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T H E J O U R N A L OF I , V D U S T R I A L
the average amount of fruit obtained, we find t h a t the potash taken from each acre of soil by this type of citrus fruit averages 137 pounds. Referring back to the amount of potash annually offered t o each acre of soil b y the irrigation water we find t h a t i t is equal to 3 8 . 7 0 per cent of the amount that is taken from the soil b y the fruit. Later papers will give results obtained with respect to other plant foods in the irrigation water. The potash fertilization is not necessary where such an amount as stated above is offered b y the irrigation water and where the soils are naturally rich in potash and where cultural experiments have shown negative results from potash fertilization where irrigation is practiced, we conclude t h a t if the amount of potash in the water is as high as we have found there is no need of adding potash. DEPARTMENT O F CHEMISTRY, POMONA COLLEGE
CLAREMONT,CAL.
THE EFFECT OF IGNITION ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SOIL PHOSPHATES B y G . S. FRAYS
Received January 20, 1913
Under the above title, Chas. B. Lipman presents, in THISJOURNAL,‘ analyses of five soils, in which less phosphoric acid is dissolved by nitric acid after ignition than before ignition. The soils were digested with concentrated nitric acid for two days on the steam bath. He states: “We obtain, therefore, the very reverse effect of ignition on the soil phosphates as existing in the soil, from t h a t obtained Qy Fraps on mineral phosphates as existing in minerals. I n brief, ignition of the soil appears t o decrease appreciably and definitely the solubility of its phosphates, whether they be largely inorganic or organic.” Contrary t o the apparent opinion of the above author, i t is not a theory but a well-established fact,’ that ignition increases the solubility of the phosphoric acid of the soil in certain solvents, especially in cold concentrated hydrochloric acid. Bulletin 135 of the Texas Experiment Station contains determinations of the effect of ignition on the solubility of the phos-
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TEXASEXPERIMENT STATION COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS
LABORATORY AND PLANT
APPARATUS FOR THE PRECIPITATION OF BARIUM SULFATE UNDER UNVARYING CONDITIONS By H. G. SMITH Received March 17, 1913
On account of the difficulty experienced in trying to obtain uniform conditions for the precipitation of barium sulfate in a limited time I have devised a simple method t h a t is not only satisfactory but also saves time. The method consists in allowing a solution of barium chloride t o run into a given sulfate solution drop by drop from a dropper, A , after the solution has been Vol. 4, 663. 2Schmoeger, B e r . d . chem. C e s . , 26, 3 8 6 : Aso, E x p . S a . Record, 16, 555.
phoric acid of 56 soils. I n one group of ten soils, the quantity of phosphoric acid rendered soluble in cold hydrochloric acid by ignition, averages 0.0645 per cent. The effect of ignition on the solubility of soil phosphates in hot nitric acid, whatever i t may be, will not alter the fact t h a t ignition renders phosphoric acid of the soil more soluble in cold hydrochloric acid. Ignition of the soil and solution in hydrochloric acid was proposed as a method for estimating the organic phosphoric acid of the soil.1 I n studying the matter the writer found t h a t certain inorganic phosphates are not soluble in the cold hydrochloric acid, but are rendered soluble in i t by ignition. I t was also found that ignition increases the solubility of oxide of iron and alumina. This conclusion was, therefore, drawn:I “Ignition of the soil will probably render inorganic phosphates soluble in acid, and, therefore, is not a method for estimating organic phosphoric acid.” If ignition decreases the solubility of the phosphoric acid of the soil in hot nitric acid, this fact does not show whether the phosphoric acid rendered soluble in cold hydrochloric acid by ignition is inorganic or organic. The phosphates rendered insoluble in hot nitric acid may have been either organic or inorganic before the ignition. The results obtained by this method, therefore, furnish no reason for modifying the conclusion given above. If the phosphoric acid of the soil is rendered by ignition less soluble in hot concentrated nitric acid, i t b y no means affects the fact t h a t the phosphoric acid of the soil is rendered more soluble in cold concentrated hydrochloric acid. Since inorganic phosphates which may occur in the soil are likewise rendered b y ignition more soluble in cold concentrated hydrochloric acid, and since the soil extracted with cold concentrated hydrochloric acid probably contains inorganic phosphates, we are justified in adhering to the conclusion that a portion of the phosphoric acid of the soil rendered soluble by ignition, is probably of inorganic origin. The fact that the phosphoric acid may or may not be rendered by ignition soluble in hot concentrated nitric acid, in no way affects the logic of this reasoning.
heated so as to boil vigorously with the dropper containing the barium chloride solution in the position shown bv the dotted lines B. The dropper is made by bending a n ordinary 5 / 8 inch test tube up a t a n angle of about 4 5 degrees one and one-half inches from the open end, drawing out the lower side of the bend with pinchers, breaking off the small tube a , formed near the end, and fusing the opening so t h a t it will deliver about 80 drops per minute when in the horizontal position A . The upper part of the bend should be shaped so t h a t someb, is formed to allow air t o readily what of a ridge, 1 2
Illinois Exp. Station, Bzcll. 146. THIS JOURNAL, 3, 335.
replace the barium chloride solution when flowing out. The tube a t the dropping point then has the crosssection shown at c. I think that i t is unnecessary, especially when the solution contains only moderate amounts of sulfate, to stir during precipitation when using this dropper, as, the two solutions being a t about the same temperature, the boiling continues vigorously, and further agitation is not required. The precipitation of barium sulfate in this manner requires no attention after the solution is set on the hot plate except to tip up the tube and to set aside to digest later, and one man can carry on a number of precipitations a t one time. I n the determination of sulfur trioxide in cement in a limited time I obtain the best results under the following constant conditions: wt. cement, z grams :
hot water added, 30 cc:. ; conc. HC1 added, 8 cc. (making about 3 cc. free acid in final solution or about 0 . j per cent. acidity) ; boiling I minute, filtering, washing twice ; precipitating volume, 2 5 0 cc. ; volume BaCl, solution, I O cc. I O per cent. ; time adding BaC1, solution, about z minutes; time boiling after adding BaCl, solution, j minutes; time digesting. I hour; filtering; washing 5 times. 4 series of fifty determinations of sulfur trioxide in cement made recently by this method gave the following results : Gram iiverage weight T(aS04 for series.. . . . . . . . . 0.091s Weight BaS04 from composite (1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0918 Weight BaSOl from composite ( 2 ' ) .. . . . . . . . 0.0923
Per cent. SOs 1.575 1.575 1.58
Although small amounts of barium sulfate can bc recovered after several hours' standing from filtrate5 obtained after one hour digestion on hot plate, still results by the above method have always been found to be consistent, and to wait twelve hours or so in order to add a possible one-hundredth of one per cent to a result seems unnecessary in technical work. If the above method were universally used there mould probably be much closer agreement in the results o f different analysts. especially in the cement industry. THE TEXAS PORTLAND CEMEST C o CEVIENT.TEXAS
AN ADAPTED WILEY EXTRACTOR FOR RUBBER EXTRACTIONS R y CHARLES P.
The ordinary Soxhlet extractor is too small f u r acetone extractions when large quantities of rubbw are desired. The Proctor extractor used in tannin extractions is also not satisfactory for rubber work. For charges up to 2 j o grams, a modified or adapted Wiley extractor has been used for several years and has given satisfactory results. This apparatus consists of the well-known Wiley metallic condenser, but in place of the original reservoir, a large ( 2 inches in diameter), long (IS inches), a.nd strong glass tube with ground thick lipped top is substituted. The uniform diameter of the tube permits of large charges of thin sheeted rubber carefully rolled upon fabric being inserted into the tube, suspended from the condenser within range of the drip of the condensed and falling solvent. To prevent a contamination of the purified rubber by accidental splashing of the resin solution, a disk of filter paper or cotton is inserted between the hanging charge and the solvent reservoir. A metal spiral made of sheet tin is useful in prcvcnting a superheating of the solvent and consequent foaming. A steam bath may be utilized in furnishing the rcquired heat for acetonic and alcoholic extractions. Higher temperatures for nitrobenzene or kerosene work are obtained by direct flame carefully regulated. or by a paraffine bath. 395 DOYLESTREET AKRON,OHIO
ADDRESSES COMMENTS ON THE REPORT OF THE INVESTIGATION O F THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE' BY L. H . BAEKELAND Received April 18, 1913
Whoever is interested in the patent situation of this country. should make it his duty to read the unusually interesting publication just issued by the U. S. Government, which covers 624 closely printed pages. On August z I , 19 I 2 , the following joint resolution was passed: "That the President of the United States be, and he is hereby, I Sixty-second Congress. 3 d Session, House of Representatives, Document S o . 1110. Report of the Investigation of the United S t a t e s P a t e n t Office. made by the President's Commission on Economy and Efficiency, TI-ashington, December 9 , 1 9 1 2 .
Fl>X
Received March 2 2 . 1913
II
requested to cause the accountants and experts from official and private life now or hereafter employed in the inquiry into meth ods of transacting the public business of the Government in the several executive departments and other executive Government establishments, known as the Commission on Economy and Efficiency, to investigate fully and carefully the administration of the Patent Office with a view of determining whether or not the present methods, personnel equipment, and building of said office are adequate for the performance of its functions taking into consideration the present character and volume o l business, and also such increase in complexity or volume as may reasonably be expected in the future, and to ascertain and recommend specifically to Congress not later than December I O ,
