Hydrophilic Polymers

508

HYDROPHILIC POLYMERS

Downloaded by 80.82.78.170 on January 13, 2017 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: January 15, 1996 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1996-0248.ix002

Johns Hopkins University, 181 Lehigh University, 395 McMaster University, 409 Nanyang Technological University, 205 North Dakota State University, 125,163, 305,449 The Pennsylvania State University, 3 Pharmacia Diagnostics, 61 Rohm and Haas Company, 79 Shikoku National Industrial Research Institute, 113

State University of New York, 31 Union Carbide Corporation, 425 Union Carbide Technical Center, 425 Universitat Bayreuth, 219 The University of Chicago, 181 University of Southern California, 279 University of Texas at Austin, 141 University of Toronto, 363, 377 University of Utah, 51, 61

Subject Index A Acrylamide (AM), 253 Acrylamide copolymer, charge screening, 270-273 Acrylic acid, biodégradation, 85 Activation energy comb polymers, 294-299 comb vs. telechelic polymers, 299 concentration, 297 hydrophobe(s), 296 hydrophobe-modified hydroxyethylcelluloses, 468-470 polyurethane flow, 320-321 telechelic polymers, 294-299 temperature, 297 Adlayer curvature, 70 surface curvature, 76 surface density, 65 thickness, 66 thickness vs. chain mobility, 70 Adsorption acids on titanium dioxide, 461 hydrophobe effect, 461 Aggregation number definition, 364 hydrophobe-modified hydroxyethylcellulose polymers, 388-390 isophorone diurethane by NMR, 373-375 model poly(ethylene oxide), 349-350 Alkyl-modified acrylamide (RAM), 168 Allophanates, 453 Amphiphilic polymers, 32, 280 8-Anilinonaphthalene-l-sulfonate (ANS), 44 Anionic surfactants effect on polymer rheology, 207 micelle shapes, 177 sodium dodecyl sulfate, 167

Antiscalant, 100 activity of poly(aspartic acid), 104-105 definition, 104 Aqueous polymerization of poly(Nethenylformamide), 492 Architecture-controlled polymer interaction, 183-192 Associating polymers (AT) amphiphilic, 280 comb, 291-292 effect of double bonds on properties, 436-440 hydrophobe-modified hydroxyethylcellulose, 378 hydrophobic, 279-302, 343-361 in aqueous solution, 305-340 NMR spectroscopy, 377-392 paint rheology modifiers, 364 phase separation, 451-459 preparation of alkali-soluble, 427 rheology of alkali-soluble, 425-446 self-diffusion coefficients, 377-392 self-looping, 297 telechelic, 291-292 thickeners without hydrophobes, 451 uses, 280, 395-396, 426 water-soluble, 251-276, 280 Association effect of dispersity, 350 inter- vs. intramolecular, 284-285 shear breaking of junctions, 284 surfactant effect, 287-288 Associative thickeners, 182 4,4'-Azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA), 253 Β Batteries, rechargeable, 14 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 85

Glass; Hydrophilic Polymers Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.

509


INDEX

Biodegradability acrylic and maleic acids, 85 and degree of polymerization, 85 and thermoplasticity, 133 natural polymers, 93 oligomer chains, 86 polyacetals, 92 polyamides, 91 poly(aspartic acid), 108-109 polyesters, 91 polyketals, 92 starch derivatives, 95 vinyl polymers, 88 Biodegradable plastics from cellulose-chitosan mixes, 113-119 Bioerosion, 19 Block copolymers block length, 70 protein resistance, 63 See also Diblock copolymers BOD, See Biochemical oxygen demand Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 74 Bridging, transient, 395-405 BSA, See Bovine serum albumin C

Carbon accountability, 84 Carboxymethylcellulose, 127 3-Carboxypropyl radical, spin probe, 68 Cationic polymers, uses, 489 Cellulose chromatography, 128 derivatives, 164 hydrogen bonding, 131 modified by ethoxy group, 167-168 NMR spectroscopy, 128 reactivity oY hydroxyls, 132 Cellulose-chitosan biodegradable plastics, 113 degradability, 117-119 film properties, 115-119 flexibility, 117 foam production, 122-123 nonwoven fabric production, 120 preparation, 115 production, 119 properties, 116 tensile strength, 116 Cellulose ethers cloud points, 421-422 fluorescence, 409-422 formation efficiency, 134 preparation, 126 preparation of pyrene-labeled, 411-413 substituent distributions, 125 uses, 410 Ceramic composites, 15 Cetylpyridinium chloride, 220

Charge screening, aerylamide copolymer, 270-273 Chitin, structure, 114 Chitosan degrading bacterium, 118 Chitosanase, 118 Chromatography of cellulose, 128 Chromophore in 4-(l-pyrenyl)butyl tosylate, 414 Cloud point electrolyte effects, 38 hydrophobic group effect, 421-422 of cellulose ethers, 421-422 star polymer, 38 cmc, See Critical micelle concentration Coalescing aid in paints, 450 Coating formulations, model hydrophobe-modified hydroxyethylcelluloses, 466-483 Comb polymers definition, 292 self-looping potential, 298 Commercial products Desmodur R, 32 Igepal, 32 Klucel-L, 412-413 Methocals, 412-414 Polyoxes, 207 Rhoplexes, 451 Tyloses, 412-413 urethanes, 367, 379 Comonomer content, 284 Complex hydrophobe, 429 Complex hydrophobe polymers extensional viscosity, 435-436 relaxation time, 434 shear moduli, 432-435 shear thinning, 431 viscosity, 430-436 Condensation linkages, 91 Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB), hydrophobic probe, 39 Copolyacrylic-maleic acids, 81 Copolymer(s) random, 281-291 random acrylamide-based, 281 solubility of triblock, 347 Copolymerization kinetics, 260 kinetics of polyacrylamide, 256—257 synthesis, 260 Cox-Mertz rule, 222, 237, 436 Critical micelle concentration (cmc), 167 byfluorescencespectroscopy, 345 model poly(ethylene oxide), 349-350 poly(ethylene oxide) star polymers, 41-42 Cross-linking ionic, 19 mechanism, 10, 14 Curvature effects, 70


510



D Degree of polymerization (DP), 39 Desmodur R, 32 Detergents, polymeric carboxylic acids, 79-96 Diblock copolymers diffusion constant, 159 fluorescence spectroscopy, 144 micelle core radii, 159 micelle core sizes, 157 micelle preparation, 143 naphthalene-labeled, 143 See also Block copolymers Didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, 230 Ν,Ν-Diethylaziridinium chloride, 129 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polyurethanes with mixed soft segments, 197-201 Diffusion constant, pyrene diblock copolymer micelles, 159 Dispersion activity, poly(aspartic acid), 105-106 Distribution, hydrophobic units, 291 Dodecyloxyheptaethoxyethanol, nonionic surfactant, 168 Drag reduction, 223-230 Ε

Electron spin resonance (ESR), 68 Emulsion polymerization of poly(Nethenylformamide), 492 Entangled thread, viscoelastic surfactant solutions, 222 Entropie attraction, 183 N^V-Ethenylformamide polymerization, 495-497 properties, 495—496 storage, 495 toxicology, 495 Ethylene oxide (EO), 39, 197 Ethylhydroxyethylcellulose (EHEC), 163 N-4-Ethylphenylacrylamide, 252 F Film gloss commercial thickener formulations, 468 factors producing, 461, 464 Flocculation, induced, 396 Fluorescence spectroscopy cellulose ethers, 409-422 cmc determination, 345 diblock copolymers, 144 pyrene-labeled celluloses, 416-421 temperature in celluloses, 421

Fluorescent probe pyrene, 145-146, 160 1- pyreneisothiocyanate, 66 4-( l-pyrenyl)butyl tosylate, 412 2- pyridyl disulfide, 66 Form factor, solid spheres, 357 Fôrster quenching, 153 Fungi, biodégradation test, 118 G

Glass temperature, acid monomer effect on alkali-soluble polymers, 445 Glass transition temperature associating polymers, 425 effect of soft segment, 199-200 phosphazene, 10 polyurethanes, 195-203 water effect, 201 Gloss, See Film gloss Glucopyranosyl (GP), 164 Glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride, 221 Green-Tobolsky theory of transient networks, 290 Tanaka-Edwards expansion, 292—293 H

HASE, See Hydrophobe-modified alkaliswellable emulsions Heat capacity change, polyurethanes, 200-201 H E C , See Hydroxyethylcellulose HEUR, See Hydrophobe-modified ethoxylated urethane n-Hexadecyldimethyl-4vinylbenzylammonium chloride, 253 Hexaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, 220 H M H E C , See Hydrophobe-modified hydroxyethylcellulose HMWSP, See Hydrophobe-modified water-soluble polymers Homopolyacrylamide (HPAM), 269 Homopolymer chain, radius of gyration, 188-189 Homopolymer star polymers, 33 Human fibrinogen (HFB), adsorption, 70-72 Hydrogels polyphosphazenes, 3 water-soluble, 3-26 Hydrogen bonding, 4 cellulose, 131 disruption in solvent, 442-443 in H M H E C formation, 164 in paint latexes, 450 in phase separation, 460


511


INDEX

Hydrogen bonding—Continued in poly(ethylene oxide), 206 in pyrene-labeled celluloses, 419 in substrate, 53 of proteins to surfaces, 53 Hydrolytic stability, polyphosphazenes, 21 Hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB), 36 Hydrophilic associations, driving force, 280 Hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide), uses, 196 Hydrophilic surfaces, 23 Hydrophobe, size in polyurethanes, 307-309 Hydrophobe-modified alkali-swellable emulsions (HASE), 169-171 Hydrophobe-modified ethoxylated urethane (HEUR), 164, 171 diffusion coefficient and mole weight, 389-391 in cosmetics, 176-177 narrow molecular-weight ranges, 175 size-exclusion chromatography, 34-41, 172-173 Hydrophobe-modified hydroxyethylcellulose (HMHEC) activation energy of flow, 468-470 cluster size vs. aggregation number, 388-390 diffusion coefficient vs. concentration, 384-387 hydrodynamic radii, 387-388 phase separation, 452-459 solution behavior, 164 structure, 164-165 supra-aggregates, 392 synthesis, 372-373 Hydrophobe-modified water-soluble polymers (HMWSP), 181 Hydrophobic compounds, partitioning, 44 Hydrophobic content, determination, 282 Hydrophobic units, distribution, 291 Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) chemical modifications, 164-165 commercial product, 127 in paints, 450 viscoelastic systems, 237-245 Hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), 127, 167

I Igepal, 32 IgG, See Immunoglobulin Immunodiagnostic devices, 73 Immunoglobulin (IgG), 64, 73

Interactions in architecture-controlled polymer, 183-192 polymer-latex, 343-344 polymer-polymer, 343-344 Interface, modification by polymers, 52 Intermicellar exchange of solubilized material, 259 Intermolecular association, factors, 428-430 Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 364, 367-368 Isophorone diurethane (IPDU), 366 aggregation number by NMR, 373-375 NMR proton assignments, 369-372

Κ Kinetics, copolymerization, 260 Klucels, pyrene-labeled, 413

L Label, See Probe Latex coating limitations, 164 LCST, See Lower critical solution temperature Light scattering for polymer characterization, 290-291 particle size by dynamic, 398 static vs. dynamic, 290-291 Lower critical solution temperature (LCST), 10 model poly(ethylene oxide), 353 star polymer, 38

M Maleic acid biodégradation, 85 MEEP, See Poly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene] Methocels, pyrene-labeled, 413 Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG), 31 Methyl methacrylate (MMA), 17, 450 Methylcellulose, 126 Methylenebis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate), 196 Micelle entangled threadlike, 221-222 L i phase, 221 networks, 219 rod formation, 223-230 structure of diblock copolymer, 142 structure vs. viscosity, 219 Mixed polymer coating, 75 MMA, See Methyl methacrylate Model poly(ethylene oxide) aggregation number, 345, 349-350 characterization, 345



512


Model poly(ethylene oxide)—Continued critical micelle concentration, 349-354 neutron scattering, 346, 354-360 order-disorder transition, 354 polarity, 345 viscosity, 351-354 Molecular-weight distribution, polyurethanes, 312-321 Monte Carlo simulation, 181, 182 radius of gyration, 187 swelling factor, 187 MPEG, See Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) Multilamellar vesicles, viscoelastic phospholipid surfactant solutions, 230-233 Ν Natural polymers, biodegradability, 93 Networks, self-looping vs. intermolecular, 298 NMR spectroscopy assignment for isophorone diurethane protons, 369-372 associating polymers, 377-392 hydrophobe analysis byfluorine,283 of cellulose, 128 poly(N-ethenylformamide), 491 pulsed gradient spin-echo method, 377-392 pulsed sequence-diffusion coefficient equation, 380-381 Nonionic surfactant diblock, 347 dodecyloxyheptaethoxyethanol, 168 Nonylphenoxy caps on star polymers, 41

Ο Oligomer chains, biodegradability, 86 Order—disorder transition, model poly(ethylene oxide), 354 Ρ Paint elasticity, 475 formulations, 450 hiding power, 471 thickener balancing, 471-473 Ρ AM, See Polyacrylamide Particle size by dynamic light scattering, 398 Pearl string model, viscoelastic surfactant solutions, 225-226 PEG, See Poly(ethylene glycol) PEO, See Poly(ethylene oxide)

Phase separation associative polymers, 451-459 associative thickeners, 454 commercial thickeners with commercial latex, 457-458 commercial thickeners with model latex, 454 hydrogen bonding, 460 hydrophobe interaction to decrease, 461 poly(ethylene oxide) thickener, HEUR, 452 polymer incompatibility, 459 stabilization by methyl methacrylate, 455 star polymers, 41 temperature, 44 thickeners with hydrophobes, 453 with nonassociative thickeners, 481 Phase transition model, viscoelastic surfactant solutions, 226 Phosphazene polymer glass transition temperature, 19 in batteries, 14 sugar derivatives, 17 surface reactions, 25 synthesis methods, 6 Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), 66 PMA, See Poly(methacrylic acid) PMMA, See Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polyacetal, biodegradability, 92 Polyacrylamide (PAM), 269, 280 copolymer kinetics, 256-257 copolymerization, 255 hydrophobe, 253-254 micellar process, 255 rheology in salt solution, 268-271 rheology in water, 263-267 shear time, 274-275 structure, 254 synthesis methods, 255-256 terpolymer(s), 253 terpolymerization, 256 thixotropic effects, 265-266 viscosity, 264, 274-275 water-soluble copolymers, 251-276 Poly(acrylic acid) (PAC), 81, 99 Polyamides, biodegradability, 91 Poly(aspartic acid) (PAA), 91, 99, 100 antiscalant activity, 104-105 biodegradability, 108-109 characterization, 103—104 commercial production, 101 dispersion activity, 105-106 toxicity, 109-110 uses, 99-110 Poly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene (MEEP), 10, 25


513


INDEX

Poly[bis(methylamino)phosphazene], 10 Poly[bis(phenoxy)phosphazene], 21 Poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene], 23, 25 Polyesters, biodegradability, 91 Poly(N-ethenylformamide) (PNEF), 488-503 effect of electrolytes, 498-499 hydrolysis, 493 hydrolysis to poly(vinylamine), 497-498 initiators, 495 NMR spectroscopy, 491 preparation, 492 properties, 498-499 solubility, 498 various polymerization methods, 492 Polyethylene glycol) (PEG), 51, 52, 365 Polyethylene oxide) (PEO) degradation, 34-36, 172 effect of surfactant on viscosity, 208-216 hydrogen bonding, 206 preparation of model, 344-345 protein resistance, 61 protein-resistant surfaces, 51-77 rheology in anionic surfactants, 207 solubility of alkyl-capped, 346-347 stability of adsorbed, 57 star polymers, 25, 31-46, 52, 55 uses, 51-52, 62 viscosity, 208-216 See also Model poly(ethylene oxide) Poly(ethylene oxide)-sodium dodecyl sulfate, model of complexes, 211 Poly(glutamic acid), 91 Poly(a 12-hydroxyacrylic acid), 89 Polyketals, biodegradability, 92 Poly (a 12-malic acid), 91 Polymer(s) biodegradable, 125 block length and protein resistance, 70 factors in solubility, 3 glucosyl side group, 15 model poly(ethylene oxide), 343-361 surface density in adlayer, 65 with regular structure, 291-300 Polymer adsorption, models, 55-56 Polymer association models, 388-389 Polymer interaction between chains, 186 critical sticker position on chain, 185-186 polystyrene particles, 396-397 transient bridging, 397 with latex, 343-344 with polymers, 343-344 within a chain, 186-187 Polymer-latex interactions, 343-344 Polymer network, interpenetrating, 14

Polymer-polymer interaction, 343-344 Polymeric carboxylic acids (PCAs) detergents, 79-96 requirements for biodegradability, 83 synthesis, 79-96 uses, 80 Poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA), 142 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 25 Polypeptide, anionic, 100 Polyphosphazenes hydrogels, 3-26 hydrolytic stability, 21 Polypropylene oxide) (PPO), 63-64 Polystyrene (PS), 63, 142 Polysuccinimide, 99, 102 Poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO), 195 Polyurethane(s), 195-203 flow activation energy, 320-321 free soft segments, 200-201 geometry, 328 glass transition temperature, 195-203 heat capacity change, 200-201 hydrophobe size, 307-309 intrinsic viscosity, 318—320 molecular-weight distribution, 312-321 preparation, 196-197 shear thickening, 309-312 soft and hard segments, 200-208 surfactant interactions, 321-338 synthesis, 307-309, 315-317 thixotropy, 309-312 viscosity maxima, 332-338 water uptake, 197 Poly urethane-surfactant mixture viscosity maxima, 322-327 viscosity vs. shear rate, 328-330 Poly(vinylamine) (PVAm) aminal linking, 500 applications, 503 chemical reactivity, 499 cross-linking, 499-500 derivatization, 494 effect of electrolytes, 499 preparation from N-ethenylformamide, 490 reaction with aldehydes, 500-501 reaction with γ 12-butyrolactone, 494 reaction with 1-propanol, 494 reaction with propylene oxide, 494 synthetic routes, 490 Poly(vinylbenzo-18-crown-6), 40 Poly(vinyloxyacetic acid), 90 Porod's law, 357 PPO, See Poly(propylene oxide) Precipitation polymerization of poly(Nethenylformamide), 492 Probe hydrophobic Coomassie brilliant blue, 39 naphthalene, 143



514


Probe—C ontinued pyrene, 145-149 1- pyrene isothiocyanate, 66 2- pyridyl disulfide, 66 spin, 68 star polymers, 41 Protein(s), stealth-coating, 62 Protein interaction, minimization, 56 Protein resistance block copolymers, 63 entropy factor, 54 poly(ethylene oxide), 61 polymer block length, 70 Protein-resistant surfaces, poly(ethylene oxide), 51-77 PS, See Polystyrene Pseudomonas sp. H-14, 118 1-Pyrenebutyrate (PB), 40 1- Pyreneisothiocyanate, fluorescent probe, 66 4-(l-Pyrenyl)butyl tosylate, synthesis, 412 2- Pyridyl disulfide (PDS) , 66, 75

Q Quasielastic light scattering (QELS), 144 Quenching, Fôrster, 153 R Radius of gyration homopolymer chain, 188-189 Monte Carlo simulation, 187 RAM, See Alkyl-modified aerylamide Random copolymers, 281-291 Regular polymers, 291-300 Relaxation time complex hydrophobe polymers, 434 effect of ethoxylation, 441-442 in transient clusters, 402-404 spring-bead model, 214 viscoelastic surfactant solutions, 222 Rheology alkali-soluble associating polymers, 425-446 comparison of polymer types, 474-475 effect of latex particle size, 474-475 S Salt, effect on star polymers, 38-39, 43-44 Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 221 Schultz-Zimm distribution of radii, 358 Scott-Hildebrand theory, 428 SDS, See Sodium dodecyl sulfate Second virial coefficient, attraction indicator, 185-186

Sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SdFFF), 65 Self-diffusion coefficients, associating polymers, 377-392 Self-looping polymers, 297-298 Shear-induced structures (SIS), 219-246 birefringence of viscoelastic surfactant solutions, 225 cause of formation, 230 flow birefringence, 223-230 rheopectic behavior, 223-230 suppression, 227 viscoelastic surfactant solutions, 222-230 Shear modulus complex hydrophobe polymers, 432-435 viscoelastic surfactant solutions, 222 Shear thickening polyurethanes, 309-312 viscoelastic surfactant solutions, 225 Shear thinning, 244 complex hydrophobe polymers, 431 viscoelastic surfactant solutions, 225 Single-photon-counting decay (SPC), 142 Size-exclusion chromatography, HEUR, 34-41, 172-173 Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), 223, 346, 357 Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) anionic surfactant, 167 effect on ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, 167-168 effect on hydrophobe-modified hydroxyethylcellulose, 167-168 effect on viscosity of poly(ethylene oxide), 209-216 Solubility acid monomer effect on alkali-soluble polymers, 445 associative polymers, 425 of alkyl-capped poly(ethylene oxide), 346-347 of triblock copolymers, 347 Spacer, 285 effect of size in polyurethanes, 307-309 effect on viscoelasticity, 285 length, 308 mode of action, 285-286 Spin probe, 3-carboxypropyl radical, 68 Star polymers amphiphilic, 32 associative, 41 characterization methods, 33 cloud point, 38 core isocyanate synthesis, 32 homopolymers, 33 lower critical solution temperature, 38 nonylphenoxy capped, 41


515


INDEX

Star polymers—Continued phase separation, 41 poly(ethylene oxide), 25, 31, 52, 55 synthesis, 32 Starch, biodegradable derivatives, 95 Starch-based detergents, 94 Step-growth polymerization, 171-178 Sticker, 280 critical placement, 185-188 definition, 182 migration, 290 multiple on polymer chain, 186-192 random on polymer ring, 192-193 two per polymer chain, 184—186 Storage modulus, effect of ethoxylation, 441-442 Stôrmer viscosity, commercial thickener formulations, 468 Structure factor, solid spheres, 357 Substituent distribution, methods of determining, 127-128 Surface amplification, 55 Surface hydrogels, 23 Surfactant(s) diblock nonionic, 347 dodecyloxyheptaethoxyethanol, 168 fluorocarbon, 280 hydrocarbon, 280 interaction with polyurethanes, 321-338 sodium dodecyl sulfate, 167 Surfactant-modified polymers, uses, 176 Syneresis, See Phase separation Synthesis copolymers, 260 hydrophobe-modified hydroxyethylcellulose, 372-373 isophorone diurethane, 367-368 phosphazene polymer, 6 polyacrylamide, 255—256 polyurethanes, 307-309, 315-317 4-( l-pyrenyl)butyl tosylate, 412 Τ

Tanaka-Edwards theory, 297 Telechelic polymers, 291-292 T E M , See Transmission electron microscope Temperature, effect on phase separation, 44 Tether, poly(ethylene oxide)— dihydrazide, 73 Tetradecyldimethylamine oxide, 220 Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 220 Theory Green-Tobolsky, 290-293 networks, 290-293

Theory—Continued reversible association effects, 292-293 rheological properties, 292-293 Scott-Hildebrand, 428 Tanaka-Edwards, 297 Thermoplasticity and biodegradability, 133 Thickening power, equation to estimate, 428-430 Thixotropy commercial thickener formulations, 468 polyacrylamides, 265-266 polyurethanes, 309-312 Time-resolved steady-state (TRSS), 142 Titanium dioxide adsorption of nonionic surfactants, 461-462 adsorption of polyacids, 460 Toxicity, poly(aspartic acid), 109-110 Transient bridge state activation energy of breaking, 397 lifetime, 397 Transient clusters cluster size, 401 doublet to singlet relaxation time, 402-404 model of breakdown, 402 production methods, 398 Transient network theory, 290 Transient polymeric bridging, 395-405 Transmission electron microscope (TEM), 221 Tris(isocyanatophenyl)methane (TMI), 32 TRSS, See Time-resolved steady-state Tyloses, pyrene-labeled, 412-413 U Ultraviolet spectroscopy, analysis of Nethenylformamide, 491 Uni-HEURs, 175-177, 307-312 Unimers, 175

V Vinyl polymers, biodegradability, 88 4-Vinylbenzyl chloride, 253 Viscoelastic surfactant(s) fluorinated, 238-239 loss modulus, 241 modified hydroxyethylcellulose, 237-245 shear effect, 219-246 storage modulus, 241 yield stress, 241 Viscoelastic surfactant solutions compression modulus, 234 entangled thread, 222


516


Viscoelastic surfactant solutions—


Continued

entangled threadlike micelles, 221-222 loss modulus, 233 multilamellar vesicles, phospholipids, 230-233 multilayer vesicles, 233 pearl string model, 225-226 phase transition model, 226 relaxation time, 222 shear-induced structures, 222-230 shear modulus, 222, 234 shear thickening, 225 shear thinning, 225 storage modulus, 233 yield stress, 233 Viscoelasticity associative macromonomer structure, 425 comb polymers, 293-294 effect of cosolvent, 288-289 effect of ionic strength, 234 effect of shear rate, 283 effect of surfactant, 293-294 effect of temperature, 289 structure of polymer hydrophobe, 425 telechelic polymers, 293—294 zero shear rate measurement, 293—294

Viscometer, magnetic sphere, 293 Viscosity acid-monomer effect on alkali-soluble polymers, 444-445 backbone solubility, 442-443 comb polymers, 294 complex hydrophobe polymers, 430-436 effect of ethoxylation, 441 effect of latex particle size, 476-478 effect of molecular weight, 320 effect of salt, 286-287 effect of self-looping, 298 effect of surfactants, 287-288 effect of terminal-hydrophobe size, 317-320 model poly(ethylene oxide), 351-354 relaxation vs. glass temperature, 443 steady shear, 425 telechelic polymers, 294 variation with polymer charge, 241-242 W

Water uptake, polyurethanes, 197 Whiteness index, 81

Production: Paula M. Bérard Acquisition: Rhonda Bitterli Cover design: Amy O'Donnell Typeset by Maryland Composition Company, Inc., Glen Burnie, MD Printed by United Book Press, Baltimore, MD


Hydrophilic Polymers

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