Furnace AA
Historic Textile and Paper Materials
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Conservation and Characterization
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Flame AA
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CONTENTS Conservation Principles of Henry Francis du Pont · Age Determination of Single-Fiber Textiles · Degradation in Museum Textiles · Fiber Damage in Textile Materials by SEM · Fractography of Historic Silk Fibers · Degra dation of Silk by Heat and Light · P a i n t e d Printed Chinese and Western Silks · Identifi cation of Dyes in Historic Textile Materials · Analysis of Natural Dyes on Wool Substrates • Characterization of Hyacinthine Purple (Tekhelet) · Mordanted, Natural-Dyed Wool and Silk Fabrics · Effect of Aqueous and Nonaqueous Treatments · Characterization of Metallic Yarns · Prehistoric Fabrics of Southeastern N. America · Standards for Archival Materials · Kinetics of Cellulose Deterioration · Use of FTIR and ESCA · Estimating the Effect of Water Washing · Discoloration of Paper · Influence of Copper and Iron on Paper · Accelerated Aging of Cellulosic Textiles Based on a symposium sponsored by the Division of Cellulose, Paper, and Textile Chemistry of the American Chemical Society. Advances in Chemistry Series No. 212 452 pages (1985) Clothbound LC 85-20094 ISBN 0-8412-0900-6 US & Canada $94.95 Export $113.95 Order from: American Chemical Society Distribution Dept. 98 1155 Sixteenth St., N.W. Washington, DC 20036 or CALL TOLL FREE 800-424-6747 and use your credit cardl
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California-Davis
Explores the conservation and char acterization of historic textile and paper materials, an active area of interest to conservators, chemists, and other physical scientists for several decades. Focuses o n the preservation of textiles with historic a n d artistic value. P r o m o t e s the sharing of k n o w l e d g e o n preserva tion and restoration techniques between the scientific and conserva tion communities.
Li Zn Cu
Cr Fe Ni
Ti
H o w a r d L. N e e d l e s a n d S . H a i g Z e r o n i a n , Editors University
Mg
Cd Ag Ca
Sb As
ICP
Mo
Te
AI Sb Pt V Ti Si Se Sn As
Mo
Al Nb Ta W As Sn Na Pb Sb Ρ Se S Pd Pt ΤΙ Κ
Figure 1 . C o m p a r i s o n of d e t e c t i o n limits for f l a m e A A , ICP, a n d f u r n a c e A A
plotted
o n a log s c a l e o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n in m i c r o g r a m s p e r liter Because furnace detection limits are inherently in mass units (picograms), they have been converted to concentration by assuming a 2 0 - μ ί sample
Those who are attracted to the ICP for reasons other than automation are usually particularly interested in those metals that can't be determined by flame AA. An important advantage of the plasma is that no special sources are necessary. For instance, one can determine Rh the one time per year it is required without having to retain a lamp inventory. The concentration range of the ICP usually spans three or four orders of magnitude. This is an important requirement for automated analyses. Flame AA spans only two or ders of magnitude. Furnace. If the lowest detection limits that can be obtained with spec troscopic techniques are necessary for your problem, the graphite furnace is the technique of choice. On a relative or concentration basis, furnace detec tion limits are 10 to 100 times better than flame AA or ICP. On an absolute mass basis, furnace detection limits are often 1000 times more sensitive because only a very small sample is re quired for the furnace. In the recent past, the major limita
A N A L Y T I C A L CHEMISTRY, V O L . 58, NO. 4, APRIL
1986
tion of the graphite furnace was the many chemical and physical-chemical interferences reported extensively in the literature. Those problems are now largely controlled using a combi nation of platform technology, new high-quality graphite materials, mod ern, fast photometric instrumentation, and Zeeman background correction. Although not totally interference free, the level of interferences for the graphite furnace is now no greater than flame AA or ICP. Nevertheless, furnace determinations are slow—ty pically several minutes per element per sample. They are generally single element; multielement analyses often are not practical. The analytical range is not very large—typically a little less than two orders of magnitude. Thus, the furnace is presently used when the flame or ICP provides inadequate de tection limits. Detection limits. In Figure 1 (right side) flame AA and ICP are compared. In addition to indicating that the de tection limits of the two techniques are similar, it can also be seen that
