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peptides with native N-linkage sites, they attached a disaccharide. They then joined the four carbohydratedecorated glycopeptides. The product’s in vitro bioactivity approximates that of native EPO, Danishefsky says. The three N-linked sugars in natural EPO are much more complex than the O-linked tetrasaccharide. Danishefsky is confident that his team will be able to complete the chemical synthesis of a more complex EPO soon. The work follows related synthetic efforts by others. For example, groups led by Derek Macmillan of University College London and by Stephen B. H. Kent of the University of Chicago assembled native and mutant unglycosylated EPOs. In Japan, Yasuhiro Kajihara’s group at Osaka University made EPOs with an 11-unit sugar at a
CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS:
Ten-year effort yields erythropoietin with sugars at native sites chemists finally have access to a homogeneous version of the blood-cell-producing glycoprotein erythropoietin (EPO). The product carries carbohydrates at the same sites as native EPO does. Native EPO is an inseparable mixture of proteins with variable carbohydrate modifications. Glycoprotein synthesis specialist Richard Payne of the University of Sydney, in Australia, who was not involved in the new study, comments that “the robust methods developed and employed in this work will allow researchers to prepare a range of glycoproteins, including other EPO variants, to interrogate the role of glycosylation on biological activity and stability.” Glycosylation’s influence on glycoprotein function is a black-box mystery that researchers and drug companies would love to better understand. More than $5 billion of commercial EPO, which is produced by engineered cells, was prescribed in the U.S. alone in 2011, according to health care industry information provider IMS Health. Samuel J. Danishefsky of Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research and Columbia University and coworkers have now created pure EPO with sugars at each of the four native glycosylation sites (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206090). Danishefsky and colleagues used peptide synthesis to make four peptides, each containing one site of oligosaccharide attachment. To the one peptide with a native O-linkage glycosylation site, they linked a tetrasaccharide that occurs naturally in EPO. To each of the three
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HANKS TO A DECADELONG synthetic push,
Predicted folding of newly synthesized EPO. Structure has one native O-linked tetrasaccharide and three simplified N-linked sugars, all at native glycosylation sites.
single native site. Some of those constructs have shown in vitro or in vivo bioactivity. Macmillan calls Danishefsky’s synthetic effort “heroic” but adds that the product “falls considerably short of glycosylated EPO that would be produced biologically. So the total synthesis of EPO has not yet been achieved, but the report goes a long way and suggests that fully synthetic EPO is tangible, rather than pure fantasy.”—STU BORMAN
BIOTECHNOLOGY Civil libertarians ask Supreme Court to revisit gene patents The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is again asking the Supreme Court to invalidate Myriad Genetics’ patents on two human genes associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. The lawsuit contends that the patents are illegal because genes are “products of nature.” The ACLU asked the Supreme Court to review the case last year. Rather than settling the dispute, the justices sent the case back to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. The high court ordered the appeals court to reconsider its July 2011 decision upholding the patents in
light of a ruling last spring by the Supreme Court in a related patent case (Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Labs) that companies cannot patent observations about natural phenomena. By a 2-1 vote, the appeals court ruled again in August that companies can obtain patents on human genes (C&EN, Aug. 27, page 8). The Supreme Court will now decide whether to hear the case or let the appeals court ruling stand. “In our view, the Court of Appeals did not fully consider or correctly apply the Supreme Court’s most recent and rele-
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vant patent law decisions,” ACLU attorney Chris Hansen says. Myriad asserts that the appeals court properly “confirmed that isolated DNA is patentable.” The biotech company says it “strongly believes that its patents are valid and enforceable.” Since a 1980 landmark Supreme Court decision involving genetically engineered microorganisms, the Patent & Trademark Office has granted tens of thousands of gene-related patents, which cover a large number of pharmaceutical and diagnostic products.—GLENN HESS
