January 1950
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
(35) Kalikhman, L. E.,Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Tech. Note 1229 (April 1949). (36) Kata, D.L., and Geist, J. M., Trans. Am. SOC.Mech. Engrs., 70, 907 (1948). (37) Kayan, C. F., Ibid., 71,9 (1949). (38) Kaye, J., Keenan, J. H., and McAdams, W. H., “Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute,” p. 147, New York, Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., 1949. (39) Kern, D. Q, and Van Nostrand, W., IND. ENQ.CHEM.,41,2209 (1949). Kirschbaum, Emil. Anaew. Chem., B20, 235 (1948). Klinkenberg, A,, IND.ENQ.CHEM.,40, 1992 (1948). Knowles, 3. W.,Can. J. Research, 26A,268 (1948). Knowles, 3. W.,Natl. Research Council of Canada, Atomic Energy Project, N.R.C. 1592 (1945). (44) Korsgaard, V., Heating, Piping Air Conditioning, 21, No. 6 , 117,No. 7,129,No.9. 121 (1949). (45) Kreith, F., and Summerfield, M., “Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute,” p. 127, New York, Am. Soo. Mech. Engrs., 1949. Ledoux, E., IND. ENQ.CHEM.,40,1970 (1948). Leva, Max, Weintraub, M., and Grummer, M., Chem. Eng. Progress, 45,563 (1949). Levenspiel, O., and Walton, J. S., “Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute,” p. 139, New York, Am. SOC.Mech. Engrs., 1949. London, A. L., and Ferguson, C. K., Trans. A m . SOC.Mech. Engrs., 71,17 (1949). Long, W. E., Refrig. Eng., 56.327 (1948). LukomskiY, S. M., Izvest. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Odtel. Tekh. Nauk, 1947,967. McAdams, W. H., Purdue Univ., Research Ser., Eng. Bull., 104 (1948). McAdams, W. H.,Kennel, W. E., Minden, C. S., Carl, R., Picornell, P. M., and Dew, J. E , IND. ENQ.CEEM.,41, 1945 (1949). (54) McAdams, W.,H., Pohlena, T. B., and St. John, R. C., C h m . Eng. Progress, 45,241 (1949). (55) McArdle. M., Garrett, L. C., and Benignus, P. G . , IND.ENO. CHEM.,41,1341 (1949).
L
65
(56) McCann, G. D.,and Wilts, C. H., J . Applied Mechanics, 16, 247 (1949). (57) Me
1he utilization of cation exchange resins for tlec,,lcriication of blood in coagulation studies has been investigated by Stefanini (160), DeNicola (W), mi DeNicola and Rosti (37, 38). Blond fractionation by means of ion exchange techniques has been studied by Reid snd Jones (143) and Bennett and Niemsn ( 1 1 ) . Dirks and Miller (40) have inactivated proteolytic enzymes with ion exchange materials. The removal of heavy metals in adenosinetriphosphatase has been accomplished by Kiclley and Meyer . hof (80)using a catioii exchanger. Marks ( 4 1 ) and Krrtemer and Sicyrl (R?) h u e investigatcid further the use of an anion exchange resin for the treatment of peptic ulcer and have conclutled that the thwapy approaches the ideal medication. Plant physiological studies utilizing ion exchange resins have heen reported by Vlarais ( 17'8) and Vlamis and Jenny (177). NEW EXCHANGERS
Patents relating compositions of various sulfonic acid cation exchangers have been granted to Bauman (lo), Day (34), Gagnon and Boioric (dQ), Higgins (69),and Thurston (166). An account of the progress at Teddington, EngInnd, in ion exchange resin synthesis of sulfonic and carboxylic type exchangers has beea reviewed (1299. Hunter and Bauman (7'3) and Kressman (90) have described the synthesis of several carboxylic type cation exchangers. Anion exchange resin compositions have been patented by Dudley ( 4 2 ) , Myles and Levy (1%0), and Meier and EIwlI (114). T?IPuse of porous inorganic suhstrates for
Vol. 42, No. I
increasing the surface area of jon exchange resins has been patented by Luoces (104). Barrer (7, 8 ) has described the preparation of crystalline hydrogen zeolites without decomposing or collapsing the crystalline structure. Guthrie (68),Jurgens, Reid, and Gut,hrie (7'8),and Scott (164) have been successful in converting cotton fabric into effective anion and cation exchangers by introducing amino and phosphoric acid groups. The properties of charcoal have been altered by 'Weiss (181) by preadsorbing insoluble acids and bases. h i i expanded phenol formaldehyde resin (26) has been offered 8,s a decolorizing resin. A most unusual resin having electron exchange propert'ies has k n described by Tipdegraff and Cassidy (174). The resin, polyvinylhydroquinone, behaves as a reversible oxidationreduction resin and in reality is capablc of rcversibly trnrisferring electrons. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.1) Akeroyd, E. I., Kressman, T. K. E., and Cooper, A. T., Chemist, 19, No. 9, 394 (1948). ( 2 ) &my, E. F., and Garrett, 0 . F., U. 8. Patent 2,477,558 (19491 (3) American Cyanamid Co., BritJaPatent 621,225 (1949). (4) $usterweil, G., Compt. rend., 226, 799-801 (1948). (5) Austerweil, G., 7th Congr. Ind. Agr., Paris, 1948, pt. 314, p. 22. (5) Bandelin, F. S., Drug Trade hTews,24, 56 (1949). (7) Barrer, R . M., Nature, 164, 112 (1949). (8) Rarrer, R.M., Research, 1, No, 16, 701 (1948). (9) Barry, E. F., and Gaddie, R. 8., PPOC. Am. SOC.Sugar Bed Technol., 5 , 674-80 (1948). (10) Bauman, W. C., U.8. Patent; 2,466,676 (1949). i l l ) Bennett, E. L., and Nieman, ,.T. Biol. Chem., 176, No. 2, 969 (1.948). (12) Beohner, H. L.,and Mindl.er, .A. B., Xxn. Eran. CHEM.,41, 448 (1949). (13) Bergam, M., Can. Chem. ProcessInds., 32, No. 22, 1125 (19481. (14) Birch, E. S., J. Chem. Education, 26, 106 (1949). (16) Black, A. P., Water & Sewage Works, 96, R-59 (1949). (16) Bliss, Harding, Chem. Eng, Progress, 44, No. 12,887 (1948). (17) Blumer, M., Esperimen,lia (IV), 4, 351 (1948). (18) Boynton, P., and Gay, H., J . Am. Wukr Works Assoc., 4, 187 (1949). (19) Bradley, W, F., a.nd Grim, 8.. E,vJ . Phys. @hem., 52, 140.1t (?.948)* ' (20) Camberliu, R.. C., TtR C ~ n q rl'ntern,. . fnd. A g r . , .Paris, 1, '244; (1.948) ( 2 6 ) Campbell, .ReC., U. 8 . Patent 2,458,893 (1949). (22) Carson, J. F., Jansen, E. F., and Lewis, J. C., J , Am. Chem,. S o r . 71, 2318 (1949). (23) Cassidy, H. G., Ibid., 71, 402 (1949). (24) Chern, Eng., 56, I17 (1949). (25) Chern. Errg. News, 27, 2108 (1949). (26) Chem. Inds., 64, 93, 96 (1949). (27) Cfism.&try & In&stry, 1949, No. I., p. 12. (28) Colin, W , E., J . A m Chem, Soc.. 71, 2275 (2949), 123) Colin, W, E., Science, 109,377 (1948). (30) Cohn, W. E., Parker, 6. W., and Tompkins, E. I?., Nucleonics. 3. No. 6 . 22 (1948\. 131) Consden, R., and Go;den, A. €I[., Biochern. J.,43, X-Xi (1948, (32) Daniel, F. K., U. S. Patent 2,461,505 (1949). (33) Ibid..2,461,606. (34) Day, H. M., I b i d . , 2,477,32S (1949). ( Y j ! h i t z , %@tor.ed., Daucra Dyesanted at tech. session on bone char research, K&.-Bur.8tandai-ds (Jan, 27,1949). (36) DeNicola, Pietro, I2 Formaeo, 4, 1 (1349) 137) DeNicola, Pietro, and Rosti, Pietro, Boll. t t . sieroterap. miZak 27, 180 (1948). (38) DeNicola, Pietro, and Rosti, Pietro, Boll. SOC. dtal. biol. sper., 24, I(1948). (39) Den-t, C . E., Chemistry d; IndvaEry, 1949, No. I, 12. (40) Dirks, 13. M., and Miller, B. S.,Ccre0.Z Chem., 26,9R (1949). (41) Drug & Cosmetic Ind., 64, 599 (1949). (42) Dudley, J. R., U. S. Patent 2,467,523 (1949). (43) Duncnn, J~F., and Lister, B. A, J., Chemistry & Industrg, 1949, No. I , 12. (44) Duncan, J. F., and List,er, B. A. J., Quart. .Rem., 2, 307 (1948). (45) Faraday Society, conf. on ion exchange and chromalogragbr (September 1949). (46) E'itch, E. B., and Michener, J. W., Proc. Am. Soc. Sugar Reel Technol., 5, 690, (3948). (47) Fort, 6.A., Ibid., 5, 704 (1948). (48) Fuiiwara, M., and Shimizu, H., Anal. Chent., 21, I009 (1949).
e.,
I
january 1950
R I A L A N D E N G I N ~ E R I N G CHEMISTRY
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(106) Mandry, E., S w a r , 43, 50 (1948). (107) Mariani, Eugenio, Ann. chim. applicata, 39,283 (1949). (108) Mariani, E., I1 Calore, 1948,No. 7,p. 1.
(112) Martin, A.J. P., Chemistry & Industry, 1949,No.1, 12. (113) Mehlich, Soil Sci., 66, No.6,429 (1948). (114) Meier, R.L., and Elwell, W. E., U. S. Patent 2,469,295(1949) (115) Meijer, H.W.,Brit. Patent 620,581(1949).
., Chatterjee, B., and Ray, .4.,J. Colloid Ski
, E. IC.,and Mulryan.
J. W., Long, A. O.,and Willard, J. E., Ibid., 41, 1416
41,457(1949). 2,225,506(Dec. 17,1949). H.,and Alym, E. I?., IJ. S. Patent
HEM.,
.
sbsrg, I. G., J. Am.
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entarus, 64,269(1947). 2.physiol. C h m . , 253,139 (1948)
and Jones, F., Am. J.Clin. Path., 19, 10-15 (1949)
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., in “Ion Exchange,” New York, Academic Press.
, Svcnsk Kem. Tid., 61, 76 (1949).
n “Ion Exchange,” New York, Academic Press,
)I
E. E., Nucleonics, 4,2 (1949). er, J. W., J. A m . Chem. Soc., 70, 4259 don), 1949, 1190. (92) Ibid., p. 1201. (93) Ibid., p. 1208. (94) Ibid., p. 1211. (96) Krishnamoorthy, C.,Davie, L. E., and Overstreet, R., Science, 108,439 (1948)., (96) Kunin, R., Anal. Chem., 21,87(1949). (97) Kunin, R., and Myers, R. J., J . A m . Chem. SOC.,69, 2874 (1947). * (98) Lagerstrom, 0..Samuelson, O., and Scholander, A., Svensk Papperstidn., 52, 113 (1949)., (99) Ladchire, M.,7th Congr. Intern. Ind. Agr., Par (1948). (100) Lawrence, F. I. L., U. 9. Patent 2,470,500(1949). (101) Legault, R. R., Nirnmo, C. C., Rendel, C. E., and Notter, G. K., IND.ENQ.CHEM., 41,465(1949). (102) Lindqvist, Ingvar, Acta Chem. S c a d (103) Lindstead, R.P., Chemietry & Indust (104) Luoces, E.I+., U. 5. Patent 2,460,516 (105) MacArthur, I., Mongar, J. L., end 164, 110 (1949).
(156) Sevon, J. W., Ibid., 2,463,000(1949). (157) Shrikhande, J. G.,Indian Sugar, supp., 87-93 (1948). (158) Simonsson, L., Ing. Vetenskaps Akad. Handl., 1946,No. 18G. (159) Stoacie, E.W.R., and cambron, A.,Research, 2,225(1949). (160) Stefanini, Mario, Proc. SOC.Ezptl. Biol. Med., 67,22(1948). (181) Street, Kenbeth, Jr., and Seaborg, G. T., J . Ant. Chem. Soc., 70,4268 (1948). (162) Taylor, R. L,, Chem. Inds., 64,932 (1949). (163) Toichert, W.,and Rinrnan, K., Acta Chem. Scand., 2, 225 (1948). (164) Tendeloo, H,J. C., Mans, A. E., and DeHoogh, G., Rec. trap. chim. T68, 4,253 (1949). (166) Teztile Work, 99,236 (1949). (166) Thurston, J. T., U. S. Patent 2,468,471(1949). (167) Tolliday, J. D., Thompson, W. H., and Forman, G . , J. Soc Leather TracEes’ Chemists, 32, 291 (1948). R.,J.A m . Chem. Soc., 70,3520(1948). R.,J. Chem. Education, 26,32 (1949).
70
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Tompkins, E. R., Harris, D. H., and Khyni, J. X., J , Am. C'hem. Soc., 71, 2504 (1949). (172) Topp, N. E., and Pepper, K. W., Chemistry & Indzcatry, 1949, (171)
No. 1, 12. (173)
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(174)
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1949, 563. 407 (1949).
~J . J , , 7th congr. ~ ~ ~ ~t ~ A ~~ , ,paris, ,d, ~. 1948, ~, 94-G. (176) Vlamis, J., Soil Sci., 67, 453 (1949). (177) Vlanlis, J..and Jenny, H., S c i e m e , 107, 549 (1948).
(175)
van ~
VOl. 42, No.' 1
Voloklwyanski, V. M., Chem. Zentr., 1947, I, 566. Walker, J. G., Chemistry & Industru, 1948, No. 44,695. Wallerstein, L., U. S. Patent 2,476,785 (1949). Weiss, D. E., Nuture, 162, 372 (1948). wikla,ndei, L., and Gieseking, J. E., Soil Sci., 66, 377 (1948). Willoox, 0. W., Sugar, 43, No. 12,27 (1948). Wi!liam% T. 1.1A d .C h h . Acta, 2, 635 (1948). Winters, J. C., and Kunin, R., IND.EKQ.CHEM.,41, 460 (1949). Wdlie, l M. R.J., , and Patnode, H. W., 23rd National Colloid Symposium, abstracts, p . 9 (1949). (187) Zowader, H., Chem. E m g . Progress, 45, 279 (1949).
(178) (179) (180) (181) (182) (183) (184) (185) (186) ~
R S C ~ I V EOctober D 12, 1949.
I ORE competitive business conditions during thc? past year caused increased attention to be given to materials handling operations and equipment. This is natural, for materials handling methods Rave not always received adequate attention. We have emerged from a long period in which emph&s was on production. Now cost-saving methods are oft,en more important than production. PIIIat,erials handling studies genemliy reveal posibilities of subst(antia1savings. Two of the fundament,als of materials hamiling mentioned by Noski ( 2 4 ) are being more generally recognized: The cost of handling is an economic waste, and if handling cannot, be eliminated, t'he frequency and distance of all handling should be minimized, as well as the use of manual effort. One evidence of the increased attention being given to materials handling is the increased literature 011 the subject. Excellent papers on t,he economics and techniques of materials handling were presented at the Third National Materials Handling Exposition a t Philadelphia, and have been published (3). Lahey ~1 some of the major trends in ina handling. LIQUID A N D GAS HANDLING
PUMPS.Several new types of pumps were announced during the gear. One is a new sanitary food process pump (6),which is designed for easy dismantling for cleaning. It is designed to meet the rigid sariit,ary and mechanical requirements imposed in food evaporation processes. A new pneumatic pump (31) requires no lubrication, has no glands or bearings, and handles, without aeration, many liquids of varying character. This pump has been designed so that the pumping head mechanism never comes in contact with the fluid being handled. This type of pump might be the answer to pumping problems involving gritty or corrosive matter. The pump operates automatically by the following method: An air-operated ejector in t'he pump head creates a vacuum and draws the liquid into the pump case. Liquid rises in the pump case until a float shuts off t,he air to the ejector and causes the air to flow into the pump case causing the liquid t o be expelled. A relatively new pump, although not one developed in the past year, is an elbow propeller pump (38) which has been applied to the circulation of solutions from crystdlizers. I t is designed for handling large flows a t low head, and the arranpement of the pump in an elbow conserves space and reduces head loss. Taylor (36)reviews the trends in pump usage and the progress that has been made in pumps, and points out three basic pump problems: (1) getting and maintaining sufficient suchion, (2) reducing and preventing leakage, and (3)reducing cost),including
opcrating. The paper desciihes the progress being mrtde in solving these problems. A paper by Uahill (6)summarizes the advances during thr. past 10 years in pipe lint. primping equipment. This paper points out that the old time slow speed reciprocating pumps are now being replaced by advanced types of reciprocating pumps or high capacity centrifugal pumps. Stinson (34) discusses the comparative costs of m e c h a n i d vacuum pumps vcrsus steam jet ejectors. Allis Chalmeis ( I ) has issued a "Handbook for Careof Centrifugal Pumps." ComRmsoRs. The Carthage Hydrocol plant for manufactuiing gasoline from natural gas will require 24 compressors with a capacity of over 80,000 horsepower (18). The two main compressors are centrifugal units compressing 110,000 cubic feet per minute of air t o 100 pounds per square inch with a power requirement of 23,000 hp. A new semiportable high pressure compressor has bern clcsigned for laboratories, pilot plants, and wherever prwsures up to Eo00 pounds are required in relatively small volume. The unit is a four-stage compressor built entirely of steel or noncorrocii c materials (26). A new type of blower is being offered which is said to be rcmarkably efficierlt, ~ x t r e m e low l ~ in weight, and capable of oprrating at a Ion noiie 1~.vel(33). Significant litpriture on compressors has appeared during the year. Edmister and hIcGarry (13) give an accurate and rapid method of cal(w1:tting the temperature and enthalpy for isentropic compressors. Kaiawik (28) clarifies the exact meaning of polytropic efficiency. hlartinuzsi (2'3) describes the progres-i being made in both axial flow and centrifugal compressors for high capacity and high (Lfficiency. A paper by Swearingen (35) summarizes a repoit of the Elliot Company on the dekgn of srnalY centrifugal blonei?. A icport (7) in speaking of the use of compressors for high pressure states that the rnosi, marked chanpr has been the groiving UFC: of intensifiers. SOLIDS HANDLING P4LLETS A method has been developed (27) to permit the stacking of pallets containing materials of various shapes and consisteldries. Steel pipes are attached to wooden pallets to act as support columns. A means of alignment is provided by B nesting cone which fits over the end of one post to receive a cone attached to the pallet above. This method eliminates the possibility of uneven stacking, keeps the load in exact balance at all times, and transfers the load directly to the floor, so that the lower pallets are not called upon to bear the weight of the upper pallets.
