ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
8 (261) Seiklai, G. C., J . Optical SOC.Am., 41, 321 (1951). (262) Takeshima, T., and Midorikawa, H., Repls. Sei. Research Inst. (Japan),24, 252 (1948). (263) Taylor, H. D., et al., “Descriptive Color Names Dictionary,” Chicago, Container Corp. of America, 1950. (264) Terrien, J., Compt. rend., 230, 1462 (1950). (265) Thompson, A. R., Australian J . Sci. Research, 3A, 128 (1950). (266) Thompson, S. Y., Brit. J . Nutrition, 3, 43 (1949). (267) Toporets, 8.S., Uspekhi Fiz. N n u k , 40, 255 (1950). (268) Tracey, M. V.,Biochem. J.,47, 433 (1950). (269) Uhlig, L. J., and Freiser, H., ANAL.CHEY.,23, 1014 (1951). (270) Underwood, A. L., et al., J . Am. Chem. Soc., 72, 5597 (1950). (271) Cri, N., A n a l y s t , 72, 478 (1947). (272) Crone, P. F.. and Anders, H. K., ANAL.CHEM.,22, 1317 (1950). (273) Vacher, M., Mikrochemie ver. Mikrochim. Acta, 36/37, 330 (1951). (274) Vaughan, E. J., et ol., J . Iron Steel Inst. ( L o n d o n ) , 165, 430 (1950). (275) IlasPk, F., et al., Sborngk Stdt. Geol. d s t a v u Ceskosloz. Rep., 16, 433 (1949).
(276) Ward, F. N., ANAL.CHEM.,23, 785 (1951). (277) West, T. S., Metallurgia, 43, 204, 260, 263, 311, 315 (1951). (278) West, P. W., and De Vries, C. G., ANAL. CHEM.,23, 334 (1951). (279) Westwood, W., and Mayer, A., AnaZyst, 72, 464 (1947). (280) R’ille, B., Arch. Pharm. Chemie, 57, 559 (1950). (281) Williams, L. H., A n a l y ~ t 75, , 425 (1950). (282) Williams, M. B., and Reese, H. D., ASAL. CHEM.,22, 1556 (1950). (283) Willson, A. E., I b i d . , 23, 754 (1951). (284) Wylie, A. W., J . S O C .Chem. I n d . ( L o n d o n ) , 69, 143 (1950). (285) Young, H. Y., and Gill, R. F., ANAL.CHEX, 23, 751 (1951). (286) Young, I. G . , and Hiskey, C. F., Ibid., 23, 506 (1951). (287) Young, R. S., and Golledge, A., I n d . Chemist, 26, 13 (1950). (288) Youngkin, S.G., Food Technol., 4, 350 (1950); J . Optical SOC. Am., 40,596 (1950). (289) Zerban, F. W., et al., ANAL.C H E x , 23, 305 (1951). (290) Zhuravskaya. V. I., Zarodskawa Lab., 16, 873 (1950). (291) Zirnmerman, hf., Angew. C h e k . , 62A, 291 (1950). RECEIVED October 15, 1951.
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY ROBERT C . GORE Stamford Research Laboratories, American Cyanamid Co., Stamford, Conn.
T
HE year of 1951 brought few major changes in the field of infrared spectroscopy. Interest in its use in the characterization of organic molecules has continued to grow. Last year’s review (145) cited 354 references compared with the 419 reported herein. The Ohio State University Symposium on hfolecular Structure a n d Spectroscopy was attended by 406 persons this year, while the informal international conference on molecular spectroscopy a t Basel, Switzerland, attracted about 150 spectroscopists. A number of papers given a t this latter meeting were similar to those presented a t the Faraday Society Discussions held in the fall of 1950. The Faraday Society papers are reported in this review, inasmuch as the discussion mas not published until April 1951. The National Bureau of Standards, National Research Council, the -4merican Society for Testing Materials, and the Ohio State Symposium committee on cataloging of spectra are cooperating in the collection of literature references and spectra to be made available through the National Research Council. The American Petroleum Institute, Project 44, is now collecting spect r a of molecules other than hydrocarbons. Keysort and I B M punched cards using the Wyandotte Chemicals Corp. system (111) are being made available a t low cost covering the spectra and references in these collections. A number of reviews on infrared spectroscopy appeared during 1951 (33, 65, 81, 145, 166, 645, 250, 251, 272, 296, 877, 410). Strong (365) reviewed the history and uses of infrared with emphasis on the experimental phase. No books devoted exclusively to molecular spectroscopy were published during the year. The second edition of Sawyer’s L‘ExperimentalSpectroscopy” (330)included a slightly enhanced treatment of methods and applications in the infrared field. The McMath Observatory group published an atlas of the infrared solar spectrum (258) and a review of this subject (143). INSTRUMENTATION
The most important single development in instrumentation during the year was Walsh’s design of multiple monochromators (409). This principle may well make obsolete many existingprism spectrometers. The design of infrared photometers has been discussed (280)and modern instruments have been reviewed (663). Spectroscopic resolution has been related to communication theory (204). Mechanical, thermal, and optical properties of prism and
window materials have been reported (70,3O4,383,387)and frustrated filters discussed (36). Dispersion has been measured with parallel-sided plates ( 5 4 ) ,while the old problem of the optimum optical density has been reviewed (69, 918). Infrared refractive indices of liquids have been determined (187). The troublesome task of instrument calibration received attention (72, 158, 159, 241, 303, 383, 387). Candler ( 6 0 ) has proposed that the reciprocal centimeter be called the Rydberg. While the design and performance of double-beam spectrophotometers has been reported in five papers (53, 92, 254, 324, 374), the problem of the absorption of interrupted radiation, so popular in these instruments, is discussed ( 7 3 ) . Strong (372) and coworkers report a new infrared source, Finkelstein ( 1 1 7 ) reports a new grating mount, and four papers describe new cells (42, 48, 178, 37’3). Two papers describe infrared reflectometers (281, 955); an interference spectrometer has been devised (188), and three fast scanning or panoramic display instruments have been described (91, 142,409). Beckman instruments have been modified by Kaye (201,202)and Anthony (12). A nomograph for the Perkin-Elmer gain control has been devised (169). A ten-channel spectrograph has been made using Golay detectors (S), while three papers discuss gas analyzers (189,209,411). An infrared thermopile has been used in constructing a vacuum gage (328);a two-color infrared radiation pyrometer has been devised (136);and an infrared radiation converter described (406). Infrared microspectroscopy is the subject of seven papers (21, 38, 125, 148, 277, 310, 364). CRYSTALS AND INORGANIC MATERIALS
Ambrose et al. (10) describe the use of polarized radiation in crystal structure studies, and Hornig (180) reviews his low temperature crystal investigations. The reflection spectrum of fused quartz ( 5 5 ) and its optical rotation have been measured (154). Two papers treat the absorption (199) and refraction of calcite (309). Studies have been made on rutile (83), lithium fluoride (lor),potassium acid fluoride (203, M5), and water of crystallization (416). The interpretation of the infrared spectra of mixed crystals has been discussed (189). H u n t et al. (185) presented 64 spectra of common minerals and inorganic molecules. Studies have been reported on the following inorganic materials: ammonium halides (41, 180),
V O L U M E 2 4 , NO, 1, J A N U A R Y 1 9 5 2 germanium (356), nitrosyl chloride and bromide (57),P, (32,155), lead sulfide, selenide, and telluride (137), SSand SIC12 (32), SFa (216), and uranium salts (127, 320). Lecomte (109) has determined the degree of polymerization of metallic inorganic salts. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
The papers listed in this class include empirical spectra-structure correlations and those which may be useful in general identification. If the main purpose of a paper is plainly vibrational analysis, it is listed in the theoretical and molecular section. Papers dealing with materials of biological nature, or related to these materials, are included in the biological section. Qualitative studies were made on the following molecules or molecular classes: acetophenones ( % I ) , acetyl acetonates (221), fatty acids and related molecules (279, 349), terpene alcohols (393), azides (339), benzene (133), benzene derivatives (299, 417), carbethoxythiacyanine (278), carbinols (289), carbonyl group (147, 198), carboxyl group (95, 118), cellulose derivatives (49), complex and large molecules (368, 380), cyclobutyl, pentyl, and hexyl derivatives (315), epoxy compounds (350), ethylene imine ketones (82), glyoxime (39),graphic arts (240),hydrocarbons (130-132, 288, 343, 394), iron carbonyls (341), ketones (123, 156), keto-lactol tautomerism (151 ), halogen substituted methane (301), naphthalene derivatives (418),peroxides (96, 361), phenols (128), phosphorus compounds (go), pristane (298), propane ring (195), pyrimidine (62), pyrrole (196), pyrrolidine triones (357), quinones (160),silanes (66, 332), sulfones, sulfoxides and disulfones ( 2 1 , 88),sydnones (110),terpenoidsubstances (61,297),thiophosphates (ICs), triazines (361), tropolone (16), liquid water (87), and waxes and polishes (326).
9 theory of olfaction has been tested (119) and further work must be done before its rejection or acceptance. Three papers dealt with alkaloids (190, 238, 295), while bacterial metabolites (67),clavacin, and patulin (150) were studied. Blood chemistry has even been investigated (222, 223) in spite of experimental difficulties. Infrared studies were made on cellulosic materials (120), including conidendrin (362), while t h e carbonyl group was determined in such materials (111,323). Ligninlike products were investigated by Kord and Freudenberg (126). Chitin was studied (94); even two enzymes, cocarboxylase (264) and pepsin (396), khellin (18), nucleic acids (124), and rotenone (86, 399) had their spectra taken. Wood reported on the microspectrum of living muscle cells (414). Papers in t h e protein field included synthetic polypeptides (7, 19, 162), fibrous proteins (6, 8 ) , globular proteins (9), the peptide link (63, 265, 256, 390), chain folding (lid), amido acids and hydrochlorides (197), amino acids (213), diketopiperazine (664), and the toxic factor from agenized proteins (348). Four papers in the steroid field dealt with ethylenic centers ( S T ) , acetoxy steroids (194, normal and isosteroids (199),and tocophenols and related products (362). POLYMERS
The following subjects in this category were studied: degradation of polystyrene ( I ) , polymerization of styrene and drying oils (34), rubber structure (56), ethylene polymers (84), pleochroism in linear polymers (14O), analysis of plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (163), acrylic fibers (182),charred cellophane (207), drying oils @ I O ) , polynitro phenyl methyl nitramines (230), polyamides (b35), identification of accelerators and antioxidants (236), oxidized cellulose (323), rubber derivatives (369), and polyisoprenes (369).
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
REACTIONS AND COMBUSTION
The general papers in this category discuss methods (SIC), internal standard solid phase analyses (293), evaporation errors (647), and the principles of precision colorimetry (175, 176). A punch card method of calculation of simultaneous equations has been described (205). Specific quantitative analyses include: atmospheric gases (I&),benzene hexachloride (614,216), bromochlorobenzenes (116), hydrocarbons (261), isotope ratios of C1* and CI3 (256), pharmaceuticals (b83), alkyl phenols (101), pregnenolone (282), trace components in gases (99), methyl deuteride (51), nicotinic acid (388), nitroglycerin and related products (292), phenols and oils in trace amounts in water (354), quinine and strychnine (404), and water in pyridine homologs (74 j.
Ard (13) suggested the use of trimethylamine addition products to increase t h e solubility of materials for infrared studies. Other reactions investigated include anhydrides (60), ketones and ethanolamine (89), benzene-oxalyl chloride solutions (SB?), peroxide rearrangements (413), pyrrole, and other compounds (419). Flame or combustion spectra were discussed in two papers (27, 260).
HYDROGEN BONDING
Chelation and between-molecule hydrogen bonding studies continue to be popular. Mecke (646) reviewed some of his important work, while the Russian school headed by Batuevcontinued to work on his “frequency-modulation theory” (24,25,149,274). Barchewitz (20) studied chelation, while Coggeshall (68) discussed bonding equilibra. Vol’kenshtein (401) reviewed the theories of the hydrogen bond. Francis ( 1 2 2 )studied the intensities of free and bonded hydroxyl bands in the 3-micron region. Three papers (193, 389, 392) reported studies on the overtones of the hydroxyl band in line with the renewed interest in this spectral region. Specific hydrogen bonding studies include: nickel dimethyl glyoxime (141 ), monobasic and dibasic acids (212, 352), phenols (236), cyclic ethers (334), keto-enol tautomerism (344), acetoacetic ester (345, 346), alcohols (360), and muscovite (391). BIOLOGICAL
This year has witnessed an increase in the use of infrared spectroscopy to study natural and biological products. The infrared
ASTROPHYSICAL
Papers in this field include studies on atmospheric NzO (d), OH (105, 106, 347), water (f242, 338), night sky (248), aurora (R49), solar spectra (257, 336), atmospheric ethylene (337), and a general paper on atmospheric transmission (134). Strong (366) accounts for t h e isothermal structure of t h e stratosphere by pressure broadening of t h e bands. ABSORPTION INTENSITIES
General papers in this field include those on t h e influence of slit width on absorption bands (5, $90, +$la),t h e influence of resolution on form and intensity (294), and reviews on position and shape of absorption bands (78, 367). Pressure-induced absorption was studied by two groups of authors (396, 407), while specific intensity studies were made on nitrous oxide (58), carbonyl sulfide and acetylene (59, 317), carbonyl bearing molecules, (85),anomalous intensity distribution in triatomic molecules (270), carbon monoxide (285, 286,287,405), carbon disulfide (317), and methane (408). THEORETICAL AND MOLECULAR
This class again has been divided into two groups. T h e first, the theoretical group, is composed of t h e more general papers, while the second group is composed of papers primarily treating specific molecules. Overlapping of these groups, of course, does occur.
10
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
T h e theoretical group includes papers on the effect of low temperature on infrared absorption spectra (161), the origin of infrared bands (22, 157), the calculation of vibrational frequency change caused by mam, geometry, and potential constants (29), and aid in making vibrational assignments (SO), effects of hyperconjugation on the carbonyl bond (@), rotational isomerism (46, 306),determination of normal coordinates (79), hybridization and resonance (103), bond-bond interactions (IOd), kinetic energy matrix elements (115), group theory (129), valence symmetry coordinates (152), statistical theory of pressure broadening (237), mix-crystals (244)) interaction between nuclear-vibrational and electronic states (262), vibration-rotation energies ($711, the parallel vibrations of linear triatomic molecules (376), and van der Waal’s forces in potential functions (386). T h e molecular studies on specific molecules include: acetylpropyl alcohols ( H I ) , metal acetyl acetonates (108), acetylene and substituted acetylenes (26, 170, 172, 319), allene (284), ammonia and deuteroammonia (312, 41@, arsine (669), benzene (181), fluorinated benzenes (100, 273), boron compounds (229, 306, 333, S63), substituted butanes @ S I ) , trichlorobutene (164), 2-methylbutane (46), carbon monoxide (405), chlorine monofluoride (268), chlorine oxides (113, 16T), cyanogen and cyanogen chloride (275), cyclohexane (218, 219), cyclo-octatetraene (227), cyclopentanes (253), cycloparaffins (239), diazomethane (go), dibromoethane (263), ethylene (300, 319, 370), substituted ethylenes (75, 217, 384, 385), ethyleneiniine (114, 177, 379), ethylene oxide (153, 378), ethylene sulfide (379), formaldehyde (220),difluoroformaldehyde (266), fluorine monoxide (192, 8/37), formic acid and formate ion (376),germanium tetrafluoride (62), hydrazine (406), substituted hydrazines (14, 15, 17) deuterated hydrogen cyanide (314), hydrogen fluoride (342), hydrogen peroxide (I%), hydrogen sulfide (4,174,228,276),hydroxyl (179), hypochlorous acid (168), perfluoroalkyi iodides (166), isocyanic acid (173, 313), mesitylene complexes (291), metallic dimethyls (43, 44), halogenated methanes (64, 76, 77, 98, 135, 234, 243, 302, 398), methyl and other cyanides (93, 397), naphthalenes (184, 535), nitric oxide (368), nitrosyl chloride (308), nitrous acid and nitrites (102), nitrous oxide (35, 171, 371, 381), nortricyclene (226),oxalyl chloride (326),ozone (206, SOT), n-paraffins (23, 47), propanes (71, 233), dichloropropene ( S I ) , triphenylmethyl free radical (@IO), silicon compounds (135, 191, 226, 259, 311, 400), stibine (359), sulfur hexafluoride (12 1 ) , monodeuterotoluenes (382),trioxane (97), tropolone (608),tungsten carbonyl (340),and water (28, 186). LITERATURE CITED
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RECEIVED November 30, 1951.
