Hand Painting of Noniridescent Structural Multicolor through the Self

Jun 3, 2019 - Multicolor patterns can be obtained quickly and efficiently by hand painting with the dispersion of YOHCO3 colloids as ink. APCs pattern...
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Article Cite This: Langmuir 2019, 35, 8428−8435

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Hand Painting of Noniridescent Structural Multicolor through the Self-Assembly of YOHCO3 Colloids and Its Application for AntiCounterfeiting Dongpeng Yang,*,†,‡ Guolong Liao,§,‡ and Shaoming Huang*,† †

School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, P. R. China

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S Supporting Information *

ABSTRACT: YOHCO3 colloidal particles with tunable size, composition, and optical properties were prepared, and they were used for the fabrication of amorphous photonic crystals’ (APCs) patterns through direct hand painting. YOHCO3 colloids were synthesized by a seeding growth method, in which the colloid size could be controlled by altering the seed amounts and the composition and optical properties can be altered via the doping of Eu3+. APCs’ films with bright, permanent, and tunable structural colors were prepared by the self-assembly of YOHCO3 colloids of different sizes. Multicolor patterns can be obtained quickly and efficiently by hand painting with the dispersion of YOHCO3 colloids as ink. An APCs’ pattern assembled from YOHCO3:Eu colloids is also fabricated, and the pattern shows blue structural color under natural light and bright red colors under illumination of UV light. The facile synthesis procedure, simple assembly process, and unique optical properties of the APCs make it valuable for practical applications such as structural color-based printing and anticounterfeiting.

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INTRODUCTION Photonic crystals (PCs) have attracted increasing attention because of their periodic nanostructures, photonic stop band, and bright structural color under illumination.1−5 As a kind of reflective mode-based color display, PCs show intrinsic advantages such as resistance to fading, environmentally friendly, and pollution-free characteristics compared with dyes and pigments. However, the traditional long-range ordered photonic nanostructures show angle-dependent structural colors according to the Bragg equation, which means the structural color of PCs will change at different view angles, and it will certainly limit their practical applications in color-related field such as color display or printing. Amorphous photonic crystals (APCs) possess short-range ordered, but long-range random ordered structures show noniridescent or angle-independent structural colors because of the amorphous state of the arrangement of the colloidal particles. The constant structural colors of the APCs under broad viewing angles have gained considerable attention, but the preparation of APCs is quite difficult because of the strong crystalline tendency of colloidal particles.6−9 Up to now, great efforts have been paid to develop economic and efficient methods to fabricate APCs. One of the widely used strategies to create APCs is based on coating a layer of polydopamine (PDA) on SiO2 or polystyrene (PS) colloidal surfaces, followed by the self-assembly process.10−16 Although this strategy is efficient in the fabrication of APCs, many conditions including the thickness of the PDA layer as well as © 2019 American Chemical Society

the high cost of dopamine must be carefully controlled and considered for practical mass production. Other strategies are based on the tuning of the assembly environment of colloidal particles in order to break the long-range ordered arrangement of particles. Various parameters such as the ionic strength of the solution,17−22 evaporation velocity of solvent,23−26 assembly spatial curvatures,27−29 structure of the substrate,30−32 sizes and composition of colloids,6,33−39 temperature,40 and external electric field41−44 applied during the assembly process have remarkable influence upon the formation of APSs as well as their color visibility. Despite the success of these methods for obtaining APSs with fine structural colors, complex instruments and time-consuming or harsh assembly conditions are usually needed to guarantee the quality of APCs. More importantly, the traditional building blocks including SiO2 or PS particles will limit the practical applications of the APCs because of the lack of optical properties of the particles. Therefore, functional colloidal particles with tunable sizes and optical properties that can quickly, conveniently, and economically assemble into APCs are highly desired. Herein, YOHCO3 colloidal particles with tunable size, composition, and optical properties were prepared, and they were used for the fabrication of APCs through the selfassembly of the colloidal particles. YOHCO3 colloids were Received: May 25, 2019 Published: June 3, 2019 8428

DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01571 Langmuir 2019, 35, 8428−8435

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Langmuir synthesized by a seeding growth method, in which the colloid size could be controlled by altering the seed amounts, while the composition and optical properties can be tuned via the doping of Eu3+. APCs’ films with blue, green, yellow, and red structural colors can be prepared as the particles of different sizes are packed into only short-range ordered structures. Colorful patterns can be quickly obtained by hand painting and writing with dispersion of YOHCO3 colloids as ink. The APCbased pattern that is prepared from YOHCO3:Eu shows blue structural color under ambient conditions, while it shows bright red colors under illumination of UV light, which make it suitable for structural color-based anticounterfeiting.

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Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the synthesizing YOHCO3 colloids for the fabrication of APCs’ film.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

Materials. Y2O3 powders, HNO3, urea, and ethanol were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. PVP (Mw: 40000) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Methanol, ethanol, propanol, ethylene glycol (EG), dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from J&K. All the chemicals are used as received without further purifications. Synthesis of Uniform YOHCO3 Spheres. Uniform YOHCO3 spheres with tunable size from 200 to 287 nm are synthesized through the fabrication of YOHCO3 seeds and the seeding growth processes. Briefly, Y2O3 powders (0.5 g) were dissolved in diluted HNO3 aqueous solution (25 mL) with vigorous magnetic stirring for 30 min. Afterward, PVP (3.8 g) and urea (0.6 g) were dissolved in ethanol (25 mL), and the solution was poured into the above aqueous solution. After 30 min of continuous stirring, the above solution was put into a 100 mL, Teflon-lined stainless autoclave and maintained at 150 °C for 12 h. The products were washed with ethanol and water for several times and finally dried in vacuum for further use. The size of the YOHCO3 spheres can be controlled by altering the seed’s feeding amount among the seeding growth process. The protocols for synthesizing YOHCO3 spheres with tailored size were almost the same as the YOHCO3 seeds except the desired amount of YOHCO3 seeds were added after the Y2O3 powders were totally dissolved in HNO3 solution. The final size of YOHCO3 spheres can be gradually tuned from 180 to 233, 258, 287 nm by reducing the seeds amounts from 50%, to 30%, 18%, 12%, respectively. Preparation of Amorphous Photonic Crystals’ Film. The obtained YOHCO3 spheres were dispersed in ethanol through sonication for 5 min to form a 10 wt % YOHCO3 ethanol dispersion. A certain amount of YOHCO3 ethanol dispersion was cast on the glass or the silicon wafer, which was dried at RT for about 10 min to allow the self-assembly of the YOHCO3 colloids into amorphous photonic crystal film. Characterization. The size and morphology of YOHCO3 spheres were determined at 200 kV using a JEOL JEM-2010 low- to highresolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The optical microscope images were taken on an Olympus BXFM reflection-type microscope operated in dark-field mode. The reflectance and back scattering spectra at different angles were measured by NOVA spectrometer (Hamamatsu, S7031).

Figure 2. TEM (a, b) images, XRD (c), and FT-IR (d) patterns of the YOHCO3 seeds. Inset in (b) is the corresponding SAED pattern of the single YOHCO3 particle.

nm. The prepared YOHCO3 particles have an amorphous structure, which is confirmed by their broad reflection peaks of X-ray diffraction (XRD, Figure 2c) and discretely ringlike pattern from selected area electron diffraction (SAED, Figure 2b). Because of the unique adhesion capability of PVP, there exist abundant PVP molecules on the surfaces of YOHCO3 particles, which contribute to the tuning of particle size and render the particles highly dispersed. The existence of PVP on the surfaces of YOHCO3 colloids can be identified by the Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR, Figure 2d). The absorption at 3427 cm−1 is the typical peak of the O−H bond. The characteristic absorption peaks around 753/696, 843/ 1085, and 1427/1523 cm−1 can be attributed to the bonds of δ-CO32−, π-CO32−, and O−C−O, respectively, demonstrating the presence of the carbonate group. Careful inspection reveals that there is a shoulder peak at 1657 cm−1 that can be assigned to the absorption of the CO bond from PVP, and the wide peak comes from the band overlap between the CO and the O−C−O bond. The above results vividly confirm the amorphous structure of YOHCO3 particles with PVP on the surfaces. For the synthesis of YOHCO3 particles, the introduction of PVP plays a significant role in tuning the particle sizes and their surface structures. Generally, the YOHCO3 colloids prepared from the traditional approaches usually possess very large particle sizes (300−1000 nm) and bare surfaces, which makes it difficult to fabricate photonic crystals because of the

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION APCs’ film can be fabricated by two steps: (1) synthesis of YOHCO3 spheres with tunable sizes through a seeding growth method and (2) self-assembly of YOHCO3 particles into colloidal crystals, as shown in Figure 1. Uniform-sized YOHCO3 seeds were achieved at high temperature (150 °C) via a urea-based homogeneous precipitation process with modifications including using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as surfactant. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images (Figure 2a, b) show that the as-prepared YOHCO3 seeds have smooth surfaces and are highly uniform in morphology with a mean particle size of 140 8429

DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01571 Langmuir 2019, 35, 8428−8435

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Figure 3. SEM images (a, b, d, e, g, h, j, k) and corresponding size distribution diagrams (c, f, i, l) of YOHCO3 colloids with different particle sizes, (a, b) 180 nm, (d, e) 233 nm, (g, h) 258 nm, and (j, k) 287 nm. The scale bar in (j) and (k) is 500 and 200 nm, respectively, and was applied to the images in the same row.

poor stability of the YOHCO3 colloids. When YOHCO3 colloids were prepared in the absence of PVP, particles with random size distributions were normally observed as shown in SEM images (Figure S1). However, when an appropriate amount of PVP was added, it was found that the particle size of the YOHCO3 was reduced and become uniform (Figure 3). The presence of the PVP not only makes the nuclei of the YOHCO3 uniformly but also limits the growth of the YOHCO3 particle because of the homogeneously adsorption of the PVP molecules on the YOHCO3 surfaces. The size of the YOHCO3 can be easily controlled by tuning the reaction time (Figure S2). Furthermore, the adsorption of PVP on the surfaces of YOHCO3 colloids makes the colloids highly dispersed in solution, which is very important for the colloidal assembly. The size of YOHCO3 colloids also can be precisely controlled by changing the amount of the seeds while keeping all other parameters fixed. A lower concentration of the seeds will result in larger particle size. The size of the YOHCO3 colloids increased from 180 to 200, 233, 258, and 287 nm (Figure 3a, b, d, e, g, h, j, k) as the seed amount gradually decreased from 50%, to 30%, 18%, 12%, respectively. Corresponding SEM images directly show the YOHCO3

colloids of different particle sizes, which is consistent with their size distributions (Figure 3c, f, i, l). The stability and the surface charge of YOHCO3 colloidal particles are very important for the fabrication of photonic crystals, which was systematically investigated. The as-obtained colloidal particles can be well dispersed in a series of solvents (Figure S3) including methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), propanol (PrOH), ethylene glycol (EG), dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Furthermore, the asprepared YOHCO3 colloidal particles washed with ethanol 3 times were first dispersed in water, and the uniform whiteish color of the mixture indicated the uniform dispersion of particles in the solvent (Figure S4). After it was allowed to rest undisturbed for 3 days, the solution still shows uniform whiteish color and no precipitations can be observed, indicating the good dispersibility of the PVP-coated particles in water. For comparison, YOHCO3 colloidal particles washed with ethanol 10 times tend to aggregate with a similar treatment because of the insufficient PVP on the particle surfaces. The good dispersibility of the YOHCO3 colloids can be attributed to the PVP shell on particle surfaces, which can induce a steric-hindrance effect because of their intrinsic solubility in polar solvents and result in the entropic repulsion 8430

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Langmuir between colloidal particles. The ζ-potential of YOHCO3 colloids was measured to be −6.6 mV, far below the critical value of −30 mV for electrostatic stabilized colloids. For polymer-capped colloidal particles, the soft polymer shell exhibits something like a semidilute “solution” of polymer chain in a “good” solvent. When the particles come closer to each other, the polymer chain of the neighboring particles was compressed and thus increases the osmotic pressure, leading to the steric repulsion between colloidal particles. These results strongly indicate the PVP layer on the particle surface is quite important for stabilizing particles in the solvents. All the above results strongly proved that the YOHCO3 particles are stabilized by steric repulsion rather than electrostatic repulsion. APCs can be fabricated through the evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) of YOHCO3 particles. Ethanol was used as the dispersion solvent because of its low cost, pollution-free characteristic, and medium evaporation rate and thus effectively avoids the formation of “coffee ring” structure that is usually observed in most traditional PCs obtained from water. SEM images (Figure 4) of APCs demonstrate uniform

structures will be the preferred state for the photonic crystals. The size variation of the as-prepared YOHCO3 particles in our system was measured to determine whether the APCs are firmly caused by the high polydispersity of the particle sizes. For the particle of 180, 233, 258, and 287 nm, the polydispersity index (PDI) of the particle was measured to be 0.6%, 10.3%, 12.4%, and 17.4%, respectively. It seems reasonable that the formation of APCs of green, yellow, and red colors can be attributed to the large size distribution of the particles size. However, this cannot be applied to explain the formation of APCs that self-assembled from the particles with relative narrow size distribution (0.6%), indicating the size distribution of the particle is not the only reason that is responsible for the amorphous structures. Although PVP-capped Cu2O47 and CdS48 particles can selfassemble into ordered structures, the ζ-potential of the particles is not given, and we suppose the Cu2O or CdS are highly charged in the solvent that contributed to the longrange ordered structures of colloidal crystals. It should be noted the value of the ζ-potential of the colloidal particles is another crucial parameter in determination of the amorphous/ crystalline structure of the photonic crystals. As demonstrated in our recent work,49 monodisperse SiO2 colloids can selfassemble into highly ordered structures because of the large ζpotential value (−53 mV). However, after coating a layer of Fe3O4, the SiO2@ Fe3O4 particles remain monodispersed, whereas the ζ-potential of the SiO2@ Fe3O4 particle is reduced to −16 mV. Through a similar self-assembly process, APCs with noniridescent structural colors are obtained. The result reveals the value of ζ-potential of particles plays a key role in the self-assembly of particles, where a high and low ζ-potential of the particles favors the crystalline and amorphous structures, respectively. In this work, the ζ-potential of YOHCO3 colloids was measured to be −6.6 mV, which favors the formation of the amorphous structures. Hence, it is reasonable to infer that both the broad size distribution and the low value of ζpotential of the particles contributed to the amorphous structures of APCs, in which the latter one seems to be a dominate factor when the particles of highly uniformity are used as building blocks. Four different structural colors including blue, green, orange, and red (Figure 5a−d) can be achieved through the modulation of light from the particle sizes of 180, 233, 258, and 287 nm, respectively. The reflection spectra of the four films were recorded, and the corresponding reflection peak was around 450, 516, 570, and 616 nm (Figure 5e), which is consistent with their microscopy images. The wide band stop of the corresponding APCs indicated the YOHCO3 colloids are packed into short-range ordered structures rather than long-range arrangements. The amorphous structures of the APCs-based pattern on the papers was also confirmed by the SEM images and the corresponding reflections. Three points of the pattern including the red, green, and blue color regions are selected, as seen in Figure S6, and the cross sections of the samples show the uniform thickness of 1.42, 2.27, and 1.25 μm, respectively. Careful inspection reveals that the particles in the whole cross section of the film is packed into short arrangement but long-range disordered. In addition, the constant reflection peaks of the films at different viewing angles are the typical characteristics of the APCs, which further validates the amorphous structures of the pattern on the papers. From the above results, one can conclude the noniridescent structural colors of the multicolor pattern is

Figure 4. SEM images and their corresponding FFT images (insets) assembled from YOHCO3 colloids with particles of (a) 180 nm, (b) 233 nm, (c) 258 nm, and (d) 287 nm. The scale bar in (d) is 2 μm and was applied to all the SEM images.

YOHCO3 particles are arranged into short-range ordered structures rather than long-range ordered structures, which is further supported by the ring-like patterns of their corresponding 2D fast Fourier-transform (FFT) images.45 Moreover, the self-assembly of the YOHCO3 particles was also realized when ethanol was replaced by water. As shown in Figure S5, the obtained film shows angle-independent structural colors under various viewing angles. The reflection peaks remain constant as the detection angle changed from 0 to 80°, implying the amorphous structure of the sample. The corresponding SEM images of the sample shows the YOHCO3 particles are closely packed, and only the short-ranged ordered structures can be observed, further supporting the amorphous structure of the sample obtained in water. According to the previous reports,46 when the polydispersity of the particles exceeds 7%, the crystalline tendency of the colloidal crystals will be suppressed, and the amorphous 8431

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be easily controlled by altering the particle sizes according to the Bragg’s law. The APCs assembled from the PVP-capped YOHCO3 colloids show angle-independent colors. The angle-resolved reflection spectra of the APCs with four different films were measured, and the detection angle was varied from 10° to 80° by fixing the light source and sample, except keeping the detector rotating. The peak positions of the APCs remain nearly unchanged with different detection angles (Figure 6a, c, e, g). Figure 6(b, d, f, h) is a plot of wavelength values versus the corresponding detection angles. The spectral shifts of the refection spectra that were taken at several different angles were less than 5 nm, clearly demonstrating that the structural colors were noniridescent. Moreover, the angle-independent structural color of APCs was also demonstrated by the naked eye. As shown in Figure 6i, the APCs’ film shows the bright blue color with wide view angles under ambient light. The noniridescent structural color can be attributed to the shortrange ordered arrangements of colloids because of the lack of long-range repulsion between YOHCO3 colloids, as discussed in the above section. Because of the good reproducibility of the APCs, the YOHCO3 colloids dispersed in solvent can be used as the color inks for painting or writing on the papers by a brush pen.

Figure 5. Microscopy image (a−d) and reflection spectra (e) of APCs assembled from YOHCO3 of different size (a) 180 nm. (b) 233 nm, (c) 258 nm, and (d) 287 nm.

originated from the amorphous structure of APCs. These results demonstrated the structural colors of APCs’ films can

Figure 6. (a, c, e, g) Reflection spectra of the APCs’ film on silicon wafer at different incident angles; (b, d, f, h) Plots of peak wavelengths for the reflection spectra as a function of detect angle; (i) Digital photos of blue APCs’ film viewed from different angles under ambient light. All the photos of APCs are captured under natural light in the lab. 8432

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lack of optical functions of the particles. However, in this work, the fabrication of YOHCO3 colloidal particles makes extending the applications of amorphous photonic crystals possible because various rare-earth elements can be doped into the YOHCO3 particles in principle. As an example, YOHCO3:Eu0.05 particles are fabricated through a similar procedure and emit red color at about 611 nm under the excitation of UV light (Figure 8a, b). Through a direct hand-painting process,

When YOHCO3 colloids were dispersed in ethanol with an appropriate concentration (mass concentration: 10%), multicolor patterns (Figure 7a, b) can be directly painted on the

Figure 7. Colorful patterns combining blue, green, yellow, or red structural colors obtained by hand painting or writing on paper. The scale bar in panels a, b, and c is 2 cm.

black papers using the brush pen. The color of the pattern including blue, green, yellow, and red structural colors can be well-controlled by altering the size of the particles from 180 to 233, 258, 287 nm, respectively, and its vivid color appeared with 30 s after the ethanol is totally evaporated. The patterns show good adhesion to the papers, and no other special treatment, equipment, or mask is demanded. Cellulose is the major component of the papers, which have abundant −OH groups on the surfaces of paper (Figure S7). The PVP molecules capped on the particle surfaces also have a mass of O and N elements, which makes the particle hydrophilic. The good adhesion of particle to the substrate may be attributed to the formation of hydrogen bond between the O/N and H in the form of particle-N/O···H-cellulose. Through a similar process, various texts also can be written on the paper, as shown by the Chinese language (Figure 7c) that can be easily obtained through the hand writing directly. These handpainted patterns show bright, stable, and permanent structural colors with wide view angles. If another parameter such as an electric field is applied to the photonic inks,50,51 APCs’ film with tunable structural colors and reflection peaks may be fabricated, which may favor the some special applications of the APCs. As we know, the traditional SiO2 or PS particles have limited the practical applications of photonic crystals because of the

Figure 8. (a) SEM image and (b) the photoluminescence spectra of YOHCO3:Eu0.05 particles. APC-based pattern obtained by the selfassembly of YOHCO3:Eu0.05 particles shows blue and red colors under natural and UV light illumination, respectively. The photos of (c, e) and (d, f) was taken under viewing angles at 0 and 60°.

amorphous photonic crystals with a desired pattern can be obtained by the self-assembly of YOHCO3:Eu0.05 particles. Under ambient light illumination, the pattern shows blue and noniridescent or angle-independent structural colors under various viewing angles (Figure 8c, d). When the pattern was exposed to the UV light, the pattern exhibits red colors (Figure 8e, f). It is possible to obtained a variety of down- and upconversion colloidal particles through the rational design of the doping elements such as Eu, Tb, Er(Tm, Ho)/Yb. The combination of the photonic crystals and the optical properties of rare-earth-doped particles will largely extend the applications of photonic crystals in the color-related field such as printing, anticounterfeiting et al.

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CONCLUSIONS In summary, APCs’ films with brilliant and noniridescent structural colors are fabricated from the self-assembly of the YOHCO3 colloidal particles through an evaporation-induced colloidal assembly process. YOHCO3 particles with tunable 8433

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(3) Fenzl, C.; Hirsch, T.; Wolfbeis, O. S. Photonic Crystals for Chemical Sensing and Biosensing. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 3318−3335. (4) Kuang, M.; Wang, J.; Jiang, L. Bio-inspired photonic crystals with superwettability. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016, 45, 6833−6854. (5) Isapour, G.; Lattuada, M. Bioinspired Stimuli-Responsive ColorChanging Systems. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1707069. (6) Harun-Ur-Rashid, M.; Bin Imran, A.; Seki, T.; Ishii, M.; Nakamura, H.; Takeoka, Y. Angle-Independent Structural Color in Colloidal Amorphous Arrays. ChemPhysChem 2010, 11, 579−583. (7) Takeoka, Y. Angle-independent structural coloured amorphous arrays. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 23299−23309. (8) Shi, L.; Zhang, Y. F.; Dong, B. Q.; Zhan, T. R.; Liu, X. H.; Zi, J. Amorphous Photonic Crystals with Only Short-Range Order. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 5314−5320. (9) Takeoka, Y. Stimuli-responsive opals: colloidal crystals and colloidal amorphous arrays for use in functional structurally colored materials. J. Mater. Chem. C 2013, 1, 6059−6074. (10) Kohri, M.; Nannichi, Y.; Taniguchi, T.; Kishikawa, K. Biomimetic non-iridescent structural color materials from polydopamine black particles that mimic melanin granules. J. Mater. Chem. C 2015, 3, 720−724. (11) Kawamura, A.; Kohri, M.; Morimoto, G.; Nannichi, Y.; Taniguchi, T.; Kishikawa, K. Full-Color Biomimetic Photonic Materials with Iridescent and Non-Iridescent Structural Colors. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 33984. (12) Kawamura, A.; Kohri, M.; Yoshioka, S.; Taniguchi, T.; Kishikawa, K. Structural Color Tuning: Mixing Melanin-Like Particles with Different Diameters to Create Neutral Colors. Langmuir 2017, 33, 3824−3830. (13) Yi, B.; Shen, H. F. Facile fabrication of crack-free photonic crystals with enhanced color contrast and low angle dependence. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 8194−8200. (14) Yi, B.; Shen, H. F. Liquid-immune structural colors with angleindependence inspired from hollow melanosomes. Chem. Commun. 2017, 53, 9234−9237. (15) Zhang, C.; Wu, B. H.; Du, Y.; Ma, M. Q.; Xu, Z. K. Musselinspired polydopamine coatings for large-scale and angle-independent structural colors. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 3898−3902. (16) Kohri, M.; Yanagimoto, K.; Kawamura, A.; Hamada, K.; Imai, Y.; Watanabe, T.; Ono, T.; Taniguchi, T.; Kishikawa, K. Polydopamine-Based 3D Colloidal Photonic Materials: Structural Color Balls and Fibers from Melanin-Like Particles with Polydopamine Shell Layers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 7640−7648. (17) Takeoka, Y.; Honda, M.; Seki, T.; Ishii, M.; Nakamura, H. Structural Colored Liquid Membrane without Angle Dependence. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2009, 1, 982−986. (18) Gotoh, Y.; Suzuki, H.; Kumano, N.; Seki, T.; Katagiri, K.; Takeoka, Y. An amorphous array of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brush-coated silica particles for thermally tunable angle-independent photonic band gap materials. New J. Chem. 2012, 36, 2171−2175. (19) Ueno, K.; Inaba, A.; Sano, Y.; Kondoh, M.; Watanabe, M. A soft glassy colloidal array in ionic liquid, which exhibits homogeneous, non-brilliant and angle-independent structural colours. Chem. Commun. 2009, 3603−3605. (20) Ueno, K.; Inaba, A.; Ueki, T.; Kondoh, M.; Watanabe, M. Thermosensitive, Soft Glassy and Structural Colored Colloidal Array in Ionic Liquid: Colloidal Glass to Gel Transition. Langmuir 2010, 26, 18031−18038. (21) Ueno, K.; Sano, Y.; Inaba, A.; Kondoh, M.; Watanabe, M. Soft Glassy Colloidal Arrays in an Ionic Liquid: Colloidal Glass Transition, Ionic Transport, and Structural Color in Relation to Microstructure. J. Phys. Chem. B 2010, 114, 13095−13103. (22) Ueno, K.; Watanabe, M. From Colloidal Stability in Ionic Liquids to Advanced Soft Materials Using Unique Media. Langmuir 2011, 27, 9105−9115. (23) Ge, D. T.; Yang, L. L.; Wu, G. X.; Yang, S. Spray coating of superhydrophobic and angle-independent coloured films. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 2469−2472.

size, composition, and optical properties were prepared by a hydrothermal method, in which the particle size can be controlled by changing the seed amounts and the composition and optical properties can be tuned via the doping of Eu3+. APCs’ film with bright, stable, and permanent structural colors can be prepared as the particles are packed into only shortrange ordered structures. The angle-independent structural color including blue, green, yellow, and red colors of the APCs can be controlled by altering the particle size. The formation of APCs is mainly caused by both the broad size distribution and the low value of ζ-potential of the particles. Colorful patterns can be quickly obtained by hand painting with dispersion of YOHCO3 colloids as ink. An APCs’ pattern assembled from YOHCO3:Eu colloids is also fabricated, and the pattern shows blue structural color under ambient conditions, while it shows bright red colors under illumination of UV light, which make it valuable for noniridescent structural color-based anticounterfeiting.

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ASSOCIATED CONTENT

* Supporting Information S

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01571.

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SEM images of YOHCO3 particles prepared without PVP; SEM images of YOHCO3 obtained at different reaction time; digital photograph of the as-prepared YOHCO3 colloids dispersed in various polar solvents; digital images of the YOHCO3 particles after they were allowed to stand for 3 days after being washed with ethanol 3 times and 10 times, respectively; digital images, angle-resolved reflection spectra, and SEM images of the APC sample obtained in H2O; digital images of the pattern on the paper; SEM images of the cross section of the selected regions from the pattern; reflection spectra at various viewing angles of the red, green, and blue regions; and chemical structures of cellulose and PVP (PDF)

AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Authors

*E-mail: [email protected]. *E-mail: [email protected]. ORCID

Dongpeng Yang: 0000-0002-6950-5985 Shaoming Huang: 0000-0003-0242-1143 Author Contributions ‡

D.P.Y. and G.L.L. contributed equally to this work.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51420105002 and 51672193). Notes

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

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REFERENCES

(1) Ge, J. P.; Yin, Y. D. Responsive Photonic Crystals. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 1492−1522. (2) von Freymann, G.; Kitaev, V.; Lotsch, B. V.; Ozin, G. A. Bottomup assembly of photonic crystals. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 2528− 2554. 8434

DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01571 Langmuir 2019, 35, 8428−8435

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DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01571 Langmuir 2019, 35, 8428−8435