THE C H E M I C A L W O R L D THIS WEEK
Lubricant Corrosion Is Being Licked M o l y b d e n u m sulfide b e a t s f r e t t i n g corrosion . . . C r e v i c e corrosion o v e r c o m e b y design ΝΈλν YORK.—Corrosion b y lubricants is no longe-r a major problem according to F. L. L a Q u e , International Nickel Co. Mr. LaQne, speaking before a combined meet ing of t h e American Society of Mechanical E n g i n e e r s and American Society of Test ing Materials, also stated that molybdenum sulfide, ^properly applied, appears to be superior -to all other lubricants in prevent ing fretting corrosion. This type of cor rosion occurs on closely fitted machine parts vvliich a r e subject t o vibration or other causes of almost infinitésimal slip between surfaces that are i n , for practical purposes., fixed relation to each other, such as in components press-fitted together. One o>f the characteristics of fretting corrosion is t h e appearance of a corrosion product which in the case of steel is a finely divided iron oxide, principally Fe 2 O a , t h a t looks l i k « cocoa. The primary action is probably a physical one, associated with moleculaar attraction b e t w e e n t h e closely fitting surfaces with cycles of seizure and breaking away to produce a detritus of minute rparticles that b e c o m e h e a t e d as they are torn loose a n d a r e oxidized instantaneously t o form the characteristic iron o x i d « corrosion product. Soft materials show more tendency to seize ancE less tendency to produce corrosion debris t h a n h a r d materials. Stainless steeLs as a class a r e particularly susceptible to this kind of damage, though the hardLened varieties have been found desirable in s o m e instances. Grit-blasted surfaces have performed better t h a n smooth surfaces, evidently as a result of a sort of keying effect w h i c h reduced slip. Best sucoess w i t h oils has been h a d w h e n one of tr*e parts was nickel plated. Acids Cause Engine W e a r . Certain bearing materials, such as lead and cadmium, a r « subject to appreciable attack by acids resulting from chemical changes in the lubricants, such as the formation of organic acids, he said. T h e rate of acid formation depends on the nature of t h e oil, t e m p e r a t u r e at which it is used, and the catalytic effects of metals in the system, particularly iron a n d copper. Often helpful is the addition of compounds calculated to prevent formation of corrosive acids by oxidation or t o inhibit their corrosive effects if present. Often the additive is incorporated into the bearing materials—an additive such as indium which provides a corrosion resistant surface by a combination of plating and diffusion. Most o f the wear in automobile engine cylinders is t h e result of corrosion by the carbonic acid, organic acids, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, etc. that come in con1098
tact with the cylinders w h e n they operate below t h e d e w point of t h e products of combustion. Reduction of wear can be accomplished in t h r e e directions: 1. Designing t h e engine to operate with cylinder wall t e m p e r a t u r e above t h e d e w point of the p r o d u c t s of combustion. 2. Using corrosion resisting alloys for cylinders, such as austenitic cast iron or chromium plating. 3 . Incorporating in the cylinder wall something to neutralize the acids in t h e condensate, inhibit corrosion by such acids or b e able to cling to and preferentially w e t t h e cylinder walls in the presence of relatively large volumes of condensate. Considerable progress has been m a d e in these directions already. Design F a c t o r s . In t a l k i n g about design factors t o eliminate corrosion, Mr. L a Q u e said t h a t t h e complete elimination of crevices is t h e most i m p o r t a n t factor. A simple example is the concentration of alkali in t h e lap joints of boilers, promoting caustic e m b r i t t l e m e n t . Petrolatum has b e e n found a fairly effective c o m p o u n d for p r e v e n t i n g crevice corrosion and also has anti-fouling qualities. More recently ordinary zinc oxide ointment has b e e n effective in protecting crevices i n stainless steel. Such steels most resistant to crevice corrosion a n d pitting are t h e s t a n d a r d A I S I types 316 a n d 317.
DCAT Speakers Score Government Paternalism N E W YORK.—Representatives of the Drug, Chemical, a n d Allied Trades section, N e w York Board of T r a d e , held their 26th annual d i n n e r at the WaldorfAstoria h e r e M a r c h 6 w i t h Charles M. Macauley, of Charles M. Macauley & Associates, presiding. Those in a t t e n d a n c e were reminded that in 1890 a small group of m e n in the drug and chemical industry met together "in good fellowship." T h e y h a d a vision of better business relations, improved conditions in the industry, a n d advancement of t h e ideals in w h i c h t h e y believed. T h u s they found that they h a d a common meeting ground on w h i c h t o work out their mutual problems. T o d a y t h e D C A T is national in scope. This w a s a m o n g the largest gatherings at t h e Waldorf-Astoria. N o t only was the main ballroom filled, b u t tables overflowed into t h e lobby a n d both galleries, with loudspeakers everywhere t o carry spoken words a n d music, to the most remote corners. T h e principal speaker w a s Theodore R. McKeldin, Governor of Maryland. He C H E M I C A L
scored t h e "mink d y n a s t y " at W a s h i n g t o n for "enslaving p a t e r n a l i s m , confiscatory taxation, thievery in b i g h places, diplomatic blundering, a n d systematic p l u n dering." He m a d e a plea to r e t u r n to more local g o v e r n m e n t s m a n y of t h e a c tivities and laws a s s u m e d b y t h e F e d e r a l Government. Finally, h e m a d e a p l e a t h a t t h e people arise a n d again p l a c e themselves in t h e driver's seat, as t h e f o u n d i n g fathers intended, so t h a t " t h e G r e a t H o u s e of Our Nation shall again, be settled safely a n d firmly on the stones ο υ ι f a t h e r s laid."
INDUSTRY W a l l S t r e e t G r o u p Bids $29 Million for Sobering A Wall Street i n v e s t m e n t group h e a d e d by Merrill L y n c h , Pierce, F e n n e r and Beane of N e w York, w a s the h i g h e s t bidder for 440,000 shares of c o m m o n stock of t h e ' Schering Corp., p h a r m a c e u t i c a l m a n u f a c turers, whose stock h o l d i n g s w e r e seized b y the Government during W o r l d W a r I I . T h e Office of Alien P r o p e r t y , U. S. At torney General, a n n o u n c e d , after bids w e r e opened on M a r c h 6, t h a t t h e Merrill L y n c h group had b i d $29,131,960 for t h e Schering stock, equal to a b o u t $ 6 6 per share. This bid was a c c e p t e d officially t h e next day. Last T u e s d a y Merrill Lynch split the stock four for o n e , enabling it to offer 1,760,000 shares a t $17.50 net, bringing it more i n line w i t h t h e present investment market for companies operat ing in the p h a r m a c e u t i c a l field. This ©ffering h a d been sold b y 1 0 : 3 0 A . M . t h a t morning, mostly t o individuals. Second highest bid, $26,845,544, was submitted by F. K b e r s t a d t a n d Co., N e w York chemical investment firm. This was equivalent to about $ 6 1 per share. T h e third highest b i d , $26,581,000, was submitted jointly by t h r e e investment houses, Union Securities C o r p . , A. G. Becker and Co., a n d L a d e n b u r g T h a l m a n n and Co. Other bidders w e r e : Stockbridge Corp., $22,327,536; Allen a n d Co., $21,895,000; Pabst Brewing Co., $23,400,036; National Dairy Products, $ 1 7 , 6 6 6 , 0 0 0 ; a n d Michi gan Chemical Corp., $14,080,000. According t o t h e prospectus issued Jan. 31 by the Attorney General t h e total assets of Schering a n d its consolidated subsidiaries was a b o u t $14 million. T h e combined assets of its foreign subsidiaries amount to approximately IOCS- of t h e corporations total assets. F o l l o w i n g sei zure in 1942 the corporations profit mar gin rose from 19.5 r /r t o 3 1 . 2 % in 1946, b u t dropped back t o 18.59c in 1 9 5 1 . Schering's p a t e n t s a r e primarily of value only as income p r o d u c i n g properties, in the form of royalties, and n o t as protec tion from competition. T h e y w e r e re quired to transfer to t h e G o v e r n m e n t all ~ patents originating prior to April 18, 1942, AND
ENGINEERING
NEWS
OF THE MORE T H A N
4
CH 2 (COOT1) 2 HCOOT1
O u r heavies · . · Thallous Malojjate (Eastman 2 2 0 5 ) a n d Thallous Formate (Eastman 2 2 0 4 ) form a d o u b l e salt w i t h a specific gravity of 4 . 9 5 that melts at 6 0 ° C . T h e n o t a b l e fact about this m o l t e n salt is that it is m i s c i b l e w i t h w a t e r in all p r o p o r t i o n s s o that the s o l u t i o n can have any specific grav ity y o u like from l.OO to 4 . 9 5 — a fact that i s very useful t o m i n e r a l o g i s t s . It g i v e s them a delicate m e a n s of separating ore constituents by flota t i o n . If they are only interested in specific gravities u p to 3 . 5 , they can get a l o n g w i t h t h e formate alone. ( W e ' v e recently added Thallous Ace tate t o our list also, as Eastman 6 5 9 7 . It's g o o d for similar tricks.) W e d o n ' t advise u s i n g these thallous salts for parlor stunts, h o w e v e r . They're rather t o x i c .
3500
Neisseria gonorrhoeae by the o x i d a s e test. (Free abstract on r e q u e s t . ) T h e r e w a s a t i m e wtien b a c t e r i o l o gists preferred t h e HC1 salt (Eastman 4 9 2 ) , but w e h a d such a t i m e k e e p i n g it w h i t e for t h e m that w e c o n sulted with the m a n w h o d e v e l o p e d the test about a replacement. T u r n e d out that the o x a l a t e , w h i c h stays beautifully w h i t e , is approximately three times as stable a s the HC1 salt, has greater clarity, and g i v e s less" precipitation. T o t h e Neisseria trie c h a n g e is immaterial because thexre is n o difference i n toxicity.
Lactones, lactols, lactams, e t al . . . CH2-C = 0 CH2-0 β-Propiolactone (Eastman 6 6 6 2 ) h a s just been a d d e d t o o u r list, largely as
a»;
The b e t t e r t o spot Neisseria . . .
EASTMAN O R G A N I C CHEMICALS
Eastman Organic Chemicals for science and industry
[NH2C6H4N(CH3)2]r(-COOH)2 p- AminodimethyIaniline Oxalate (Eastman 5 6 7 2 ) i s n o w pretty g e n erally accepted as the reagent for rapid, identification of c o l o n i e s o f
V O L U M E
3 0,
NO.
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a result o f a roundup o n recent do i n g s in lactone chemistry prepared by o n e o f our senior chemists for our "Organic Chemical Bulletin." (Many ehemists have recently as sured us that this sobersided publica tion of h i g h e r learning has been quite useful to them for a g o o d many years.) Our author's d i s c u s s i o n of the many types o f reactions o f the lactones, lactams, lactols, and azolactones i n general and /3-propiolact o n e in particular c o n v i n c e d us that at least o n e representative o f the species s h o u l d be an Eastman Or g a n i c Chemical. If you'll d r o p us a line, we shall put you o n our m a i l i n g list f o r t h e Bulletin, starting -with the lactone issue. N o obligation. T h e s e are but four of over 3 5 0 0 o r g a n i c s s t o c k e d for your c o n venience by Distillation Products In dustries, Eastman O r g a n i c C h e m icals Department, 7 4 1 R i d g e R o a d West, Rochester 3, Ν . Υ. ( D i v i s i o n of Eastman K o d a k C o m p a n y ) .
Also . . . vitamins A and Ε . . . distilled monoglycerides . . . high vacuum equipment
M A R C H
17,
1952
1099
THE CHEMICAL WORLD THIS WEEK w h i c h are available on a royalty-free basis. I n addition, patents obtained after t h a t date must b e m a d e available on a reasonable royalty basis. T h e former group inc l u d e d m a n y important p a t e n t s in t h e h o r m o n e a n d sulfonamide fields. Outside of this arrangement, cortisone patents held by Schering were pooled i n January 1951 w i t h those held by Merck, C i b a , a n d Organon. No dividends h a v e b e e n paid on t h e Schering stock since t h e Alien Property Custodian assumed control of t h e comp a n y . I n 1949, 5375 shares of preferred stock, t h e total outstanding, were red e e m e d at $105 per share. T h e company's sales and earnings increased steadily b e t w e e n 1942 and 1950. Sales rose from $2,882,927 t o $16,177,655 in t h a t time; net earnings from $219,266 to $1,735,153. Schering says that n e t sales in F e b r u a r y 1952, amounting to $1,582,000 represented a n increase of 3 1 % over sales for t h e same m o n t h last year. Sales for the first t w o m o n t h s of t h e year w e r e $3,220,000, 3 0 % more t h a n last year. T h e day before bids w e r e opened, t h e c o m p a n y stated that it w a s p l a n n i n g a $1.4 million expansion at its Union, N . J. plant. One of the first steps in this p r o gram is to consist of the enlargement of two of its major manufacturing a n d warehouse buildings. T h e program also calls for t h e construction a n d e q u i p p i n g of a n e w chemical manufacturing building. T h e company plans t o increase its capacity for manufacturing, processing, a n d p a c k a g i n g Cortogen, its b r a n d of cortisone, its non-barbiturate hypnotic called Dormison, a n d its p e p t i c ulcer d r u g n a m e d Prantal. T h e additional facilities will also be used for t h e manufacture of t h e antitubercular d r u g , isonicotinic acid hydrazide. Schering will m a r k e t its b r a n d of the drug under the name Ditubin.
Second Potline a t Kaiser Aluminum T h e second 50 million pound a year potline at the Chalmette primary aluminum plant of Kaiser A l u m i n u m & Chemical Corp. recently started operation, just 85 days after t h e first unit began production ( C & E N , Dec. 17, 1 9 5 1 , p a g e 5 3 6 0 ) . N o w one-fourth completed, this plant near N e w Orleans already h a s a 100 million p o u n d annual capacity. W h e n completed, this eight-potline plant will be t h e country's largest aluminum producer, with a 400 million pound a n n u a l capacity. It was privately financed at a cost of about $150 million, as a p a r t of Kaiser Aluminum's general $200 million expansion program. Completion of two more potlines is expected b y mid-year. W i t h the completion of t h e second potline, another section of the p o w e r plant b e ing built on t h e site went into operation, b r i n g i n g its capacity t o 103,000 kilowatts. T h e p o w e r facilities, using natural gas as fuel, a r e scheduled to h a v e a capacity of 478,000 kilowatts.
1100
U O P Platforming unit, including prefractionation t o w e r , rerun column, Platformate stabilizer, reactor section, a n d heaters, recently completed at E a s t e r n States P e t r o l e u m Co. refinery n e a r Houston. I t is the first u n i t of this type o n t h e Gulf Coast
Eastern States Begins Platforming Operations I n t h e tenth Platforaiing installation to go into operation in t h e United States, and the first in t h e Gulf Coast area, Eastern States Petroleum Co. of Houston has a d d e d a daily charge capacity of 4500 barrels to its existing 50,000 barrel refinery. T h e UOP Platforming unit w a s installed by Eastern States engineers in a record six months and will upgrade 330° F . endpoint straight r u n gasoline for production of aviation gasoline base stock a n d 400° F. straight run gasoline for motor fuel. E a s t e r n States will also p u t into operation in a few weeks t h e country's first Udex unit, developed by D o w and engineered a n d licensed by U O P . T o b e operated in conjunction w i t h the Platforming unit, it will take a daily charge of approximately 900 barrels of aromatic feedstock and separate 175 to 180 barrels per day of benzene. Udex is basically an ethylene glycol-water extraction process and a n u m b e r of the units are in various stages of design a n d construction throughout the country. T h e Udex process is capable of producing toluene and xylenes as well as benzene, b u t only the latter will be p r o d u c e d by Eastern States.
Aluminum Fluoride By Genera! Chemical General Chemical Division, Allied Chemical & D y e , has m a d e a long-term contract with Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. to manufacture aluminum fluoride on t h e West Coast. This undertaking is said to b e t h e first time anyone outside of t h e aluminum industry has entered into large-scale com-
CHEMICAL
mercial production of this material. In production of metallic aluminum it is used in the electrolytic cell as a flux a n d acts as a solvent of aluminum oxide. T h e p l a n t , reported to cost about $2.5 million, will be located at General's Bay Point W o r k s in t h e San Francisco Bay area. Capacity is expected to b e 15,000 tons p e r year, with intial production expected i n January 1953. Details of the contract have not b e e n disclosed, b u t it is understood t h a t Kaiser will supply t h e fluorspar a n d alumina for t h e operation while General Chemical will provide t h e plant facilities. General Chemical h a s been p r o d u c i n g crystal aluminum fluoride for other uses for a number of years. T h e process General Chemical will use for making the aluminum fluoride for Kaiser involves t r e a t m e n t of fluorspar with sulfuric acid to p r o d u c e hydrofluoric acid, which i n t u r n is used to treat calcined alumina to produce t h e fluoride.
Industrie! Toxicology Lab D u Pont plans to construct a $2 million Haskell Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology near Newark, Del. This will p r o vide enlarged facilities for the company's industrial toxicology laboratory which has been located at t h e D u Pont Experimental Station at Wilmington since 1935. T h e laboratory tests D u Pont products and manufacturing processes to eliminate potential h a z a r d to employees and customers. T h e new laboratory will also enable t h e company to b r o a d e n its basic research on two major scientific questions: the causes of industrial fatigue and t h e factors t h a t make clothing comfortable. Particular emphasis of t h e laboratory is placed on research t h a t will reveal the
AND
ENGINEERING
NEWS
Why SOLVAY ships nitrogen fertilizer solutions in tank cars of Alcoa Aluminum
For many years the SOLVAY Process Division of Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation shipped nitrogen fertilizer solutions ία ordinary tank cars. However, the corrosive effect of these solu tions on iron aod steel shortened the life of the cars materially. Tests carried o o with alum inn m showed that this metal effectively resisted the corrosion by the nitrogen fertilizer solutions. As a result, · Solvay Process has become the world's largest user of aluminum tank cars, -with over 580 in operation^ Like Solvay? other shippers of various liquid ladings choose aluminum tank cars for one or both of the following reasons: W O DAMAGE TO LADINGS—Aluminum does not c o n t a m i n a t e o r d i s color sensitive liquids, does not p r o m o t e d e c o m p o s i t i o n . NO DAMAGE TO CARS'—-Many acids a n d other corrosive l a d i n g s h a v e no effect on aluminum. Far less p a i n t i n g a n d maintenance required»
Although military needs for aluminum may delay your purchase or lease of aluminum tank cars, why not get full information now? Alcoa pioneered the aluminum tank car, will make avail able t o you the accumulated knowledge of this development. Contact your car builder. O r write ALUMINUM 181-7C G u l f B u i l d i n g
C O M P A N Y OF 'AMERICA · Pittsburgh 19, Pennsylvania
ALCOA
LADINGS LIKE THESE
^72m^y €m/
ARE M O V I N G
^^^mt^t^^^
I N T A N K ' CARS OF ALCOA
ALUMINUM:
Glycerine Nylon Salts Fatty Acids Nitric Acid Sorbitol Trichlorobenzene Naphthenic Acid Acetic Anhydride Bufyraldehyde Oleic Acid Formaldehyde Hydrogen Peroxide Water White Rosin Nitrogen Fertilizer Solutions Glacial Acetic Acid
•WE'- SOLVAY -PROCESS DIVISION;:
V O L U M E
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NO.
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M A R C H
17,
1952
1101
THE CHEMICAL WORLD THIS WEEK
TEMCOMETER Temperature Controller and Indicator
Combines in a single, compact unir an advanced type of input controller and an indicating pyrometer. Automatically maintains even temperature regardless of fluctuations in line voltage. Sensitive panel-operated thermostatic switch can be set to regulate current input anywhere from 5% c o 100% time "on'*. Originally a built-in feature of Temco electric furnaces, the Temcometer is now made for use with other makes of furnaces and electric heating devices. Made both with and without pyrometer for maximum loads ranging from 2.3 to 5-7 kw. Priced from $38.50 to $62.50. Write for literature and dealer's name.
Greensboro M o r t o n - W i t h e r s p l a n t on a "commercial pilot scale," e s t i m a t e d at 1 to 1.25 million pounds a m o n t h . T h e first tank car was s h i p p e d t o Esso S t a n d a r d Oil about a month ago. Several locations a r e b e i n g considered for t h e new p l a n t , including some sites in N o r t h Carolina. H o w e v e r t h e c o m p a n y expects that a Gulf Coast site probably will b e selected i n view of t h e proximity to r a w materials and the oil companies w h i c h use t h e product.
very early physiological changes caused by the action of chemical compounds, in order that a d e q u a t e preventive m e a s u r e s m a y h e set up in t h e c o m p a n y plants. T h e n e w laboratory will h e located on the site of the S t i n e Laboratory for animal medicine and nutrition already b e i n g built near Newark b u t Λνίΐΐ be a separate in stallation. This is on farm land about three miles from Newark a n d 16 from Wilmington. Some p r e l i m i n a r y ground work h a s been d o n e for t h e H a s k e l l Laboratory, a n d t h e building is scheduled to b e completed in about a year. It will b e a single story structure of brick construction, to fit in with t h e ar chitecture of t h e Stine Laboratory. It will provide 33,000 s q u a r e feet of space a n d t h e entire building will b e air conditioned. W h e n it is finished, the entire staff of t h e Haskell L a b o r a t o r y will move there.
Morton Petrochemical
Fluor C o r p . Building William J. Moran Co., consulting engi neers a n d general contractors of Alhambra, Calif., has just completed construction on a building for Fluor C o r p . in E a s t Los Angeles. T h e structure will serve as an engineer ing a n d drafting office for Fluor, a n d fea tures t h e latest d e v e l o p m e n t s in air con ditioning and lighting systems, a n d ex ceptional qualities of sound and thermal insulation to i n s u r e highly compatible en vironment for t h e personnel. T h e struc ture contains a total of 9600 square feet of floor area, w h i c h comprises t w o stories and a full basement. T h e b u i l d i n g is con-
Plant
Morton-Withers Chemical Co. of Greensboro, N. C. is planning to construct a S 1,780,000 p l a n t for production of petroleum sulfonate. T h e synthesized sul fonate is already Toeing p r o d u c e d at t h e
THERMO ELECTRIC MFG. CO. Monthly S t a t i s t i c a l Report on Business Conditions
492 Huff St., Dubuque, Iowa
W e are i n d e b t e d to the M a n u f a c t u r i n g Chemists' Association, I n c . , 246 W o o d w a r d Bldg., Washington, D. C , for t h e following r e p o r t :
EFFICIENT PICKLING WITH TRADE
MARK
imnMa REG.
U. S. PAT. OFF
P1CKUNG ACID
INHIBITORS
SAVES
ACID
SAVES
STEEL
SAVES
Specification
No.
Hours and earnings (U. S. Dept. of Labor)
i S B * Write
1102
for
Government U.S.N.
Descriptive
Kstimated numher of -wage earners (Production and r e l a t e d workers. Jan. in thousands: U. S. Dept. of Labor) 1952" All manufacturing (nonagriculture) 12750.0 Chemical and allied products fall) 536.0 Industrial inorganic chemicals '»h Industrial organic chemicals Drugs and medicines t> 0 Other chemicals a n d allied products b
All products All products except farm products and foods Chemicals and allied products (all) Industrial chemicals Drugs and pharmaceutical materials Fertilizer materials
Use "RODINE" for i m proved pickling a n d increased production!
meets
Seasonally Adjusted Jan. Dee. .Inn. 1952 1951 1951 219" 21S 221 297" 290 287 548" 551 506 304 304 28S '» 178 177 474" 456 522 147" 135 151 141 133 146 107" 109 125
Wholesale price indexes'*
MONEY
"RODINE"
Business index (Federal Réserve B o a r d : Base 1935-39 = 10O) Industrial production Chemicals and allied products Industrial chemicals Steel production Bv-produet coke production Beehive coke production Bituminous coal production Freight carloadinRs Department store sales, value
5Ï-/-2.
Folder
'SU*
All manufacturing Chemicals and allied products (all) Industrial inorganic chemicals Industrial organic chemicals Drugs and medicines Plastics (except s y n t h e t i c rubber) '
W i t h o u t Adjustment Jan. Dec. Jan. 1952 1951 1951 215" 210 21 fi 298" 301 28S 548" 551 500 304 304 28S 6 178 177 474" 456 522 147" 135 151 128 123 133 SI" 183 96
Dec. 1951 12906.0 538.0 61.4 171.0 70.8 112.4
Nov. 1951 12907. 0 541.0 01 . 4 172.7 70.4 113.3
Jan. 1951 13018.0 526.0 57.3 162.8 66.9 115.1
Jan. 1952" 113.2
Dec. 1951 177.S
Nov. 1951 178.3
Jan. 1951 180.1
Dec. * 1950 175.3
Nov. 1950 171.7
114.3 106.7 118.1 68.6 109.4
166.9 137.9 144.5 169.0 123.2
100.9 138.7 144.7 109.1 122.4
170.3 144.5 138.1 184.4 118.1
166.7 139.6 136.1 175.1 115.6
163.7 135.7 134.3 163.8 112.0
A v. Weekly Earnings Dec. Nov. Dec. 1951" 1951 1950 $67.36 S65.S1 §63.88
Av. Weekly Hours Dec. Nov. Dec. 1951 rt 1951 1950 41.2 40.5 41.4
Dec. 1950 13056.0 524.0 57.1 161.9 67.4 114.7
Nov. 1950 13044.0 521.0 50.5 160.2 66.4 114 G
A v. Hourly Earnings Dec. Nov. Dec. 1951a 1951 1950 SI . C35 S I . 625 SI. 543
69.39
68.80
66.43
41.9
41 . S
42.1
1.656
1.646
1.57S
76.63
76.85
72.59
41.2
41.7
41.6
1.860
1.843
1.745
72.63 64.22
71.69 63.95
69.75 62^.75
40.6 41.3
40.3 41.1
41.2 41.5
1.789 1.555
1.779 1.556
1.693 1.512
74.12
73.31
70.43
41.5
41.3
42.3
1.786
1.775
1.665
Average cost of living index in large cities (U. S. Dept. of L a b o r : Base 1935-39 = 100) J a n . 1952 Dec. 1951 J a n . 1951 All items (adjusted) 189.1 189.1 181.5 (unadjusted) 190.2c 190.0 181.6 a b d Preliminary or estimated figures. Not available. Not elsewhere classified. Jan. 1952 Index figures are on new basis (1947-49 = 100), whereas 1950 and 1951 are on old basis (192G = 100).
CHEMICAL
AND
ENGINEERING
NEWS
DON'T SCRAP DtRTY eaUIPMBNT!
Steel fittings before Virgo Molten Cleaner Treatment
Clean it in 2 0 minutes or less
with VIRGO® Molten Cleaner Same fittings after final rinse
•
USE VIRGO MOLTEN CLEANER ON: Valves Pipe Tanks Fittings Pumps Condensers and hundreds of other salvageable items
•
QUICKLY REMOVES: Grease Rubber Paint Enamel Dirt Glass
Atmospheric Corrosion Chemicals
Does not harm the metal!
You can salvage thousands of dollars' worth of used chemical equipment quickly and at low cost, with Virgo Molten Cleaner. It removes paint, dirt, rust a n d chemical impurities—gives you a clean surface in 10 to 15 minutes. No hand scraping, brushing, tumbling or sandblasting are needed. Virgo Molten Cleaner may be used on any metal not seriously affected by molten caustic. T h e process is simple and inexpensive. Here are its main steps: 1. Dip in Virgo Molten Cleaner Bath at 850° F—5 to 15 minutes. 2. Water quench. 3. Acid dip—2 to 3 minutes. 4. Water rinse.
For details, write us today on your business tffîb&nv
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HOOKER ELECTROCHEMICAL COMPANY 7 FORTY-SEVENTH ST.f NIAGARA FALLS, Ν. Υ.
1-1740
NEW YORK, Ν. Υ. · WILMINGTON, CALIF. · TACOMA, WASH. C H L O R I N E · CAUSTIC SODA · M U R I A T I C A C I D · SULFUR CHLORIDES · V I R G O ® DESCALING SALT · VIRGO$> MOLTEN CLEANER
VOLUME
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11
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» MARCH
17,
1952
1103
THE CHEMICAL WORLD THIS WEEK
THEI N S I D ESTORYON
n e c t e d by overhead passages and a t u n n e l to "an adjacent office building.
STAINLESS STEEL
UK Chemical i n d u s t r y Team
Shown belcjw is a multiple-copy graphic record of a typical stainless stjeel chemical analysis made on a n ARL Production |.ntometer.* Accurate percentages of elements prèsControl Quantometer. lloy are recorded permanently in pen-and-ink in less ent in the a[~ than two minutes! And steel is only one of many metals and inorganic cèmpounds which t h e unique A R L Quantometers are controlling [daily as to routine chemical analysis in many types of industries, ΙΟ
20
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A 17-man teani representing t h e chemi cal industry of the United Kingdom will spend six weeks in the U n i t e d States vis iting various chemical companies. T h e group, brought over under the auspices of the M u t u a l Security Agency, arrived in N e w York on March. 11. After attending a m e e t i n g of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers in Atlanta, they will visit I^ew Orleans, Houston, Las Vegas» St. Louis, Detroit, Baltimore, and W a s h ington, w i n d i n g up their trip on April 28.
NEWS BRIEFS Apex Co., 10 West Butler Ave., Memphis, Term., is now a distributor of specialized laundry detergents, sours, and blues manufactured by D i a m o n d Alkali Co. Minnesota Mining & Mfg. C o . has o p e n e d a branch sales office in Boston. T h e building, a one-story structure featur ing m o d e r n exterior and interior design, is located at 1380 Centre Street, N e w t o n Center. Facilities include truck docks and railroad sidings. Corning Glass W o r k is constructing a n optical glass plant in H a r r o d s b u r g , Ky» Construction contract has been a w a r d e d to Ditmars-Didkmaii-Piakens Construc tion Co. of Muskogee, Okla, T h e plant, which will employ about 2 5 0 persons, will contain 100,000 square feet of floor space and is expected to b e in operation b y t h e year-end.
^ximmms^m^smrmmMmmk ^^ΡΦ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^» The ARL Quantometer is extremely efficient, versatile and ap plicable to a wide variety of needs. Individual units are not limited to a single type of analysis, but can be designed to meet the requirements of many plant problems. As many as 25 ele ments as selected by the user can be accurately measured on the Production Control Quantometer—up to 20 simultaneously! This instrument, pioneered and perfected by ARL engineers, is invaluable in helping to speed the production of critical mate rials and improving laboratory controls. I t is the most advanced type of spectrometer yet developed arid deserves your most serious consideration. Write for descriptive brochure. THE ARL UNE ALSO INCLUDES 1.5 A N D 2-METER SPECTROGRAPHS, PRECI S I O N SOURCE UNITS 0 R A M A N SPECTROGRAPHS A N D RELATED ACCESSORIES.
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Power Specialty Co.. ins., 2000 S. Kipling St., Houston, Tex., has been n a m e d by t h e Irving Subway Grating Co., L o n g Island City, as exclusive Texas Gulf Coast area representative. Power Specialty will handle t h e sales and servicing of stock for engineered open steel flooring require ments of the petroleum., chemical and manufacturing used in the petroleum field as catwalks on oil refineries to provide ac cess to various valves; safety steps, loading platforms, linings for ganister shells for catalytic cracking units a n d the like. Mrs, T u c k e r ' s Foods, I n c . ( a Delaware corporation), Sherman, Tex., has recently been merged into Anderson, Clayton & Co., which has its principal business office in Houston. Mrs. T u c k e r s Products will, as a Divi sion of Anderson, Clayton & Co., carry o n the manufacturing a n d refining of finished and semi-finished vegetable oil products and t h e t a n k car business. Mrs. T u c k e r s Foods, ( a Texas corpora t i o n ) , a subsidiary of Anderson, Clayton & C o . will distribute all b r a n d name prod ucts.
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ENGINEERING
NEWS
