July.
191 j
1 H E J O 1 7 R S d L O F I S D 1 7 S 1 ' K I . l L A-VD E S G I S E E R I S G C H E M I S T R E '
T h e oil from the kernels has a 1-iscosity slightly less t h a n t h a t of either refined cottonseed oil or linseed oil. I t absorbs its maximum amount of oxygen in TABLE1 --.4N.4LYSIS OF T H E OSAGE ORASGE I PERCENTIGES) H?O in ripe fruit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.00 G u m s and resins in d r y pulp (acetone extr.). . . . . . . . . . 29.30 2.81 Nitrogen in d r y p u l p . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protein in d r y pulp ( S X 6.25).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 . 5 6 3.42 N in pulp a f t e r acetone extraction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protein in pulp alter acetone extraction ( N X 6 . 2 5 1 . . . . . . 2 1 . 3 4 42.04 Oil in seed (ether e a t r . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N in oil-free m e a l , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. 80 Protein in oil-free meal (N X 6.2.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 . 5 0 MINERAL CONSTITUENTS
.
,
MgO.. . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ .0. .. . .. . . . . . . . . NarO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P?Oj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4sh ( c r u d e ) . . . . .
Dry pulp 0.16
n zn
3.82 0.13 n , I . -6I ; 6.60
D r y pulp a f t e r ex- Oil-free tracting x i t h acetone meal 0,211 0.24 n 2s 0 .i3 5.40 1.32 0 . 18 0 . 19 n 0.60 4.60 9.33
from fifteen t o t w e n t y hours. a t 100' C . and tllickens t o a resin-like mass. D a t a obtained liy analysis are given in Table I 1 with those of oils hax-ing similar specific gravity. iodine numbers and saponification values a s given in Allen's "Commercial Organic Analysis." TABLH II--ASAI.YF.ES
OF O S A G E O R h K G E S E E D 011, .¶ND SIMILAR OILS
Specific gravity Osage orange seed oil . . . . . 0 . 9 2 9 Linseed o i l . , , , , , . . 0.931-0.941 Sunflower seed. . . . . . . . . 0.924-0.926 Cottonseed oil . , . , . . , 0,922-0.925 P e a n u t oil . . . . . . . . 0,917-0.921
Iodine number 1114-136
175-201 123-136 108-1 10 85-103
Saponi-. Saponifification cation value equivalent 192 .... 190-201 188-193 . . . 191-196 190-197 2$1 :97
F r o m t h e analyses in Tables I and I1 it m a y lie seen t h a t t h e pulp and seed of t h e Osage orange contain valuable feed. fertilizer, oil. a n d resin constituents. T h e dried pulp of this fruit contains 29.30 per cent resins and gums a n d in addition, more nitrogen a n d more t h a n tTvice a s much potash as wheat bran. From t h e seed a neiv oil is obtained which has not been previously described. This oil has a light lemon color, a viscosity l2elom t h a t of refined cottonseed a n d linseed oils. a very pleasant odor a n d a n insipid. oily taste. I t s physical properties, such as specific gravity. iodine number. saponification \ - d u e a n d oxygen absorption r a t e . e t c . . show t h a t it is n semi-drying oil belonging t o t h e linseed oil class. T h e yield of this oil is equal t o t h a t of linseed and p e a n u t . and 1 . 7 times t h a t of cottonseed. T h e analysis of the oil-free cake shows t h a t it contains 10.80 per cent of nitrogen, which is equivalent t o 6 7 . j o per cent of protein. This is 1.S a n d I.; times more nitrogen t h a n is contained in linseed and cottonseed meal. respecti\-ely. N e a t scrap contains about I per cent more nitrogen t h a n t h e oil-free cakc of Osage orange seed. I t is also well k n o v a t h a t the wood of t h e Osage orange possesses escellent properties of elasticity. durability a n d fineness of grain. These valuable properties. in connection with t h a t of the fruit. should make this tree a possible economic factor in t h e reforestation of abandoned f a r m lands. I t is also quite likely t h a t t h e foliage of this tree would possess an additional fertilizing value with respect t o nitrogen and potassium ol-er many of our comnion forest trees. This tree. under faT-orable conditions. produces a t r u n k t w o feet in diameter. and grows t o a height of s i x t y ' f e e t : during its period of growth t h e female
6 I .z
tree produces many tons of fruit. Therefore. it is quite probable t h a t n-ith due care and intelligence this tree could be made t h e source of a profitable industry through t h e utilization of its timber ant1 the different products of its fruit. EXPERIMENT STATION LEXINGTON
KENT~CK .\l:KICVI.TUKAL Y
ETHER-SOLUBLE MATTER I N THE NITROGEN-FREE EXTRACT OF FEED-STUFFS By J . B. RATHER' Received October 2 7 , 1914
I t has long been knoxvn t h a t t h e extraction of tlriecl samples of plant a n d animal products with ether for 16 hours, as in t h e determination of f a t . does not coinpl et c- 1y remove ether - sol u ble m a t e r i a1 . 'r h e c st r act i on has. however. heen considered complete enough for practical purposes. Any ether-soluble matter in e s cess of t h a t obtained from the usual ether extract. after deducting a n y possible nitrogenous matter and ash. would fall within t h e group known t o agricultural chemists as "Yitrogen-free extract." Rrowne? states t h a t upon pepsin digestion of steer feces and water digestion of molasses feeds, etc., considerable material is rendered soluble in ether, in escess of t h e ordinary ether extract. F r a p s a n d Rathers show t h a t chloroform extracts from hays and fodders. previously extracted with ether. more or less material which is soluble in ether. Gcnerally this is considerably less t h a n t h e previous ether extract of t h e same samples. E X P E R I M E S T A I.
T w e 1ve samples of concentrate (1 fee ti i n g - st u li's antl twelve samples of hays and sheep esrrements from t h e m were studied. .\1\IOCST
OF E T H E R - S O L U B L E M A T T E R I N T H E S I T R 0 G F : S -
F R E E E X T R4 CT
T h e determinations listed below were macle and the results recorded in Table I. I . E T H E R EXTRACT--The material soluble in ethcr. t h e "crude fat." was determined by t h e official method' of t h e .A. 0. X. C . 2 . ETHER-SOLUBLE MATTER IS AI.COHOLIC SODA EXTRACT--This is t h e s u m of t h e unsaponifiable matter. f a t t y acids. and saponified residue. of the alcoholic soda extract of these samples (1eterminc.d by the alcoholic soda method." 3.
E T H E R - S O L T B L E I!;\TTER
S O T D I R E C T L Y I.:XTX.ICTEI)
ETHER--This is t h e reniainder ohtained by SUI,tracting t h e results by ( I ) from ( 2 ) . 4 . E T H E R - S O L U B L Y S I T K U G E S X 6.2,5-- The samples n-ere extracted mith ether and t h e ether-soluble mat1c.r obtained in t h e residue. by the alcoholic soda method. Sitrogen n-as determined in this Ijy the Kjel(Iali1 method. 'The factor 6 . 2 j was used llecause t h a t is t h e factor with the aid of ~hic.11t h e ordinary nitrogenfree extract is obtaingcl. nncl not hecause a n y of thc BY
1
I-nder t h e general direction of C,. S. Fraps. chemiit.
b y the author from Texas Experiment Station, R i d / . 169. 2 Proc. 20th Conv. A . 0 . A . C . 3 4 j
Texas Experiment Station, Bicll 162. (C-. S D . A , . Bureau Chemistry, H d l . 107, revised.) 7 ( 1 9 1 5 ) , ?IS.
THISJOI.RSAL,
.Ahhtr:icterl
414
T H E J O r R - Z ' A L O F I N D C S T R I A L d S D E,VGI-VEERI,VG C H E M I S T R Y
nitrogen was t h o u g h t t o be present in t h e form of proteifi. percentage Of nij. SITROGEN-FREE EXTRACT-The trogen-free e x t r a c t was obtained i n t h e usual m a n n e r by s u b t r a c t i n g t h e s u m of t h e percentages of protein, e t h e r e x t r a c t , crude fiber, water a n d ash from I O O per cent. T h e analyses were furnished through t h e courtesy of D r . G. S. F r a p s . 6. E T H E R - S O L U B L E M A T T E R IS T H E SITROGEN-FREE EXTRACT-This represents t h e dift'erence between t h e results b y ( 3 ) a n d (4) above, calculated i n percentage of nitrogen-free e x t r a c t . TABLEI-PERCENTAGE ETHER-SOLUBLE MATTER IN
~
FEED-STUFFSB Y
VARIOUSMETHODS
ETHERSOLUBLE
1 \\'heat s h o r t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 7 9 2 Corn chops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . 3 1 i Cottonseed-meal.. . . . . . . . . . . 1: . 2 3 4 Ricebran.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . 7 5 Milo maize chops . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.22 Cold-pressed cottonseed.. . . . . . t . 2 6 , Kafir chops. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . 3 . 2 0 8 Corn b r a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . 5 9 9 Red rice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 6 4 10 Wheat b r a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . 1 0 1 I Wheat b r a n , , , , , , , , , , , , 2.65 12 Rice polish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 . 3 8 13 Tobasa grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 9 2 1 4 Excrement from 13 . . . . . . . . 1 . 0 6 15 Prairie h a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 3 0 16 Sudan g r a s s , , . . , , , , , , . , , , , , , I . 4 6 17 Excrement from 1 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 7 83 18 hxcrement from 1 6 . , . . . . . . . . . i :90 19 Sudan s t r a w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 4 4 20 Sorghum h a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 8 3 21 Excrement from 1 9 . . . . . . . . . . . I . i l 22 M o t h bean h a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 5 5 23 Excrement from 2 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 7 8 24 Excrement from 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 0 3 Average for concentrates.. . . . . 6 . 0 1 .Average for hays and excrements. 1.82
6
The ,ether-soluble matter
5.38 4.79 15.15 9.66 3 32 7.81 3.68 9.06 2.36 5.6i
3.38 11.49 2.62 3 50 3.89 3.23 6.25 5.73 3.69 3.32 5.37 3.98 2.82 ,.01 6 81 4.53
F F R E EExTRACT
1 .SY
..
57.65
0 72
..
6i.30 5 1 .0i 64.22 57.76 46.18 43.04 47,82 48.15 43.28 47.40 4 7 . 12 46.25 43 81 34.85 43.50 29.14 58. IT 42.96
. 68.01 . . 52.00 . . 49.70 0 . 10 . . 6 8 . i o 0.55 . . 31.70 0.48 . . 68.74 0 . 4 7 . . 61 23 0.48 0.00 1.91
1. S i
0.73
.. , ,
1.11 l . i 0 0 : 19
2.14 1.5Y I , 17 3.42 3.83 2.25 1. S O 3.66 2.43
0.22 0.24 0.16 0.24 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.28 4.04 0 . i 4 3.98 0 3 i 0 80 . . 2 . i 1 0.24
in the
2.76 0 . 71 0.00 3.84 0 .is 1, i 4
0.7:
0.7, 1.07 3.0i 1.14 1.92 3.27 4.46 2.82 3.34 7.35 i 64 4.77 2.72 !.XI 6 . 17 8.i 4 12.39 1.49 5 97
alcoholic soda
e x t r a c t i n excess of t h a t i n t h e ether e x t r a c t , varies in t h e concentrates f r o m zero in cottonseed-meal t o 1.91 per cent i n rice b r a n , a n d averages 0.80 per c e n t . I n t h e h a y s a n d excrements from t h e m , it varies from I.;O per cent i n sorghum hay t o 4.04 per cent in excrement f r o m sorghum h a y , and averages ' . f l p e r 'cent, a b o u t 1 5 0 per cent Of t h e for the ether extracts of t h e same samples (see T a b l e I , column I ) . I n calculating t h e ether-soluble m a t t e r of t h e nitrogen-free e x t r a c t , we have assumed t h a t t h e ethersoluble m a t t e r of t h e concentrates i n column 3 in t h e table contained n o nitrogen. T h e material m a y not be completely nitrogen-free, b u t if it h a d as much nitrogen, relatively, a s t h e extracts of t h e hays! ~ h i c h derii-e their nitrcgen i n p a r t a t least from chlorophyll, the average nitrogen content would be only 0.0; per cent calculated as protein. T h e ether-soluble m a t t e r i n t h e nitrogen-free extract of t h e concentrates varies f r o m in cottonseedmeal to 3,84 per cent in rice bran a n d I.19 per cent, ~h~ ether.soluble matter in t h e nitrogen. free extract of hays a n d excrements f r o m them i-aries from 2 7 . 2 per cent in sorghum h a y t o 12.39 per cent in excrements from moth bean h a y , a n d averages j . 9 7 per cent. - T H E N A T U R E O F T H E ETHER-SOLUBLE M A T T E R I S T H E SIT R 0 G E S - F R E E E X T R.4 C T
By
subtracting the
percentages
of t h e
various
Vol. 7, KO. 7
constituents of t h e e t h e r extract from those of t h e ether-soluble portion of t h e alcoholic soda extract (results a r e given i n a preceding article) a n d calculating t h e remainder in percentage of nitrogen-free e x t r a c t , t h e general n a t u r e of t h e ether-soluble portion of t h e nitrogen-free extracts of these samples m a y be determined. This h a s been done a n d t h e averaged results are shown i n Table 11: T A B L E11-PERCENTAGECOMPOSITIOX OF ETHER-SOLUBLE CONSTITUENTS OF THE I\-ITROGEN-FREE EXTRACT HAYS A N D CONCENTRATES EXCREMENTS DETERMINATION Max. Min. Av. Max. Min. Av Vnsaponifiable.. . . . . . . . . . 22 0 2 I5 0 3 Total f a t t y acids . . . . . . . . . 100 71 98 44 17 30 Saponifiedresidue. . . . . . . . 49 0 0 80 40 67
While t h e minimum figure is given in Table I1 as zero, i n fact some of t h e results were negative. T h e averages shown were obtained from t h e algebraic sums of these differences. I n t h e concentrates t h e ether-soluble m a t t e r i n t h e nitrogen-free extract consists o n a n average almost entirely of f a t t y acids. T h e variations a r e considerable in case of t h e saponified residue a n d t h e unsaponified matter. I n the hays> and excrements from them, the principal constituents of t h e ether-soluble m a t t e r i n t h e nitrogen-free extract consist of saponified residue (ineluding chlorophyll products) with some f a t t y acids and a little unsaponifiable matter, probably wax
'
O F T H E ETHER-SOLUBLE NITROGEX-FREE E X T R A C T Digestion experiments on t h e six h a y s studied above were m a d e with sheep.' The results are shown in Trqble 111: THE
CTILIZATIOS
VALUES
MATTER OF
ABLE LE 111-PERCEXTAGEUTILIZATIOK VALUESO F SOME E T H E R - S O L U B L E COXSTITUEKTS OF THE SITROGEN-FREE EXTRACT Maximum Fatty acids.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.7 Saponified residue . . . . . . 37.8 Ether e x t r a c t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9 . 5
Minimum 0.0 12.6 19.3
Average 11.2 21.7 35.5
I n t h e h a y s examined t h e f a t t y acids h a d a utilization l-alue of zero in f o u r cases! 2nd averaged only 1 1 . 2 per cent available. T h e saponified residue was utilized to a greater extent, with an average of 2 1 . 7 per cent, ~h~~~ figures are considerably lower t h a n t h e average f o r t h e utilization of the ether extract crude fat") t h e Same hays ( 3 j , j per cent), T h e f a t t y acids i n the nitrogen-free extract of t h e h a y s examined were only slightly available t o sheep, a n d t h e saponified residue was utilized about 60 per cent well as t h e ether extract of these hays, .
S U NMARY
T h e nitrogen-free extract of twelve concentrated feeding-stuffs contained f r o m 0 t o 3.84 per cent of ether-soluble material. a n d averaged 1.49 per cent. T h e nitrogen-free extract of six hays a n d six excrements f r o m t h e m contained f r o m 2 . 7 2 per cent t o 1 2 . 3 9 per cent of ether-soluble material: a n d averaged 5 . 9 7 per cent. In t h e concentrates examined, t h i s ether-soluble material consisted on a n average of 2 per cent u n 1 F o r the method of conducting the experiments see Texas Experiment Station, B,,LL.147.
- 1SD E iVGI S E E R I S G CH E ..VIS T R Y saponified a n d 98 per cent f a t t y acids. I n t h e h a y a n d e s c r e m e n t s f r o m t h e m i t consisted o n a n average of 3 per cent unsaponified, 30 per c e n t f a t t y acids. a n d 6 ; per cent saponified residue. T h e f a t t y acids i n t h e nitrogen-free e x t r a c t of sis h a y s were utilized b y sheep, I I , 2 per cent on a n average, a n d t h e non-fat organic acids 2 1 . ; per cent. Of t h e s a m e h a y s 3 j . j per cent of t h e e t h e r extract ("crude fat") were utilized. TEXAS EXPERIMENT SSaTIOh COLLEGES T A T I O S , TEXAS
COMPOSITION OF CERTAIN FISH FERTILIZERS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST AND THE FERTILIZER VALUE OF DEGREASED FISH SCRAP By
JOHK
R. L I N D E M C T H ~
Received Februari, 4, 1915
'The availability of t h e fish waste of t h e Pacific Coast a s a fertilizer is one of t h e investigations now being carried on b y t h i s B u r e a u i n i t s search for possible sources of fertilizer material under t h e direction of D r . F. IC. Cameron. I n t h i s connection D r . J . TT'. T u r r e n t i n e ? during t h e s u m m e r of 1913) visited t h e fishing a n d fish-canning industries along t h e coast of California, Oregon, T a s h i n g t o n . a n d -1Iaska. T h e results of his investigations appeared a s a bulletin of t h i s D e p a r t m e n t . I n conjunction with this n-ork a n u m b e r of samples of fish scrap prepared f r o m \-arious fish were collected a n d sent t o t h i s l a b o r a t o r y for analysis. 'The list comprises samples of t h e raw cuttings f r o m Humpl2ack salmon. t h e prepared scrap from H u m p b a c k , Chinook salmon, Sardine, T u n a , TThale, a n d Dogfish. T h e H u m p b a c k cuttings f r o m Alaska were m a d e u p of t h e raw heads, fins, tails a n d roe. T h e y were shipped in a sealed tin box which was broken open in t r a n s i t . Formaldehyde h a d been a d d e d t o prevent decomposition b u t some pieces of t h e scrap were badly decomposed, while others were in a fairly good s t a t e of preserx-ation. T h e altered pieces were separated as far a s possible a n d discarded. 'r.4BLE
inch. Samples of 2 grams each were t h e n dried for a b o u t j hours or more, according t o t h e kind of fish? i n a v a c u u m oven a t a t e m p e r a t u r e ranging between - - o a n d 8 j '. Some t y p e s of fish require longer d r y ing t h a n others t o r e m o r e all t h e moisture a n d secure a c o n s t a n t weight. T h e loss in weight was recorded a s moisture. I n t h e case of t h e sample of r a w H u m p back cuttings. moisture was determined before grinding b y drying t o a c o n s t a n t weight i n a water-oven. I n t h i s operation it is probable t h a t some of t h e lower Volatile oils were lost. I n f a c t , t h e point where all t h e moisture is remo\-ed without a n y loss of oil h a s been very h a r d t o establish, a n d f u r t h e r work on t h i s s u b j e c t , together with a s t u d y of extraction agents, is expected to be done i n t h e near f u t u r e b y t h e a u t h o r . Oil was determined b y extracting with e t h e r a 2 g r a m sample which h a d been previously dried t o constant weight. Nitrogen was determined according t o t h c official m e t h o d by l l r . T. C. Trescott: of t h e Bureau of Chemistry. Phosphoric acid was determined b y t h e official gravimetric m e t h o d . T h e results a p p e a r i n Tables I a n d 11. On t h e basis of t h e analysis reported i n Table I t h e value of t h e r a w cannery waste is derived below. T h e percentage of nitrogen, 3 . oz! is equivalent t o 3 . 6 7 per cent a m m o n i a , S H a . This, in t h e retail m a r k e t . m a y be expected t o bring $3. 2 0 per u n i t ; bone phosphate is valued a t I O cents per u n i t , a n d oil a t 30 cents per gallon. T h e n :
,
3.67 per cent NHBa t $3.20 per u n i t . . . , . . . $11.74 0.35 3.46 per cent hone phosphate a t 10 c. per u n i t . . . . . . . 8.12 27.05 gallons oil a t 30 c . per g a l l o n . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . .
TOTAL VALUEPER
R 4 w
T O N .. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 0 . 2 1
B y present methods in vogue: t h e manufacturers of fertilizer a n d oil from t h i s material expect t o recoTTer a b o u t S I j.0 0 in values. Present methods. t h e n , can be considered as only i j per cent efficient. I n f u r t h e r s u b s t a n t i a t i o n of t h i s conclusion are t h e results published b y T h o m a s 1 quoted below: "The averages of all esperiments show the following facts : Each ton of salmon offal treated produced BOO lhs. of mixed
I--AN.%LYsE!s O F S A M P L E S O F SHE RAW ?*IATERIAL P R O D U C E D -45 \%'ASS€ IX S H E ,\fECH.4KICAL DRESSING O F "HUMPB.%CK" SALMOS >laterial T a k e n from t h e Floor of t h e Cannery of t h e Pure Food Fish Co , Ketchikan, Alaska, July, 1913 '
P E R C E K S C A L C U L A S E D S O BASIS O F W E T S C R A P r
L
Moisture R o e (1, male a n d 1 2 female). . 6 8 . 7 Heads... . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . , , , 63.2 Fins and tails.. . . . , , , . . . . . , , 63.26
AVERAGE. .
.. , . . , . . . .
_64.6
-
PER
Nitrogen Phosphoric acid Bone phosphate NT P2Oi Cal(POa)? Oil 3.68 1.08 2..35 3.18 7.65 1 54 3.36 13.70 3.1I 2.20 4.80 11.16 ~
3.02
8.24 35.51 28,94
__
__
__
1 59
3.46
10.43
2 i .0.5
Scientist i n Fertilizer Investigations, Bureau of Soils, U. S. D e p t of Agriculture. 2 Bull. 2, Bureau of Soils, U. S. D e p t . h g r . 'I THISJ O U R K A L . 5 (1913). 388.
C E N T ~ A L C U L 4 T E DT O > I O I S T C K E - F R E E
IjASIS
G.AJ.LONSOIL ?Gtrogen Phosphoric acid Bone phosphate PER T o s N P?Ck Cai(P04)2 Oil
__
T h e samples of d r y scrap were collected from t h e respective manufactories a n d were shipped i n canvas sample sacks. LIethods of preparation of fish scrap a r e described in Bulletin 2 of this D e p a r t m e n t . ? IIETHODS O F +.saLysIs-The methods of analysis in t h e main were t h e s a m e a s described b y t h e a u t h o r i n a joint article with E. G . P a r k e r . of t h e Bureau staff, on t h e s u b j e c t , "Some d n a l y s e s of Fish Scrap."3 Before analysis t h e samples were ground t o a powder t h a t would pass a sieve of 16 apertures per linear
'
61 5
1i.76 I .20 8.46 ~
3.44 4.18 5.98 ~
8.65
4.44
7.50 9.13 13.06
10.16 3i.22 30.37
9.70
28.74
-_
oil and fertilizer. Of this amount zoo Ibs. was salmon oil and 600 Ibs. oil-free fertilizer. The average analysis of the fertilizer thus produced was: A m m o n i a . . . . . . 14.3 per cent
Bone p h o s p h a t e . , . 13.0 per cent
"Estimating the zoo lbs. of oil as being 2.5 gal., at a price of $ 0 . 3 2 , which seems a fair average, we have then for each ton of offal treated an oil value of $ 8 , and, estimating the value of a unit of ammonia at $ 3 . 2 0 and bone phosphate a t I O cents per unit, we have a fertilizer value a t : 14.3 per cent a m m o n i a at $3.20.. , , . , . . , . . . . . . . . . $45.76 TOTAL 13 per cent hone phosphate a t SO.10.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.30 J $47.06 per ton
"Then at 600 lbs. of fertilizer of this quality to the short ton of offal treated, me have $47.06 X 0 . 3 = $14.12, the fertilizer 1
?nQ7f,
A. M. T h o m a s , " W a s t e in Salmon Canning Industry," I'uri-fii Fisher[21
ia
(19141, 26.
