ANALYTICAL APPROACH
Introduction to Microwave Sample Preparation: Theory and Practice
N
ew microwave techniques are making sample preparation procedures faster, more convenient, and more controlled. This revolutionary new book gives you what you need to know to get started ... the his tory of the technique, the relevant methodo logical details, the all-important safety precau tions, and a number of specific applications. Eleven chapters describe equipment and techniques that have been found most effec tive. They offer direct practical applications of the methods to a variety of sample types, in cluding microwave digestion of botanical, bio logical, and food samples; selenium analysis; Kjeldahl nitrogen determination; remote oper ation of microwave systems; and more. As a unique feature, this book presents a funda mental thermodynamic equation relating acid (sample) size, final temperature, heat capacity, and transformations of the basic equation predicting time and temperature for digestion. A truly multi-disciplinary volume, this book can be used in inorganic elemental analysis, sample digestion, food analysis, environmental sample preparation chemistry, and other areas. H.M. Kingston and L.B. Jassie, Editors ACS Professional Reference Book 300 pages (1988) Clothbound ISBN 0-8412-1450-6 LC 88-8139 US & Canada $49.95 Export $59.95 Ο - R · D · Ε · R
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reflected light as a function of the angle of reflection), reflectance spectropho tometry, and other measurements should be carried out on paint surfaces that have varying degrees of roughness and that contain varnishes of varying composition applied in different ways. The rheological properties of natural resin varnishes should be studied by viscometry at high shear rates and at high concentrations in order to under stand the effects of sustained brushing. Attempts are being made to imitate the rheological properties of dammar and mastic varnishes using mixtures of low-MW resins and polymers. Al though more work is needed, varnishes formulated with a low-MW synthetic resin, the proper solvents, a stabilizing additive, and perhaps some polymers should find their way to the conserva tion community in the near future.
References
(1) Feller, R. L.; Stolow N.; Jones, Ε. Η. On Picture Varnishes and Their Solvents; National Gallery of Art: Washington DC, 1985. (2) Armenini, G. B. On the True Precepts of the Art of Painting; Burt Franklin & Co.: New York, 1977. (3) The Strasburg Manuscript, A Medieval Painters' Handbook; Borradaile, V.; Borradaile, Ft., Trans. Alec Tiranti: London, 1966. (4) van de Graaf, J. A. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1958. (5) Thompson, D. V. The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting; Dover: New York, 1956. (6) Eastlake, C. L. Methods and Materials of the Great Schools and Masters; Dover: New York, 1960; Vols. I and II. (7) Merrifield, M. P. Original Treatises on the Arts of Painting; Dover: New York, 1967; Vols. I and II. (8) Cennini, C. D. The Craftsman's Hand book; Thompson, D. V., Trans.; Dover: New York, 1960. (9) Ruurs, R. Maltechnik 1983, 89,169-74. (10) Lucanus, F. Schweiger's J. 1829, 55, 60-66; Feller, R. L., Trans., Carnegie Mel lon Institute. (11) Feller, R. L.; Stolow, N.; Jones, Ε. Η. On Picture Varnishes and Their Sol vents; National Gallery of Art: Washing ton, DC, 1985; pp. 47-116. (12) Gettens, R. J. Tech. Stud. Field Fine Arts 1935/6, 4, 15-27. (13) Thomson, G. Stud. Conserv. 1957, 3, 64-78. (14) Feller, R. L. Science 1957, 125, 114344. (15) De Witte, E.; Goessens-Landrie, M.; Goethals, E. J.; Van Lerberghe, K.; Van Springel, C. ICOM Committee for Con servation, 6th Triennial Meeting, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1981; paper no. 81/16/4. (16) de la Rie, E. R. Stud. Conserv. 1987,32, 1-13. (17) Bruxelles, G. N.; Mahlman, Β. Η. Off. Dig. Fed. Paint Varn. Prod. Clubs 1954, 351, 299-314. (18) Hunter, R. S. The Measurement of Appearance; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1975.
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(19) Judd, D. B.; Wyszecki, G. Color in Business, Science and Industry; 3rd éd.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1975. (20) Meeten, G. H. In Optical Properties of Polymers; Meeten, G. H., Ed.; Elsevier Applied Science: London, 1986; pp. 1-62. (21) Wilmouth, F. M. In Optical Properties of Polymers; Meeten, G. H., Ed. Elsevier Applied Science: London, 1986; pp 265333 (22) Shedrinsky, A. M. Ph.D. Dissertation, New York University, 1986. (23) de la Rie, E. R.; Shedrinsky, Α. Μ. Stud. Conserv. 1989, 34, 9-19. (24) Mills, J. S.; White, R. Stud. Conserv. 1977 22 12-31 (25) Mills' J. S.; Werner, A.E.A. J. Chem. Soc. 1955,3132-40. (26) de la Rie, E. R. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Amsterdam, 1988. (27) de la Rie, E. R. Stud. Conserv. 1988,33, 53-70. (28) Feller, R. L. ICOM Committee for Conservation; 4th Triennial Meeting, Venice, Italy, 1975; paper no. 75/22/4. (29) Scott, G. Atmospheric Oxidation and Antioxidants; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1965. (30) de la Rie, E. R. Stud. Conserv. 1988,33, 9-22. (31) de la Rie, E. R.; McGlinckey, C. W. Stud. Conserv. 1989, 34,137-46. (32) Rozantsev, E. G.; Kagan, E. Sh.; Sholle, V. D.; Ivanov, V. B.; Smirnov, V. A. In Polymer Stabilization and Deg radation; Klemchuk, P. P., Ed.; ACS Symposium Series 280; American Chemi cal Society: Washington, DC, 1985; pp. 11-35. (33) Gugumus, F. In Developments in Polymer Stabilisation—1, Scott, G., Ed.; Applied Science: London, 1979; pp 261308.
E. René de la Rie received a doctorandus degree in physical chemistry (1975) and a doctorate {1988) from the University of Amsterdam. From 1975 to 1978, he was employed at the Central Research Laboratory, Ministry of Culture (The Netherlands). He also served as a docent and administrator for the Training Program for Conservators from 1978 to 1981. At the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (1981-1989), de la Rie created a scientific laboratory for the Paintings Conservation Department. He is an adjunct professor at the Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts of New York University, and became head of the National Gallery's Science Department in May 1989.
