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J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 3676-3678
John T. Yates, Jr.: Recognition of His Scientific Accomplishments†,‡ John T. Yates, Jr. is recognized on the occasion of his 65th birthday for his imaginative contributions to the development of the field of surface science over the last 40 years, As part of this celebration, and with the encouragement of Professor ElSayed, Editor, this issue of the Journal of Physical Chemistry B, devoted to surface chemistry and physics, was planned. Biographical Summary John T. Yates, Jr. was born in Winchester, Virginia on August 3, 1935, the only child of John Thomas Yates and Kathryn Barnett Yates. He was educated in public schools in Winchester from 1941 to 1943, and then moved to Hagerstown, Maryland, where he completed his high school education to the eleventh grade. He entered Juniata College and completed his B.S. in chemistry in 1956. He obtained his Ph.D. in chemistry at MIT in 1960, working with Professor Carl W. Garland, and then entered college teaching at Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio. In 1963, he received an NRC Postdoctoral Associateship to work at the National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) in Washington, DC, and he remained there as a staff member until 1982. He joined the Department of Chemistry of the University of Pittsburgh in 1982 as the R. K. Mellon Professor of Chemistry and founded the Surface Science Center. In 1994 he was appointed a member of the Department of Physics and Astronomy. He is married to Kerin Narbut Yates and they have two sons, Geoffrey Wynne Yates and Nathan Andrew Yates. Honors and Awards John Yates’ broad range of accomplishments have been recognized by the following honors and awards: Department of Commerce Silver Medal (1974); Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar-Caltech (1977); Co-winner of S. W. Stratton Award at NBS recognizing unusually significant research accomplishments (1978); Department of Commerce Gold Medal (highest award in department) (1981); Kendall Award of the American Chemical Society in Colloid or Surface Chemistry (1986); First President’s Distinguished Research Award (Senior Scholar) University of Pittsburgh (1989); Morley Medal, Cleveland ACS (1990); Fellow of American Physical Society (1992); Alexander von Humboldt Research Award (1994); Fellow of American Vacuum Society(1994); Medard Welch AwardsAmerican Vacuum Society(1994); Pittsburgh-Cleveland Catalysis Society Award (1996); National Academy of Sciences (1996); Pittsburgh Award, Pittsburgh Section of the American Chemical Society (1998); Arthur W. Adamson Award of the American Chemical Society for Distinguished Service in the Advancement of Surface Chemistry (1999); Outstanding Alumnus, Juniata College (2000); Linnett Visiting Professorship, University of Cambridge, England (2000). He has presented many distinguished lecture series, has served on a number of professional society boards, has served as associate editor and on the editorial boards on a number of journals, and has acted as a scientific consultant for several American corporations and †
Part of the special issue “John T. Yates, Jr. Festschrift”. Numbers enclosed in brackets (“[ ]”) refer to the numbered references in the “Publications of John T. Yates, Jr. (1961-Present)”, see page xxxx. ‡
for the United States Government. He has also been active in the organization of a number of scientific meetings, including being chairman of three Gordon Conferences. Summary of Research Contributions John T. Yates, Jr. is an experimental physical chemist who has specialized throughout his career in the exploration of surface phenomena. His work has contributed in several ways to the field through the development of novel experimental techniques for observing and measuring surface phenomena, through the development of new understanding which influences how we think about chemistry on surfaces, and through the communication of these ideas at meetings and in the classroom. Contributions selected from his work are briefly described below. Novel Experimental Techniques • Early Infrared Spectroscopy InWestigations: Some of the earliest work on the use of infrared spectroscopy for the study of adsorbed species [2] was carried out in his thesis. It was evident at that time that this type of study of adsorbed species on high area solid surfaces was limited by the fact that the adsorbates were bound on different types of exposed adsorption sites and this limitation led to the development of infrared and other vibrational spectroscopic measurement methods for single crystal surfaces. Infrared spectroscopy was later extended by John Yates and colleagues to the study of initially atomically clean surfaces containing adsorbed molecules using reflection IR methods [34, 36]. • Early Desorption Kinetic Studies: The thermal desorption of hydrogen from tungsten single crystals was investigated [21], and represents one of the first such studies. The TPD (temperature programmed desorption) method is now a standard method, widely used. • Early X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies: The use of the XPS technique for the investigation of adsorbed species was first applied to the adsorption of CO on a tungsten surface [40, 42]. Subsequently, XPS has become a very widely used and far-reaching surface measurement method. • DiscoWery of Sharp Angular Distribution of Ions Produced by Electron Stimulated Desorption from a Single-Crystal Surface: This effect, known as ESDIAD, was first discovered in 1974 [44], and is now a research technique used in a number of other laboratories. • The First Combination of Solid State 13C NMR and IR Spectroscopy for the Study of an Adsorbed Species: This work showed correlations between species detected by the two techniques [79; 89]. • Use of Metastable Quenching Spectroscopy for the Study of Adsorbates: The first paper by John Yates and his colleagues led to an early understanding of the MQS method for probing adsorbed layers [117]. • DeWelopment of an Enhanced ESDIAD Method inWolWing Digital Pattern Imaging: This work [167] has led to the subsequent development of a highly quantitative extension of ESDIAD.
10.1021/jp0106653 CCC: $20.00 © 2001 American Chemical Society Published on Web 04/03/2001
J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 105, No. 18, 2001 3677 • DeWelopment of a Wide Temperature Range IR Cell for Transmission IR Studies on High Area Solids: This cell [246] is widely used worldwide for studies of adsorbents and catalysts. • The Use of IR Spectroscopy for Studies of Adsorbate Diffusion in Porous Materials: This method [278] permits one to spectroscopically witness the internal migration of adsorbates from a condensed ice layer deposited on the outer surface of a porous solid. • Extension of ESDIAD to the Study of Adsorbates on Atomic Step Defect Sites: This was first reported from the Yates’ laboratory [281], showing that adsorbed species often seek out defect sites for chemisorption in their diffusion as mobile precursors over a surface. • Early Photochemical Studies on Single-Crystal Surfaces: The first paper [265] from the Yates’ laboratory was published in 1989. Since then, photochemistry of surface species has become a significant research area in the field of surface science. • Nanomanipulation of Atoms by Laser-Irradiated STM Tip: First demonstration that single atoms may be manipulated by a laser-pulsed STM tip, involving very fast heating of the tip [477]. • First Measurement of Anisotropic Vibrational BehaWior of an Adsorbate: Here the TOF-ESDIAD method was first employed to measure the frustrated vibrational motion of a molecule on its adsorption site as a function of azimuth [497]. These measurements were later confirmed by helium atom scattering [515]. • Measurement of the Statistical Distribution of Atoms Produced by Molecular Dissociation by Chemisorption on a Single-Crystal Surface using the STM: An early example of the use of the STM to observe molecular fragmentation and adsorption site selection by the fragments [520]. • First Use of a Single-Crystal Surface as a Template to AchieWe Surface Aligned Photochemistry: Here O2 molecules were aligned parallel to atomic step edge sites and then photodissociated causing a preferential reaction with CO molecules also adsorbed on neighboring step sites [528]. • Separation of Two Mechanisms for Molecular Dissociation under an STM Tip: Here the effect of electron attachment processes was separated from the effect of high electric fields in producing nanostructures on a surface [537; 560]. • First Use of Ozone to Oxidize Carbon Single Walled Nanotubes: Ozone was employed to titrate defect sites on the nanotube walls and to etch away the carbon atoms at these sites [551]. • First Use of Infrared Spectroscopy to ObserWe the Oxidized Functional Groups on Single Walled Nanotubes: Transmission IR spectroscopy was employed [554], and the opening of the entry ports by decomposition of the groups was observed, enhancing the adsorption capacity [556]. • First Use of Temperature Programmed Desorption to Study Adsorbed Molecules in Nanotubes: Both the internal coverage and the activation energy for desorption was measured for Xe contained in nanotubes [556]. Contributions to the Understanding of Surface Phenomena • First Direct Determination of Chemical Bond Orientations in Chemisorbed Species Using the ESDIAD Method: This study [44] has been the basis for many such measurements which followed. • ObserWation of a Two Component Phase Separation in the Chemisorbed Layer: The concept of adsorbate immiscibility between unlike adsorbate molecules was demonstrated in [91; 95].
• Early ObserWation of Tilting of Adsorbed Molecules as CoWerage Increases: [162; 163]. These effects are now seen in many systems and are often due primarily to orbital overlap between neighbor molecules. • First Detection of the Ethylidyne Species on a High Area Metal Catalyst Surface: Infrared spectroscopy was used and the ethylidyne, produced from ethylene, was shown to be a spectator species in ethylene hydrogenation [154; 164]. • Direct ObserWation of Mixed Long Range and ShortRange Adsorbate-Adsorbate Interactions: K and CO were studied by IR spectroscopy [187]. • Demonstration of Interaction of Si Dangling Bonds with the CdC Bond in Olefins: A di-σ bonding structure was observed [183; 289]. • First Direct ObserWation of Thermally-Induced Molecular Rotation of a Chemisorbed Molecule Using ESDIAD: The chemisorbed PF3 molecule on Ni(111) was observed to begin to rotate about the C3V axis when heated, and the barrier for rotation was measured [221]. • Infrared Spectroscopic ObserWation of Rotation of a Chemisorbed Methoxy Species on High Area Al2O3: [288]. • First ObserWation of the InWolWement of Surface -OH Groups in the Oxidation of Metals Adsorbed on High Area Oxides: This observation led to the subsequent use of Rh(I)(CO)2 species in many surface photochemical applications [228]. • DiscoWery of an Unexpected Desorption Kinetic Process for H2 from Si(100): First-order kinetics were discovered, leading to a large number of papers confirming these kinetics and proposing various mechanisms [257]. • ObserWation of an Electron Stimulated Desorption Resonance for ESD from O/Pd(111): This observation was the first to support a variation of the Antoniewicz mechanism involving a negative ion shape resonance [267]. • First ObserWation of Radical Desorption Due to Molecular Dissociation on a Surface: The :CCl2 radical species was observed from CCl4 decomposition on Fe(110) [270]. • Direct ObserWation of One-dimensional AdsorbateAdsorbate Repulsions for Molecules Adsorbed on Atomic Step Sites: This effect caused adsorbate tilting as the coverage was increased [292]. • ObserWation of the Role of Heating CH4 (g) on its Surface Decomposition: [333]. • ObserWation of Eley-Rideal Surface Kinetics: Atomic H was shown to remove Cl atoms from Si(100) at low temperatures and with nearly zero activation energy [351]. • Promotion of CO Dissociation on Cu by Added Al Promoter Atoms: [384]. • Detection of Electron-Impact Induced Surface Migration of an Adsorbate: This study demonstrated that electron stimulated surface migration can occur [394]. • Detection of CO Chemisorption on Single Pt Atoms: A mass separation technique permitted deposition of single Pt atoms on an inert SiO2 surface, and the observation of characteristic CO thermal desorption was made [450]. • Detection of C-H Bond ActiWation on PhotochemicallyGenerated Rh(I)(CO) Sites: This observation was the first example of the production of active nascent surface sites by photochemistry and is analogous to photochemical processes observed in homogeneous phase [376; 458]. • DeWelopment of Radiation-Induced Fluorination Method for Diamond Surfaces: [462; 485]. • Use of N2 as a Specific Probe for Defect Sites on Pt Surfaces: [476; 543].
3678 J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 105, No. 18, 2001 • First ObserWation of The Anisotropy in the Frustrated Translational Vibration of an Adsorbed Molecule: [497; 515]. • Direct ObserWation of a Trapped Molecular Precursor to Chemisorption at 32 K: The NH3 molecule was trapped in a lying down-configuration on Cu(110) and was observed to convert to a standing-up species upon thermal activation to produce the chemisorbed species [498]. • ObserWation of A NoWel Aluminum Oxide Film produced by Electronic Excitation: Water was efficiently converted to Al2O3 at low temperatures by electron attachment [510]. • ObserWation of Enhanced Electrochemical Corrosion PassiWation by Al2O3 Films Produced by Electron Attachment to Water Molecules: [516].
• Photochemical ObserWation of the Photon Threshold Energy for Rh-CO Bond Dissociation Leading to ActiWe Site Production: The measured threshold energy for Rh(I)(CO)2/ Al2O3 species correlated with the lowest energy absorption band observed by transmission UV spectroscopy. [524; 533]. • Kinetic EWidence for DissociatiWe Adsorption of O2 on Al(111) by a Mobile Precursor Mechanism: [545]. • ObserWation of Electron-Stimulated ConWersion of Chemisorbed O to Al2O3 on Al(111): [546]. • DiscoWery of Adsorbate Blocking by Oxidized Functional Groups Limiting Adsorption Inside of Single Walled Nanotubes: [556].
