sequencing of both PSA and PAP was performed by using previously optimized procedures.25 Briefly, PSA and PAP gel slices were digested with PNGase F; then, the released free glycans were labeled with 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) for subsequent normal phase HPLC analysis.26 A subset of samples were treated with Arthrobacter ureafaciens sialidase as previously described by Guile et al.27The resulting peaks, separated by time of appearance, correspond to specific glycan structures on the basis of glucose unit values (data not shown).27 All HPLC analyses were performed using a Waters Alliance HPLC System and quantified using the Millennium Chromatography Manager (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA). Journal of Proteome Research • Vol. 8, No. 2, 2009 623

research articles Table 1. Permethylated MALDI-TOF m/z and Corresponding N-Glycan Structures for PAPa

a Permethylated PAP glycans from normal, BPH, and PCa seminal plasma pools were analyzed by MALDI-TOF. Identified m/z values were used for database searches, and corresponding masses that could be assigned to a biologically relevant N-glycan structure are listed. An asterisk denotes structures that are one representation of multiple possible glycoforms for a given mass. The shown structure in these cases was chosen based on its apparent prevalence in mammalian species. Cartoon representations are as follows: blue square ) GlcNAc, green circle ) Mannose, yellow circle ) Galactose, red triangle ) Fucose, purple diamond ) NeuAc, yellow square ) GalNAc.

N-Glycan Permethylation. TAC-purified PSA and PAP gel bands derived from seminal plasma pools were permethylated28 following trypsin digestion. Gel bands were first reduced and alkylated, and then dried in vacuo prior to proteolytic 624

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White et al. digestion. Trypsin digestions were performed at 37 °C for 18 h, followed by peptide extraction with 50% acetonitrile/0.1% TFA and dried in vacuo. Next, trypsin was denatured by heating the sample at 100 °C for 5 min, and 1500 units of PNGase F (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA) was added to the peptide mixture and incubated at 37 °C for 18 h. The final digested product was purified using Resprep C18 cartridges (Restek Corporation, Bellefonte, PA). The N-glycan fraction was collected in 5% acetic acid, and subsequently dried under reduced pressure. Dried N-glycans were permethylated following the protocol described by Ciucanu and Kerek.28 The permethylated N-glycans were purified using C18 columns, eluted in 85% acetonitrile, and then dried under a nitrogen stream. MALDI-TOF/TOF. The dried permethylated N-glycans were reconstituted in 20 µL of 100% methanol. Sample was mixed 1:1 with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) matrix (20 mg/mL in 50% methanol), spotted on a polished steel MALDI-TOF target plate, and allowed to crystallize at room temperature in the dark. Each sample was analyzed in positive ion mode using an UltraFlex III MALDI-TOF/TOF instrument (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). FlexControl and FlexAnalysis software (Bruker Daltonics, Germany) were used for spectra processing. Additionally, the glycan database offered by the Consortium for Functional Glycomics (http://www.functionalglycomics.org) was used to search permethylated glycan masses correlating to peaks of interest in MALDI-TOF spectra. Glycan “cartoons” representing mass peaks were built using GlycanBuilder ver 1.2 build 3353.29 Hybrid Triple Quadrupole/Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. A hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer 4000 (QTRAP LC/MS/MS system, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) coupled with a Tempo NanoLC system (Eksigent Technologies, Dublin, CA) was used to determine the structures of the glycans attached to each of the three PAP linkage sites: Asn-62, Asn-188, and Asn-301. The methods described by Sandra et al.30 were used with minor modifications to optimize for our samples and instrumentation. Briefly, TAC-purified PAP gel slices derived from seminal plasma were reduced, alkylated, and digested with a saturated solution (in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate) of either 750 ng of trypsin or 950 ng of chymotrypsin. After an overnight digestion, the resultant peptides were extracted from the gel slice using 50% acetonitrile/0.1% TFA in water and dried in vacuo. The digested product was reconstituted in 20 µL of Buffer A (5% acetonitrile/ 0.1% formic acid/0.005% heptafluorobutyric acid in water) and 8 µL was injected into the nanoLC system for fractionation and analysis. Both the linear ion trap and the triple quadrupole capabilities of the QTRAP were utilized in these analyses. Glycopeptides were identified in the digestion mixtures by monitoring for unique marker oxonium ions such as m/z 163 (Hex+), 204 (HexNAc+), 292/274/256 (NeuAc+1), and 366 (HexHexNAc+) that originate from fragmented glycopeptides.30,31 In this approach, the peptides are scanned in quadrupole 1 (Q1) to determine their masses and retention times. The peptides are then transmitted to quadrupole 2 (Q2) which acts as a collision cell where fragmentation occurs. Quadrupole 3 (Q3) is set to transmit only the mass of the diagnostic oxonium ions. Upon their detection, an enhanced product ion scan (EPI) of the precursor ion is triggered where fragmentation occurs in Q2, the fragmented ions are captured in the ion trap and then scanned out generating an MS/MS spectrum containing the ions from the both the peptide and the linked carbohydrate structures.

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Glycomic Characterization of PSA and PAP in Prostate Cancer a

Table 2. Permethylated MALDI-TOF m/z and Corresponding N-Glycan Structures for PSA

a Permethylated PSA glycans from normal, BPH, and PCa seminal plasma pools were analyzed by MALDI-TOF. Identified m/z values were used for database searches, and corresponding masses that could be assigned to a biologically relevant N-glycan structure are listed. An asterisk denotes structures that are one representation of multiple possible glycoforms for a given mass. The shown structure in these cases was chosen based on its apparent prevalence in mammalian species. Cartoon representations are as follows: blue square ) GlcNAc, green circle ) Mannose, yellow circle ) Galactose, red triangle ) Fucose, purple diamond ) NeuAc, yellow square ) GalNAc.

Results Purification of PSA and PAP from Seminal Plasma Pools. A large repository of seminal plasma fluids collected over the last 18 years were used to create pooled sample cohorts representative of normal control, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer conditions. A thiophilic adsorption chromatography (TAC) approach adapted from Kawiniski et al.24 was used to purify PSA and PAP from the prostasome depleted, pooled seminal plasma fluids. Following sequential batch elution, the resulting protein fractions were separated by SDSPAGE, as shown in Figure 1. Under the conditions used, PAP

did not bind to the TAC resin, and PSA eluted in both the 0.6 and 0.4 M sodium sulfate fractions. Both PSA and PAP were readily detected by Coomassie staining, and their identities were confirmed in their respective fractions by Western blotting and peptide mass fingerprinting. For both PSA and PAP isolated from gel slices, MASCOT scores of over 100 and sequence coverage of at least 45% were obtained. There was no indication of other protein sequences present with significant scores. Rapid Glycan Sequencing Analysis of PAP and PSA Glycans. The TAC fractions containing PSA and PAP were used for preparative SDS-PAGE separations, stained with Coomassie Journal of Proteome Research • Vol. 8, No. 2, 2009 625

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Figure 7. MALDI-TOF analysis of permethylated PAP glycans from prostate cancer seminal plasma. A representative MALDI spectrum for permethylated PAP is shown. Combined with the structures determined in the control and BPH permethylated PAP samples, glycan structures corresponding to detected m/z peaks are listed in Table 1.

blue, and gel slices corresponding to PSA or PAP were excised. Each gel band was digested with trypsin, followed by PNGaseF digestion and 2-aminobenzamide derivatization of the released glycans as previously described.26 Glycans from PSA and PAP for each of the three clinical groups were then separated by normal phase HPLC and their elution positions used to define structural classes.27 The elution profile of PAP derived 2-AB modified glycans from each pool is shown in Figure 2. It is clear that there are major differences in glycosylation patterns detected for PAP, particularly in the comparison of healthy and benign relative to the cancer samples. Because of the known instabilities of terminal sialic acid residues during processing and HPLC analysis,26 digestion with A. ureafaciens sialidase was also done prior to normal phase HPLC separation to compare the nonsialylated structures. As summarized in Figure 3, there were still significant decreases in the fucosylated bi- and tetraantennary classes, FcA2G2 and FcA4G4, in the cancer samples. Either with or without sialidase treatment, there was also an apparent decrease in high mannose (Man6) structures in the cancer samples, and dramatic increases in cancer for truncated A1G1 structures. A similar analysis for 2-AB labeled PSA glycans was done, as summarized in Figure 4 (no sialidase) and Figure 5 (with sialidase). Cumulatively, the types of glycan structures detected in these HPLC separations are consistent with previously reported structures for PSA.17-19 There were no dramatic differences in expression of subtypes across the 626

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three clinical conditions, with the exception of the A2G2 structures in BPH in the nonsialidase treated preparation. Because this difference was not detected in the sialidase treated samples, this could reflect differential stabilities or sample processing differences. This will need to be further investigated in follow-up studies. The seminal plasma pools used for these initial analyses represent a broad range of clinical samples reflecting the disease severity spectrum of prostate cancers and benign conditions collected from 1990 to 2003, a time frame that spans the pre-PSA testing era to current clinical practice. When the PSA levels for each individual were used in the pool of these samples, a refined pooled subset of 9 samples per condition was generated based on dates of collection after 1997 and serum PSA levels between 2 and 7 ng/mL. This PSA range better reflects the majority of benign and prostate cancer subjects detected in the PSA screening/testing era, and hence results from these samples should be more reflective of current urological practice. The same sample preparation and TAC purification was done for each new pool. PAP and PSA eluted in their respective fractions as described in Figure 1 (data not shown). As shown in Figure 6 for PAP, similar results to the larger pool data were obtained. There continued to be a larger proportion of fragmented glycans (A1G1, FcA2, A2G1, FcA2) in the prostate cancer samples relative to the healthy and BPH cohorts. The results for PSA were essentially the same as shown

Glycomic Characterization of PSA and PAP in Prostate Cancer

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Figure 8. Precursor ion scan for 163 m/z hexose of tryptic PAP peptides. (A) Enhanced Product Ion (EPI) scan of a quadrupole-charged PAP glycopeptide with parent mass of 5449.0. (B) Expanded window of above EPI scan showing fragmentation of the parent ion that corresponds to the tryptic peptide GEYFVEMYYRNETQHEPYPLMLPGCSPSCPLER containing the glycosylation site Asn-301 and a Man6 N-glycan.

in Figure 4 (data not shown). PSA and PAP purified from this new cohort was used for all subsequent analyses. MALDI-TOF Analysis of Permethylated PSA and PAP Glycans. To further define the structural repertoire of PSA and PAP glycans, permethylation28 of the PNGaseF released glycans was done for each clinical cohort, followed by MALDI-TOF/ TOF analysis. Because of the broad diversity of the indicated structural classes from the HPLC analyses, the goal was not to identify disease specific changes, but to better define all of the possible glycan structures detected on seminal plasma PSA and PAP. Permethylation of glycans aids in the stability of the terminal sialylated residues for detection by MALDI-TOF/TOF, and simplifies the spectra to primarily Na+ adducts, allowing for less complex annotation of mass peaks. From the permethylation experiments, we were able to detect multiple glycoforms for both PAP and PSA (Tables 1 and 2). A representative MALDI-TOF spectrum of PAP derived permethylated glycans from prostate cancer samples is shown in Figure 7. Cumulatively, 21 structural classes of PAP glycans were detected representing primarily high-mannose and complex subtypes,

with a few potential hybrid subtypes represented as well (Table 1). Permethylated glycans cleaved from PSA seemed to be mostly bi- and triantennary structures of the complex subtype, but represented 40 potential classes, including high mannose and hybrid subtypes detected as well (Table 2). These results are consistent with structures previously reported for PSA glycans from serum and seminal fluids.17-19,21 Triple-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Analysis of PAP Glycopeptides. Because PAP has three distinct glycan sites, and the previously reported crystal structure was only able to definitively assign one high-mannose containing site, individual glycopeptide analysis of the three sites was initiated. SDS-PAGE separated PAP was proteolytically digested with trypsin or chymotrypsin, and peptides fractionated by nanoLC system inline with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The instrument was operated in the precursor ion (PI) scan mode for individual sugar molecules at specific m/z values of either 163 for Hexose+1(Hex), 204 for N-acetylhexoseamine+1 (HexNAc), 292/ 274/256 for N-acetylneuraminic acid+1 (NeuAc), or 366 for HexHexNAc+1. An enhanced product ion scan is triggered upon Journal of Proteome Research • Vol. 8, No. 2, 2009 627

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Table 3. PAP Glycopeptides with Corresponding N-Glycan Structures Identified by QTRAP

a Both tryptic and chymotryptic PAP digests were analyzed by the QTRAP as described in the Experimental Procedures. PI scans for oxonium ions 163, 366, and 292 are represented in the above table. Certain EPI scans revealed glycopeptide information that allowed for the assignment of both peptide and glycan.

detection of the specified diagnostic ion, generating information on the sugar composition and the amino acid sequence of the glycopeptides in a single assay. An example is shown in Figure 8 for the tryptic peptide with one missed cleavage encompassing the high mannose site at Asn-301 (GEYFVEMYYRNETQHEPYPLMLPGCSPSCPLER), as determined by the precursor ion scan for oxonium ion 163. Knowing the parent mass allows for annotation of the remaining triply charged ion peaks in the third quadrupole (Q3) for identification of sugar constituents and fragments. The annotation of these glycans was greatly simplified as this site contains only high mannose structures, with Man6 being the major constituent, and Man7 a minor one, which is consistent with the PAP crystal structure.9 As listed in Table 3, this approach has been useful for identifying complex biantennary and triantennary glycans at Asn-62. This site had previously been poorly resolved in the PAP crystal structure, such that complex glycan structures were proposed to be unlikely constituents.9 As in the crystal structure, the site at Asn-188 has proven elusive to glycan analysis, particularly when trypsin was used for digestion, which we believe was due to a combination of missed tryptic cleavages combined with large tetraantennary glycans. However, use of chymotrypsin allowed detection of Asn-188 containing glycopeptides, consistent with attached tetraantennary glycan structures (Table 3).

Discussion The need for improved prostate cancer biomarkers beyond the serum PSA test is increasingly evident. Because this test is applied to population screening, there is a wealth of data that indicates its strength in increasing detection of prostate cancers, but its use has also led to increased overtreatment and unnecessary surgeries for indolent disease. Despite its widespread use, there is still much characterization of PSA to be done, particularly in regards to its structural glycosylation properties and physiological function. Proximal fluids of the 628

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prostate like seminal fluid that are enriched for prostate derived secreted glycoproteins like PSA have long been a source of this enzyme, particularly as it is generally present at concentrations that range from 100 to 400 µg/mL in this fluid. Using a large cohort of archived seminal plasma samples reflective of healthy, benign and prostate cancer conditions allowed systematic characterization of PSA for similarities and differences in its disease specific glycosylation patterns. While PSA glycosylation has been previously studied by many other groups,17-19,21,32 to our knowledge, we are the first to examine PSA glycoforms across matched, disease-defined sample sets reflective of multiple samples. For a glycoprotein with one site of Nglycosylation, the number of different glycan structures identified across the conditions analyzed is highly variable, ranging from predominant complex bi- or tetraantennary structures, to hybrid and high mannose glycoforms. In this regard, use of pooled samples to identify disease specific variants of PSA will be highly limiting. While it is appropriate to define the repertoire of potential structures, there were no conclusions that could be reached regarding specific disease glycoform variants of PSA. Methods that facilitate characterization of individual samples like targeted lectin-ELISA assays33 or specific selective reaction monitoring (SRM) approaches using instrumental configurations like the hybrid triple quadrupole MS assay for PAP will be necessary to better define disease specific glycoform changes for PSA. The diversity of glycan structures detected for PSA, and the well-established role of PSA in clinical medicine and prostate disease, certainly warrant these types of approaches on larger sample cohorts. The cumulative glycan results for PAP represent the first characterization of PAP structures using mass spectrometry approaches. Previous reports indicated that PAP glycosylation at Asn-301 was of the high-mannose type, while it was hypothesized that the Asn-188 site contained complex-type glycans and the Asn-62 site contained noncomplex structures.9 Our results confirm that high-mannose glycoforms are present

Glycomic Characterization of PSA and PAP in Prostate Cancer at the Asn-301 site, with the presence of Man6 and Man7 glycans observed for this site. On the basis of the data summarized in Table 3, we have found that sialylated complextype glycans occupy the site at Asn-62, with bi- and triantennary structures present. The glycans attached to Asn-188 are less defined, but the preliminary results indicate a larger glycan constituent, most likely the tetraantennary complex sialylated and fucosylated structures observed in the characterization studies (Table 2). Clearly, application of alternative proteases besides trypsin could better clarify the glycopeptide constituents of the Asn-188 site. Emerging improvements in computer programs like SimGlycan (Applied Biosystems/PremierBiosoft) that allow annotation of large complex glycan constituents will also facilitate this characterization. Conversely, the HPLC and MALDI-TOF profiling indicated the presence of truncated glycan species predominantly in the prostate cancer samples. Their further characterization at the structural level, as well as their site of attachment, could lead to specific PAP glycan biomarker assays. Additionally, the described purification and analysis approaches for both PAP and PSA glycans are compatible with emerging quantitative isotope labeling strategies.34 Missing for both PAP and PSA are any determinations of the anomeric linkages for the different glycan species, as linkage differences and positions of the sialic acid residues in particular could dictate biological and clinical differences. The permethylation strategies already utilized are equally valid for providing PSA and PAP glycans for more detailed MS/MSn structural characterization approaches,35,36 and these are currently ongoing in our laboratories. The cumulative glycan structural information from PSA and PAP is being used in a prostate cancer biomarker “pipeline” to develop specific lectin-ELISA assays33 targeting fucosylation and sialylation differences, as well as targeted SRM and/or multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) assays in proximal prostatic fluids. These approaches are particularly advantageous for the analysis of many individual seminal plasma samples, as well as other proximal prostatic fluids termed expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) being collected for molecular genetic biomarker assays.37,38 Expressed prostatic secretions are collected in voided urine following a standard urological digital rectal exam combined with prostate massage, and analysis of their glycoprotein constituents could complement and extend results reported in seminal plasma. In conclusion, there are multiple glycan targets of potential clinical relevance that warrant continued structural analysis of PAP and PSA glycopeptide species. The use of seminal plasma derived proteins will continue to facilitate this characterization, and can also be readily adapted to other clinical relevant proximal fluids of the prostate.

Acknowledgment. This work was funded in part by NIH/NCI grant 2U01 CA98028 (O.J.S.). References (1) Gann, P. H.; Hennekens, C. H.; Stampfer, M. J. A prospective evaluation of plasma prostate-specific antigen for detection of prostatic cancer. JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1995, 273 (4), 289–94. (2) Chan, D. W.; Sokoll, L. J. Prostate-specific antigen: update 1997. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Chem. 1997, 9 (3), 120–5. (3) Partin, A. W.; Oesterling, J. E. The clinical usefulness of percent free-PSA. Urology 1996, 48 (6A Suppl), 1–3. (4) Wilkinson, B. A.; Hamdy, F. C. State-of-the-art staging in prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2001, 87 (5), 423–30. (5) Makarov, D. V.; Carter, H. B. The discovery of prostate specific antigen as a biomarker for the early detection of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol. 2006, 176 (6 Pt 1), 2383–5.

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