March 15, 1934
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
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oxygen coals than are included here and has been able to generalize better for this reason. The carbon content rises slightly with the gamma, but the volatile matter tends to go down. Notable deviations in the case of the volatile matter are found for coals Nos. 4 and 11. No. 4 is a semi-bituminous coal and therefore low in volatile matter. No. 11 is also of fairly high rank (carbon, 87.4). Tar plus light oil rises fairly consistently with the gamma for low orders of the latter but as the gamma becomes fairly high there is a tendency toward deviation. Initial expansion and contraction temperature curves indicate no definite trends, but are included to show the contrast between them and similar curves for the bitumens, as the latter were fairly definitely correlatable with these functions. A mild relationship is indicated between the gamma and the coke shatter, 900' C. on 3.81 cm., the trend of the latter being slightly upward on the average. The coke stability, 900" C. on 2.54 cm., however, shows little if any relationship. CONCLUSION The conclusion to be drawn from this intensive study of the relationship between solvent extraction or rational analysis data with other properties of coal is that one may interpret little from a knowledge of the quantities present of extractable constituents, with respect to significant differences in the restricted range of coking coals. Such few relationships as have seemed to be apparent from the charts shown are slight indeed and leave considerable room for doubt. For example, it would be unwise to predict with assurance any aspect of the behavior of coal during the coking process or any property of the coke produced, from the results thus far obtained. LITERATURE CITED
COAL NUMBER
FIGURE3. RELATION OF GAMMA TO OTHER PROPERTIES OF COALAND COKE
(1) Fieldner, A. C., Davis, J. D., Kester, E. B., Selvig, W. A., Reynolds, D. A., and Jung, F. W., Bur. Mines, Tech. Paper 511 (1932). --, (2) IbG:, 543 (1932).
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(3) Fieldner, A. C.,Davis, J. D., Thiessen, R., Kester, E. B., and Selvig, W. A.. Bur. Mines, Bull. 344 (1931). (4) Fieldnei, A. C., Davis, J. D., Thiessen, R., Kester, E. B., Selvig, W. A., Reynolds, D. A., Jung, F. W., and Sprunk, G. C., Ibid., Tech. Paper 519 (1932). (5) Ibid., 525 (1932). (6) Ibid., 524 (1932). (7) Ibid., 531 (1932). (8) Ibid., 542 (1932). (9) Ibid., 548 (1932). (10) Fischer, F., Broche, H., and Strauch, J., Brennstoff-Chem., 5, 299 (1924); 6, 33 (1925). (11) Francis, W., Colliery Guardian, 146,867,912 (1933). (12) Francis, W., and Wheeler, R. V., J . Chem. Soc., 1928, 2967-79; 1931.5 8 6 9 4 . (13) Jones,-D. T., and Wheeler, R. V., Ibid., 107, 1318-24 (1915); 109, 707-14 (1916). (14) Roberts, J . Fuel Econ., 8,507 (1933). (15) Shimmura, T., J. Fuel Soc. J a p a n , 11, 140-9 (1932). (16) . , Stones. M.. and Wheeler. R. V.. "The Constitution of Coal"' Dept. Sci. Ind. Research, p. 41 (1918).
rather persistent downward inclination with rising bitumens with but few exceptions. The initial expansion temperature curve is more satisfactory still from this standpoint, as it shows a fairly smooth decline with increase in bitumens. The initial contraction temperature likewise is downward, but the fluctuations are wide. Coke-stability factor (900" C.) shows a general tendency to decline with bitumen increase, though the descent is not a t all regular. Values for the coke-shatter test (900" C. on 3.81 cm.) on the other hand appear to descend almost to the midpoint and then to rise. Neither of these two curves will permit drawing definite conclusions. Figure 3 shows the curves for the same functions plotted against gamma values in the ascending order of gamma. Oxygen appears to fall slightly with increase in gamma. This property is in accord with the recent findings of Shimmura (15), who, however, has studied many more high-
RBCEIVBD September 26, 1933. Preeented before the Division of Gas and Fuel Chemistry at the 85th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., March 26 to 31, 1933. Published by permission of the Director, U. S. Bureau of Mines. (Not subject to copyright.)
INDUSTRIAL USESOF COLOR CHARTS.Extensive use of various forms of charts as standards for color in specificationof commodities is revealed by Bureau of Standards Letter Circular 358. The U. S. Army uses rectangles of silk as color standards for textiles, and colored paper cards as standards for paint, in the urchase of these materials. Colored cards are used by the Eureau of Aeronautics as standards for finishing material for aircraft. As a part of standardization of their products effected in cooperation with the Bureau of Standards, the school furniture industry adopted stained blocks of wood for color standards,
and the sanitary ware industry adopted vitreous color standards. Extensive systems of color charts for general use have been published. The textile and allied industries have adopted "Standard and Seasonal Color Cards," in which silk is used for the standards. Despite the important part color plays in the paper industry, little efforthas been made t o standardize paper colors. It would seem that the use of standard color charts by the paper industry, rather than the present practice of matching samples submitted with orders, would lead t o economy and the better satisfaction of all concerned.
