PREPARING CATALYSTS IN THE L A B B R A T Q R Y Preparation and Properties of Catalysts Hillis 0.Folkins and Elmer Miller Preformed Catalysts: The Techniques of Tableted Catalyst Production Wm. D.Sfllwell Effect of Methods of Preparation on the Properties of Nickel Oxide Polymerization Catalysts V. C. F. Holm, G. C. Bailey, and Alfred Clark Adsorption and Exclusion Effects in the Impregnation of Porous Catalyst Supports R. W. Maatman and C. D. Prater Radiation Quenching, Ion Bombardment, and Annealing of Nickel and Platinum for Ethylene Hydrogenation H. E. Farnsworth and R. F. Woodcock Effect of HF on the Acidity of Alumina A.N.Webb.. Catalytic Properties of Rare Earths V. I. Komarewsky. Carbon Monoxide-Steam Reaction on Ruthenium Catalysts G.Parravano. Fluid Cracking Catalyst Contamination: Development of a Contamination Test J. J. Rothrock, E. R. Birkhimer, and L. N. Leum Fluid Cracking Catalyst Contamination: Some Fundamental Aspects of Metal Contamination J. E. Connor, Jr., J. J. Rothrock, E. R. Birkhimer, and L. N. Leum Gas Oil Cracking by Silica-Alumina Bead Catalysfs Marvin F. L. Johnson, William E. Kreger, and Henry Erickson
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
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T h e present importance oi catalysts is evident from their extensive industrial application in the chemical and petroleum refining industries. T h e trcmendous growth and expansion of these industries during the past 15 years may be attributed significantly to the development of catalytic processes. Catalyst manufacture itself has become a major industry during this time. While substantial progress has been made in devising scientific interpretations and mechanisms for catalytic action and in developing correlations of the numerous variables that enter into catalysis, the search for new and better catalysts still is based on empirical methods. Severtheless all the tools of science have been utilized in the characterization, development, and selection of catalysrs. A variety of techniques has evolved for measuring the essential chemical and physical properties of solid cataiysts. Chemical Composition alone is not a sufficient criterion for determining che effectiveness of a solid catalyst. T h e activity, selectivity, stability, and other desirable properties of a solid catalyst depend upon a combination of factors, which include the chemical composition at the surface of the catalyst, crystal structure, surface area? pore size, pore structure, particle size, degree of dispersion, and possibly other properties. Each of these factors is influenced to a varying extent by the particular method used in preparing the solid catalyst. I t is understandable therefore why even a slight change in the method of catalyst preparation, activation, or heat treatment might alter the structural characteristics to result in a profound change in catalytic properties. The papers presented in this symposium cover studies of the behavior of a variety of solid catalysts prepared under different conditions. The first papcr reviews the basic principles and standard techniques for preparing catalysts in the laboratory. Methods for producing solid catalysts in various shapes and forms by either laboratory or plant procedures are described in the next paper. T h e succeeding papers deal ivith the many factors that affect catalyst activity.
M. M. MARISIC, 276 283
Chairman
