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11 L a b o r a t o r y D e s i g n a n d O p e r a t i o n Procedures for Chemical Carcinogen Use

MANUEL S. BARBEITO

Downloaded by TUFTS UNIV on June 23, 2017 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: April 6, 1979 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1979-0096.ch011

National Cancer Institute, Office of Research Safety, Bldg. 13, Room 2E47, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20014

Interim safety standards (1) were developed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for the intramural laboratories for research work involving chemical carcinogens regulated by the Department of Labor (2). The standards are also used as guidelines for suspected chemical carcinogens and other toxic substances. The interim standards were issued to comply with the policy of the NCI that a l l of i t s research programs be planned and implemented to prevent exposure of personnel to hazardous material, minimize environmental contamination and provide product protection when required. The NCI standards are based on the proposed Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Laboratory Chemical Carcinogen Safety Standards, prepared by the DHEW Committee to Coordinate Toxicology and Related Programs. When DHEW issues the standards, they w i l l supersede these interim NCI standards. A summary of these interim standards for research involving chemical carcinogens follows: Medical S u r v e i l l a n c e Program A preassignment p h y s i c a l examination i s provided each person planning to work with chemical carcinogens. No employee i s r e quired to p a r t i c i p a t e i n the Medical S u r v e i l l a n c e Program; i t i s s t r i c t l y v o l u n t a r y . T h i s examination e s t a b l i s h e s a b a s e l i n e against which changes can be measured or to determine i f there e x i s t s any medical or other c o n d i t i o n that could compromise the employee's h e a l t h i n the work s i t u a t i o n . A p e r i o d i c examination based on age i s a l s o provided f o r employees using chemical carcinogens. Frequency of Medical Examination f o r Employees Working with Chemical Carcinogens AGE

(yrs)

20-30 31-40 over 40

FREQUENCY (yrs) 5 2 1

This chapter not subject to U.S. copyright. Published 1979 American Chemical Society

Scott; Toxic Chemical and Explosives Facilities ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.

TOXIC C H E M I C A L

192

A N D EXPLOSIVES FACILITIES

These examinations seek to determine any changes i n the medical s t a t u s of employees as the r e s u l t of h i s / h e r work.


Personnel P r a c t i c e s Protective Clothing. Protective clothing for laboratory personnel i s provided d a i l y . As a minimum, i t c o n s i s t s of a f u l l y fastened, long l a b o r a t o r y coat. The p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g (laboratory coat, jumpsuit or p a n t s / s h i r t , smock, and gown) i s not to be worn outside of the work area, F i g u r e 1. If c l o t h i n g i s contaminated with chemical carcinogens, i t i s not sent to commercial or in-house laundry f a c i l i t i e s u n t i l decontaminated, i f f e a s i b l e , or i t i s discarded i n a safe manner. Disposable l a b o r a t o r y garments are o f t e n p r e f e r r e d f o r use i n l a b o r a t o r i e s engaged i n research using chemical carcinogens. Gloves are worn that meet the s p e c i f i c research needs and are r e s i s t a n t to solvents (3) and impermeable to the chemical c a r cinogens i n use. I t i s recommended that animal handlers or others entering areas where animals are t r e a t e d with carcinogens or fed d i e t s c o n t a i n i n g chemical carcinogens be provided d a i l y with a complete c l o t h i n g change, i n c l u d i n g shoes, boots, head cover, and gloves. Personnel p r o t e c t i v e equipment may be used i n c e r t a i n c i r cumstances where exposure to a i r b o r n e p a r t i c u l a t e s contaminated with chemical carcinogens could occur. In those s i t u a t i o n s , personnel should be equipped with a complete c l o t h i n g change, as w e l l as r e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i o n s e l e c t e d on the b a s i s of work performed, type of chemical used, and containment equipment. The r e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i o n may be a face mask, r e s p i r a t o r [selected from those approved by the N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)] ( 4 , 5 ) , or emergency b r e a t h i n g a i r system. In the l a t t e r case, a head hood or a complete p r o t e c t i v e s u i t may be used with a b r e a t h i n g a i r supply system, Figure 2. When r e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i o n i s used, i t should be decontaminated d a i l y . However, the use of r e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i o n as the primary means of preventing exposure of l a b o r a t o r y personnel should be avoided whenever p o s s i b l e . Research work should be conducted i n primary containment safety equipment, such as Class I or Class I I (Type B) b i o l o g i c a l s a f e t y c a b i n e t s , a chemical fume hood, a g a s t i g h t glove box, or other s p e c i a l l y designed equipment. Research work with chemical carcinogens on l a b o r a t o r y bench tops with the use of p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g , i n c l u d i n g r e s p i r a t o r s , i s not a good a l t e r n a t i v e to conducting a l l work i n primary enclosures. The major problems a r i s e from contamination of the e n t i r e l a b o r a t o r y and from exposure of personnel when d i s r o b i n g f o l l o w i n g the use of p r o t e c t i v e equipment. Showers. When personnel may be exposed to a i r b o r n e p a r t i c u l a t e s contaminated w i t h chemical carcinogens, they should shower a f t e r e x i t from the work area. A l s o , a l l personnel should shower


11.

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Chemical

Carcinogen

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193

a f t e r an overt exposure to a chemical carcinogen.

P i p e t t i n g . A l l l i q u i d t r a n s f e r operations are performed with mechanical p i p e t t i n g a i d s , F i g u r e 3; a l s o see the "Source table (6). O r a l p i p e t t i n g i s not performed i n a l a b o r a t o r y engaged i n research work with chemical carcinogens, suspect carcinogens, or other t o x i c substances ( 7 ) . 11


E a t i n g , D r i n k i n g , Smoking. There should be no e a t i n g , d r i n k i n g , smoking, chewing of gum or tobacco, a p p l i c a t i o n of cosmetics, or storage of food i n areas where chemical carcinogens are used. Personal Hygiene P r a c t i c e s . A l l personnel should wear d i s posable or other type gloves r e s i s t a n t to research m a t e r i a l s (3) and wash t h e i r hands immediately a f t e r removing gloves f o l l o w i n g the completion of any procedure i n which chemical carcinogens are used. A hand washing f a c i l i t y should be made a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n the laboratory. Operational Practices Access C o n t r o l . A s i g n should be posted at entrances to a l l work areas where carcinogens are present (2). The N a t i o n a l Cancer I n s t i t u t e uses a s i g n : "DANGER, CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN, AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY." G e n e r a l l y , access i s authorized by the l a b o r a tory s u p e r v i s o r . In a d d i t i o n , entrance procedures and c l o t h i n g requirements should be permanently d i s p l a y e d at the main access p o i n t . To prevent any untoward i n c i d e n t , a l l v i s i t o r s should be escorted i n l a b o r a t o r i e s engaged i n research work i n v o l v i n g known or suspect chemical carcinogens or other t o x i c substances. Work Surfaces. A l l h o r i z o n t a l work surfaces (bench tops, containment cabinets or fume hoods) should be protected with impervious m a t e r i a l to prevent contamination of the work surfaces with chemical carcinogens. One of the systems that has proved u s e f u l i s to use the dry, absorbent polyethylene-backed paper (Benchkote, VWR S c i e n t i f i c Co., Cat. No. 52855', Continuous Sheet Type, S c i e n t i f i c Products Co., Cat. No. P1180). Following contamination, or upon completion of an experiment, or at the end of the day, t h i s p r o t e c t i v e cover can be r o l l e d up, packaged f o r safe removal, and disposed of i n an appropriate manner. Primary Containment Cabinets. Primary containment cabinets should be a p p r o p r i a t e l y l a b e l e d with the warning: "DANGERCHEMICAL CARCINOGEN." Procedures r e q u i r i n g the use of containment cabinets are: 1) when using v o l a t i l e or suspected chemical c a r cinogens; 2) when procedures r e s u l t i n the formation of a e r o s o l s , such as from opening c l o s e d v e s s e l s , t r a n s f e r r i n g operations, weighing, preparing of feed mixtures, i n j e c t i n g and i n t u b a t i n g experimental animals w i t h chemical carcinogens.


194


TOXIC C H E M I C A L A N D EXPLOSIVES FACILITIES

Figure 1.

Types of laboratory clothing. (Top left) simple cap, (top right) bouffant cap, (bottom) hooded cap.


BARBEITO

Chemical

Carcinogen

Use


11.

Figure 1. Types of laboratory clothing. (Left to right, top to bottom) Fully huttoned laboratory coat, wraparound smock, solid front gown, one-piece laboratory suit, two-piece laboratory suit, heavy duty coverall, simple cap, bouffant cap, and hooded cap.


195

196



Figure

2.

Respiratory protective equipment. Full-mask facepiece, half-mask facepiece, air - supplied head hood. Mine Safety Appliances Company


BARBEITO

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Carcinogen

Use


11.

Figure 2. Respiratory protective equipment. One-piece positive pressure ventilated suits. Mine Safety Appliances Company


197

TOXIC C H E M I C A L A N D EXPLOSIVES


198

FACILITIES

1

Clinac Safety Pipettor

8

Clay Adams-Micro Selectapette

14

O x f o r d Sampler Ultramicropipette

2

Sargent-Welch Pipette Syringe

9

Lancer Precision Pipettor

15

3

Drummond Dialamatic Micro Dispenser

10

M L A Pipettor

Elkay " S o c o r e x " Micro Pipette (Swiss manufactured)

11

Eppendorf Microliter Pipet (West German manufactured)

16

Centaur Pipet

12

Pipetman Ultra Micro Pipette (French manufactured)

17

O x f o r d Sampler Pipette, Model Q

18

Gilson/Rainin Pipetman, Digital Dispensing Pipette (French manufactured)

4

Hamilton Ultra Micro Syringe Pipet

5

Unimetrics Micropipettor

6

Finnpipette (Finnish manufactured)

7

Helena Quickpette

13

O x f o r d Sampler Pipette (8000 Series)

Ultramicro Pipetting Aids

19

Biopipette Automatic Pipette

20


23 24

Pumpett 18 (Swedish manufactured)

27

A n a l y t i c Products Safety Bulb

28

Clay Adams Pipet Suction Apparatus

Curtin Matheson Rubber Pipet Bi

21

Manostat Vari-Pet

25

Demuth Safety Pipet

22

Spectroline Pipette Filler

26

Nalgene Pipetting A i d

29

Manostat Accropet Filler

30

Cornwall Continuous Pipetting Outfit

Micro Pipetting Aids Figure 3.

Pipetting aids



BARBEITO

31

Chemical

Carcinogen

Use

National Instrument Micropipet Pipettor (French manufactured)

32

Pumpett 25, Original (Swedish manufactured)

33


37

Labindustries Micro/Mac Pipet

38

Centaur

39

Interex Rubber Transfer Bulb

40

Volac Universal Pipette Controller (British manufactured)

34

Manostat Accropet Filler (Macro)

35

Oxford Macro Set Transfer Pipetting System

41

Nalgene Pipetting A i d

36

Lab Industries Repipet Jr Sampler

42

Pi Pump (West German manufactured)

Macro Pipetting Aids

43

M L A Inc. Pipetting System

44

Clay Adams Selectapette Pipet System

46

45

Centaur Pipet System Pipetting Aid Systems

Drummond Pipet-Aid

Pipetting Aid System Figure 3.

Pipetting aids




200

Figure 3.

Pipetting aids

SOURCES OF PIPETTING AIDS Figure Legend Numbers

Item / Source

Price Range*

27

Analytic Products Safety Bulb Analytical Products, Inc. P.O. Box 845 Belmont, C A 94002

Biopipette Automatic Pipette

19

Schwartz/Mann Division of Becton, Dickinson & Co. Orangeburg, N Y 10962

Centaur Pipet

16, 38

Price Range*

Drummond Pipet-Aid

46

J

Elkay "Socorex" Micro Pipette (Swiss manufactured)

15

Elkay Products, Inc. 95 Grand Street Worcester, MA 01610

Eppendorf Microliter Pipet (West German manufactured)

11

Brinkman Instruments, Inc. Cautrague Road Westbury, N Y 11590

Centaur Chemical Company 180 Harvard Avenue Stanford, CT 06902

Centaur Pipet System

45

Clay Adams-Micro Selectapette

Finnpipette (Finnish manufactured)

6

Variable Volumetrics, Inc. 1 7 Cummings Park Woburn, M A 01801

Clay Adams Division of Becton, Dickinson & Co. Parsippany, NJ 07054

Clay Adams Pipet Suction Apparatus

Figure Legend Numbers

Item / Source

28


18, 20

Rainin Instrument Company, Inc. 94 Lincoln Street Brighton, M A 02135

Clay Adams Selectapette Pipet System Clinac Safety Pipettor

Hamilton Ultra Micro Syringe Pipet

LaPine Scientific Company 6001 South Knox Avenue Chicago, IL 60629

Cornwall Continuous Pipetting Outfit

4

Hamilton Company P.O. Box 7500 Reno, N V 89502

30 Helena Quickpette

Curtin Matheson Scientific Co. P.O. Box 1546 Houston, Texas 77001

7

Helena Laboratories P.O. Box 752 Beaumont, T X 77704

Figure 3, cont'd.

Sources of pipetting aids


11.

BARBEITO

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Carcinogen

Use

201

SOURCES OF PIPETTING AIDS (Continued)

Item / Source Curtin Matheson Rubber Pipet Bulb


Price Range*

24

A


Demuth Safety Pipet

25

A

3

H

Demuth Glass Division Brockway Glass Company, Inc. Route 1, Box 13 Parkersburg, WV 26101

39

Interex Rubber Transfer Bulb

B (glass) A (rubber)

Labindustries Micro/Mac Pipet Labindustries 1802 Second Street Berkeley, C A 94710

36

Labindustries Repipet Sampler

Drummond Dialamatic Micro Dispenser

Lancer Precision Pipettor

9

Sherwood Medical Industries 1831 Olive Street St. Louis, MO 63103

Drummond Scientific Company 500 Parkway Broomall, PA 19008

29, 34

Manostat Accropet Filler

Pi Pump (West German manufactured)

Manostat Corporation 519 Eighth Avenue New York, N Y 10018

42

Bel Art Products Pequannock, NJ 07440

Pipetman Ultra Micro Pipette (French manufactured)

Manostat Vari-Pet

Analtech, Inc. 75 Blue Hen Drive Newark, DE 19711

MLA Pipettor & Pipettor System Medical Laboratory Automation, Inc. 520 Nuber Avenue Mount Vernon, N Y 10550

Pumpett 18 (Swedish manufactured)

Nalgene Pipetting Aid (West German manufactured)

23

LaPine Scientific Company 6001 South Knox Avenue Chicago, IL 60629

Nalgene Labware Division Nalge Sybron Corporation P.O. Box 365 Rochester, N Y 14602

Pumpett 25, Original (Swedish manufactured) Sargent-Welch Scientific Co. 7300 North Linder Avenue Skokie, IL 60076

National Instrument Co., Inc. 4119 Fordleigh Road Baltimore, MD 21215


Oxford Macro Set Transfer Pipetting System

32

Sargent-Welch Pipette Syringe

National Instrument Micropipet Pipettor (French manufactured)

33, 22

Arthur H. Thomas Company Vine Street at 3rd P.O. Box 779 Philadelphia, PA 19105

35

Oxford Laboratories 1149 Chess Drive Foster City, C A 94404

Unimetrics Micro-pipettor

Oxford Sampler Pipette (8000 Series)

13

Oxford Sampler Pipette, Model Q

17

Oxford Sampler Ultramicropipette

14

Unimetrics Corporation 1853 Raymond Avenue Anaheim, C A 92801

Volac Universal Pipette Controller (British manufactured)

40

Cole-Parmer Instrument Company 7425 North Oak Park Avenue Chicago, IL 60648

' P R I C E RANGES A B C D

$ 5.00 or less $ 1.00 $10.00 $ 5.01 $10.00 $10.01 - $20.00

Price Range*

Interex Corporation 3 Strathmore Road Natick, M A 01760

Curtin Matheson Scientific Co. P.O. Box 1546 Houston, Texas 77001


Item / Source

E $10.01 $25.00 F $20.01 - $30.00 G $25.01 - $50.00

H I J

Figure 3, cont'd.

$ 30.01 - $ 50.00 $ 50.01 $100.00 $100.00 or more

Sources of pipetting aids



202


Control Practices L a b e l i n g . A l l containers of chemical carcinogens should be l a b e l e d : "DANGER— CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS. 11

Storage/Inventory. The s u p e r v i s o r should maintain an inventory of stock q u a n t i t i e s of chemical carcinogens, record the date of purchase, the d i s p o s a l date ( i f a p p l i c a b l e ) , s t o r e a l l materi a l s i n a s p e c i f i c area, and secure the area a t a l l times. Only working q u a n t i t i e s of chemical carcinogens should be present i n the work area.


I n t e r l a b o r a t o r y Transport. I f i t i s necessary to t r a n s p o r t chemical carcinogens from one l a b o r a t o r y to another, a l l m a t e r i a l should be placed i n a s e a l e d , unbreakable outer c o n t a i n e r . Housekeeping. Housekeeping p r a c t i c e s used i n the l a b o r a t o r y must be capable of suppressing the formation of a e r o s o l s ( 6 ) . To accomplish t h i s , wet mopping or the use of vacuum cleaners equipped with a c e r t i f i e d HEPA and/or c h a r c o a l f i l t e r on the exhaust should be used. Dry sweeping or dry mopping are proh i b i t e d to prevent formation of an a e r o s o l . Vacuum L i n e . Vacuum s e r v i c e should be protected by a d i s posable HEPA f i l t e r and a l i q u i d trap to prevent entry of the chemical carcinogens i n t o the c e n t r a l vacuum system, F i g u r e 4 (8). A commercial system i s a v a i l a b l e from Vacuum Guard I I , Model VG201, Spectroderm I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Inc., F a i r f a x , V i r g i n i a 22030. I f v o l a t i l e chemical carcinogens are used, a separate vacuum pump or vacuum system should be used i n conjunction with an appropriate l a b o r a t o r y - t y p e containment c a b i n e t . Packaging and Shipping. Methods used f o r packaging and shipping e t i o l o g i c agents according to 42 CFR 72.25 1972 (9), DHEW, should be adapted f o r the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f chemical carcinogens. Packages complying with these r e g u l a t i o n s were tested and proven to remain i n t a c t a f t e r r e c e i v i n g excessive s t r e s s beyond that normally encountered i n s h i p p i n g . I f chemical carcinogens a r e p h y s i c a l l y or chemically unstable, c o r r o s i v e , e x p l o s i v e , or flammable, the Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n regul a t i o n s i n 49 CFR 173 1973 (10) s h a l l be followed. Other shipping r e g u l a t i o n s are a p p l i c a b l e , such as A i r Transport A s s o c i a t i o n ' s (ATA s) R e s t r i c t e d A r t i c l e s T a r i f f 6-D (11) and the U. S. P o s t a l S e r v i c e r e g u l a t i o n s 39 CFR 124 (12). 1

Decontamination/Collection. Research operations should be analyzed to determine the types of waste, q u a n t i t i e s of c a r c i n o genic m a t e r i a l , and handling procedures to be employed. A l l chemical carcinogens, i n c l u d i n g those contained i n animal c a r casses, should be d e a c t i v a t e d , degraded i f f e a s i b l e , or packaged



Figure 4.

COLLECTION FLASK

TISSUE C U L T U R E FLASK

Two techniques for protecting vacuum system from contamination

OVERFLOW FLASK



204


i n impermeable, sealed containers f o r d i s p o s a l (13, 14). A l l d i s c a r d m a t e r i a l should be p r o p e r l y packaged and be compatible with other discarded chemicals before combining i n common waste containers f o r d i s p o s a l . Before they are removed, the e x t e r i o r of each container i s to be l a b e l e d with both the name of the carcinogen and a s i g n : "DANGER-CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN." Temporary storage space w i t h i n the primary containment space or l a b o r a t o r y area should be designated f o r holding wastes. C o l l e c t i o n of chemical carcinogens, a l l waste products, animal carcasses and other m a t e r i a l s from the l a b o r a t o r y should be performed by designated personnel on a scheduled b a s i s or when necessary. The suspect or c a r c i n o g e n i c m a t e r i a l s should not be placed on u n c o n t r o l l e d loading docks f o r pickup by general refuse c o l l e c t i o n personnel. At the N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s of Health, the s p e c i a l c o l l e c t i o n of hazardous m a t e r i a l s , i n c l u d i n g chemical carcinogens, i s done by personnel of the F i r e Department. In the instance of one of the NCI contractor s i t e s , F r e d e r i c k Cancer Research Center, l o c a t e d a t a m i l i t a r y post, personnel from the s a f e t y o f f i c e s perform t h i s s e r v i c e . D i s p o s a l . One system developed to dispose of aqueous waste c o n t a i n i n g suspect or known c a r c i n o g e n i c m a t e r i a l i s to p l a c e i t i n a burnable, one g a l l o n p l a s t i c container f i l l e d with expandable cushioning absorbent m a t e r i a l (K-61-Kimberly-Clark Corp. or equal, Arnold Factory Supply, Inc., 1800 S. Hanover St., Baltimore, Maryland 21230), Figure 5. The type of p l a s t i c container used must not be a f f e c t e d by the chemicals placed i n i t . As a guide, the q u a n t i t y of f r e e aqueous l i q u i d showing i n the container should not exceed about one i n c h i n the bottom of the c o n t a i n e r . A f t e r f i l l i n g , the container i s placed i n a double-sealed p l a s t i c bag f o r pickup and d i s p o s a l by i n c i n e r a t i o n . Contaminated flammable solvent waste may be packaged i n the same manner or c o l l e c t e d i n s t a i n l e s s s t e e l pressure cans f o r l a t e r d i r e c t i n j e c t i o n i n t o an approved i n c i n e r a t o r system. I f flammable solvent waste i s not contaminated, i t can be c o l l e c t e d i n s u i t a b l e containers and recovered f o r reuse or s o l d to scavengers. A l l other combustible suspect or known contaminated waste can be packaged i n sealed p l a s t i c bags placed i n taped, durable cardboard boxes f o r d i r e c t transport to the i n c i n e r a t o r . Carcinogenic m a t e r i a l c o n t a i n i n g noncombustible m a t e r i a l i s to be degraded or d e a c t i v a t e d , i f f e a s i b l e , before d i s p o s a l . An a l t e r n a t e procedure would be to use a surface a c t i v e wetting agent to p h y s i c a l l y remove the m a t e r i a l . Then a l l s o l u t i o n s containing the c a r c i n o genic m a t e r i a l and c l e a n i n g m a t e r i a l s used must be packaged and disposed of by i n c i n e r a t i o n . S p e c i f i c temperatures f o r the i n c i n e r a t i o n of a l l known or suspected chemical carcinogens have not been determined. Work conducted at the N a t i o n a l Center f o r T o x i c o l o g i c a l Research L a b o r a t o r i e s (NCTRL), Food and Drug A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , J e f f e r s o n , Arkansas 72079 has shown that 2-Acetylaminofluorene may be



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Carcinogen

Use

205

destroyed by i n c i n e r a t i o n at 1500 F measured i n the secondary chamber with a minimum r e t e n t i o n time of two seconds (personal communication with Mr. Edward J . Treglawn, Safety O f f i c e r , NCTRL). Degradation temperatures f o r other s p e c i f i c carcinogenic materi a l s may r e q u i r e temperatures i n excess of 1500 F f o r complete d e s t r u c t i o n . Although c e r t a i n r e g u l a t o r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s may r e q u i r e the use of scrubbers on i n c i n e r a t o r s , these must be used with d i s c r e t i o n . Scrubbers may prevent the r e l e a s e of hazardous m a t e r i a l to the atmosphere, but t h e i r a c t i o n deposits these m a t e r i a l s i n the waste water that then must be handled s e p a r a t e l y . I f the i n c i n e r a t o r i s equipped f o r the i n j e c t i o n of l i q u i d s i n t o the f i r e b o x , s i m i l a r to one developed f o r handling b i o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l (15), i t may be f e a s i b l e to have a closed system and e l i m i n a t e the need to t r e a t the waste water from the exhaust scrubber by yet some other method. A system f o r the removal of a carcinogen, 2-Acetylaminofluorene, at l e s s than one part per b i l l i o n l e v e l by non-ionic adsorption from waste water was developed f o r use at the NCTRL (16). I f permitted by r e g u l a t o r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s , i n l i e u of using a scrubber to prevent the r e l e a s e of c a r c i n o g e n i c m a t e r i a l to the atmosphere, increase the operating temperatures, i n c r e a s e r e t e n t i o n time by i n s t a l l i n g i n t e r n a l b a f f l e s , or i n s t a l l an a f t e r b u r n e r i n the exhaust stack. To minimize handling by personnel of waste containers from c a r c i n o genic l a b o r a t o r i e s , the U. S. Army, F o r t D e t r i c k developed an automatic system f o r dumping waste cans i n t o an i n c i n e r a t o r , F i g u r e 6. Normally, containers from the carcinogenic l a b o r a t o r i e s are taken d i r e c t l y to the i n c i n e r a t o r and immediately placed i n a p r e v i o u s l y heated f i r e b o x of the i n c i n e r a t o r operating at sustained temperatures. I f a b s o l u t e l y necessary, wastes can be transported d i r e c t l y to a designated b u r i a l s i t e . The u n s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s experienced i n the d i s p o s a l of "properly packaged" r a d i o a c t i v e waste by b u r i a l i n d i c a t e that extreme caution should be used when r e s o r t i n g to t h i s method f o r d i s p o s a l of chemical carcinogens. In January, 1976, the Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency (17, 18) reported that r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l migrated from a surface b u r i a l f a c i l i t y and extended to the surrounding environment f o r s e v e r a l hundred f e e t from i t s o r i g i n a l s i t e . Radioactive m a t e r i a l was detected i n surface s o i l samples, i n s o i l cores, i n sediments from deep monitoring w e l l s , and i n sediments from i n t e r m i t t e n t streams which drained the b u r i a l s i t e s . Again, whenever p o s s i b l e , i f carcinogenic m a t e r i a l cannot be rendered harmless, i t should be disposed of by i n c i n e r a t i o n . Emergency Procedures In the event of an overt accident i n the l a b o r a t o r y , personn e l should: 1) leave the area; 2) a l e r t other personnel i n the immediate v i c i n i t y ; and 3) n o t i f y the s a f e t y o f f i c e , f i r e department, medical s t a f f , or other designated personnel who w i l l




206

Figure 5.

Plastic bottle with absorbent material used for the disposal of liquid carcinogenic wastes

Figure 6.

Automatic incinerator charge system



11.

BARBEITO

Chemical

Carcinogen

Use

207

respond to a s s i s t and d i r e c t the cleanup o p e r a t i o n s . I f f e a s i b l e , when e x i t i n g the l a b o r a t o r y , open flames should be turned o f f . I f the a c c i d e n t occurred w i t h i n a c a b i n e t , the sash should be placed i n an almost c l o s e d p o s i t i o n , to i n c r e a s e the a i r v e l o c i t y through the opening and r e s t r i c t the spread of contamination. However, personnel s a f e t y i s not to be j e o p a r d i z e d f o r the sake of saving experimental m a t e r i a l s or the p r o t e c t i o n of the f a c i l i t y . Personnel i n v o l v e d d i r e c t l y with an overt accident should remove c l o t h i n g as near as p o s s i b l e to the accident s i t e i n order to prevent contamination of other areas. They should immediately shower. The primary a c t i o n i s to minimize personnel exposure and prevent personnel i n j u r y . Before e n t e r i n g the a c c i d e n t s i t e allow 30 minutes to elapse w h i l e the a e r o s o l i z e d p a r t i c l e s s e t t l e out or are removed by the forced v e n t i l a t i o n system. The area may be entered by personnel i n a p p r o p r i a t e p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g equipped with necessary cleanup m a t e r i a l . P r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g , as a minimum, should c o n s i s t of a complete s e t of d i s p o s a b l e outer garments, shoes or boots with outer shoe covers, gloves, head cover, and appropriate r e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i o n . I f f e a s i b l e , the s p i l l e d c a r c i n o g e n i c m a t e r i a l i s to be degraded or d e a c t i v a t e d by gently covering the s p i l l e d m a t e r i a l with a s u i t a b l e chemical. F o r c i b l e spraying of l i q u i d s i s to be avoided to prevent the c r e a t i o n of a e r o s o l s . I f the c a r c i n o g e n i c m a t e r i a l s p i l l e d i s aqueous, i t i s to be absorbed i n t o combustible m a t e r i a l and p r o p e r l y packaged f o r d i s p o s a l . I f the c a r c i n o g e n i c m a t e r i a l i s a s o l i d or powder, i t i s to be c o l l e c t e d and packaged f o r d i s p o s a l . Immediately f o l l o w i n g a cleanup, a l l personnel should d i s c a r d p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g and shower. Personnel i n v o l v e d i n cleanup operations must avoid contaminating other areas because of wearing contaminated outer c l o t h i n g when p a s s i n g through the b u i l d i n g to the shower. To prevent t h i s , double garments should be donned before e n t e r i n g the a c c i d e n t area; the outer s e t i s l e f t behind at the accident s i t e when l e a v i n g a f t e r the cleanup. An a l t e r n a t e method i s to d i s r o b e a t the accident s i t e and put on c l e a n c l o t h i n g to walk to the shower area. A l l m a t e r i a l s used i n the cleanup operation are to be discarded immediately by procedures p r e v i o u s l y o u t l i n e d f o r d i s p o s a l of contaminated wastes. F a c i l i t y Design

Features

Design f e a t u r e s of f a c i l i t i e s used f o r research on r e g u l a t e d chemical carcinogens or suspect chemicals are g e n e r a l l y s i m i l a r to those used f o r work w i t h i n f e c t i o u s microorganisms or the requirements r e c e n t l y promulgated f o r recombinant DNA r e s e a r c h ( 8 ) . Entrances to f a c i l i t i e s used f o r research w i t h chemical carcinogens must be c o n t r o l l e d at p o i n t s of access. Access p o i n t s where chemical carcinogens or suspect chemicals are used must be posted with appropriate s i g n s : "DANGER—CHEMICAL CARCINOGENAUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY. A shower should be a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n the f a c i l i t y to personnel working with known or suspect chemical 11


TOXIC


208

CHEMICAL


carcinogens. V e n t i l a t i o n of the l a b o r a t o r y area should have no r e c i r c u l a t i o n of exhaust a i r from the work area. Exhaust a i r should be discharged outdoors and d i s p e r s e d to the atmosphere i n a manner that prevents reentrainment i n t o the supply of the f a c i l i t y or of adjacent f a c i l i t i e s . The v e n t i l a t i o n system should be capable of maintaining d i r e c t i o n a l a i r f l o w from areas of l e s s e r to more hazardous areas. For example, a i r d i r e c t i o n a l flow s h a l l be from c o r r i d o r to l a b o r a t o r y to fume hood to atmosphere. Exhaust a i r from primary containment devices (fume hoods, s a f e t y cabinets or other) s h a l l be a p p r o p r i a t e l y t r e a t e d by f i l t r a t i o n u s i n g a h i g h e f f i c i e n c y p a r t i c u l a t e a i r f i l t e r (HEPA), or by a d s o r p t i o n , a b s o r p t i o n , r e a c t i o n , i n c i n e r a t i o n , or d i l u t i o n used i n d i v i d u a l l y or i n an a p p r o p r i a t e combination. I f HEPA or c h a r c o a l f i l t e r s are used, these must be i n s t a l l e d and operated to permit decontamination, maintenance, and replacement without exposing personnel or causing contamination of the environment. A f i l t e r system and o p e r a t i o n a l procedure developed to meet these s p e c i f i c requirements i s the U l t r a l o k bag-in bag-out r e t a i n i n g system. On i n i t i a l s t a r t - u p , a f i l t e r i s i n s t a l l e d i n the system and a p l a s t i c bag i s placed on the o u t l e t of the housing. When the f i l t e r i s to be r e p l a c e d , i t i s moved from the housing i n t o the p l a s t i c bag. Subsequently, the bag i s heat s e a l e d . A heat s e a l of s u f f i c i e n t width w i l l permit c u t t i n g a t midpoint and removal of the f i l t e r enclosed i n the bag l e a v i n g the remaining closed stub of the p l a s t i c bag on the f i l t e r housing. Then a new p l a s t i c bag c o n t a i n i n g a p r e v i o u s l y c e r t i f i e d f i l t e r i s placed over the stub and attached to the second r e t a i n i n g r i n g on the f i l t e r housing. Next, the f i r s t p l a s t i c stub i s released from the f i r s t r e t a i n i n g r i n g and l e f t i n the new p l a s t i c bag. The new f i l t e r i s i n s t a l l e d i n the f i l t e r housing, t e s t e d , and c e r t i f i e d . A f t e r the a i r f l o w i s measured and other o p e r a t i o n a l aspects are v e r i f i e d to f u n c t i o n p r o p e r l y , the cabinet i s ready f o r reuse. Procedures f o r the c e r t i f i c a t i o n of HEPA f i l t e r s are d e t a i l e d i n N a t i o n a l S a n i t a t i o n Foundation Standard No. 49 (19). R

Laboratory Containment

Cabinets

In g e n e r a l , four types of cabinets are used f o r work with research q u a n t i t i e s of chemical carcinogens. These are the conventional fume hood; a C l a s s I b i o l o g i c a l s a f e t y c a b i n e t ; a C l a s s I I (Type B) b i o l o g i c a l safety c a b i n e t ; and a Class I I I c l o s e d glove box system ( 8 ) . Chemical Fume Hood. The chemical fume hood should have an average l i n e a r face v e l o c i t y of 100 l i n e a r f e e t per minute (lfpm). The window sash height that gives t h i s measured i n f l o w should be marked on the edge w a l l of the c a b i n e t . The i n f l o w v e l o c i t y to a fume hood w i t h the sash f u l l y opened should be 85 lfpm or more, F i g u r e 7.



11.

BARBEITO

Chemical

Carcinogen

Figure 7.

Use

Chemical fume hood


209


"it

.1

1

Figure 8.

CLASS

C L A S S IIB

Biological safety cabinets and methods for handling cabinet exhaust air

CLASS I


III

11.

BARBEITO

Chemical

Carcinogen

Use

211


Class I Cabinet. The Class I cabinet i s a v e n t i l a t e d cabinet that o f f e r s personnel p r o t e c t i o n only. S i n g l e pass, u n f i l t e r e d a i r from the l a b o r a t o r y room enters the cabinet and, a f t e r flowing across the work s u r f a c e , i s f i l t e r e d through a HEPA and/or a c h a r c o a l f i l t e r ( s ) or may be i n c i n e r a t e d before discharge to the atmosphere. The f r o n t access opening i s u s u a l l y f i x e d at eight inches. This cabinet may be used i n three o p e r a t i o n a l modes: with a f u l l - w i d t h open f r o n t , with an i n s t a l l e d f r o n t c l o s u r e panel without gloves, and with an i n s t a l l e d f r o n t c l o s u r e panel equipped with arm length rubber gloves (20). I f used with the f u l l - w i d t h open f r o n t , the average inward a i r f l o w should be 100 lfpm (1), Figure 8. Class II (Type B). The Class I I (Type B) cabinet has a v e r t i c a l s l i d i n g sash with a minimum work opening of eight inches and i n f l o w v e l o c i t y of 100 lfpm (+10%). I t i s a l s o equipped with a HEPA f i l t e r p o s i t i o n e d so that only f i l t e r e d a i r enters the work zone. Approximately 30% of the a i r i s r e c i r c u l a t e d a f t e r f i l t r a t i o n to permit i t s use w i t h research q u a n t i t i e s of suspect or known carcinogens and t i s s u e c u l t u r e c e l l l i n e s . This cabinet i s not to be used with e x p l o s i v e or flammable s o l v e n t s unless explosion-proof motors are provided. Again, the exhaust from t h i s type of cabinet may be f i l t e r e d through a HEPA and/or a charcoal f i l t e r ( s ) or i n c i n e r a t e d before discharge to the atmosphere. M a n i f o l d i n g exhaust ducts from other Class I I cabinets i s p e r m i s s i b l e provided a i r balance i s maintained, F i g u r e 8. Class I I I . The Class I I I cabinet system i s u s u a l l y of modular design, made of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , g a s t i g h t , and operated under negative pressure of at l e a s t a h i n c h water gauge. I t i s equipped with arm length neoprene gloves. Both supply and exhaust a i r are HEPA f i l t e r e d . O c c a s i o n a l l y , the exhaust a i r may be treated before r e l e a s e to the atmosphere by i n c i n e r a t i o n . A i r v e n t i l a t i o n i s u s u a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d at ten a i r changes per hour to remove contaminants from the work environment; a higher exchange r a t e may be necessary to c o n t r o l temperature r i s e w i t h i n the cabinet below 10 F or to meet other requirements. A dunk tank or attached decontamination a i r l o c k system may be used to introduce or remove m a t e r i a l from the Class I I I system, Figure 8. A l l primary containment devices s h a l l be c e r t i f i e d to meet performance c r i t e r i a on i n i t i a l i n s t a l l a t i o n , f o l l o w i n g any move or maintenance, and at l e a s t annually. Other s a f e t y f e a t u r e s of f a c i l i t y design i n c l u d e : nonporous surfaces on f l o o r s , w a l l s , and c e i l i n g ; s e l f - c l o s i n g doors that must remain closed to maintain a i r balance and d i r e c t i o n a l a i r f l o w s . I f f l o o r d r a i n s are present, t h e i r traps should be f i l l e d with water weekly.



212


Summary


Three key p r i n c i p l e s to p r o t e c t employees performing work with known or suspect chemical carcinogens o r other t o x i c substances, and to minimize or, i d e a l l y , prevent environmental contamination, i n c l u d e proper use of equipment, establishment of good personnel p r a c t i c e s , and employment of safe l a b o r a t o r y techniques. Poor l a b o r a t o r y procedures cannot be o f f s e t by s p e c i a l equipment o r f a c i l i t y design f e a t u r e s . Personnel p r a c t i c e s i n c l u d e p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g ; a v a i l a b i l i t y of showers; mechanical p i p e t t i n g devices; p r o h i b i t i o n of e a t i n g , d r i n k i n g , and smoking; and adoption o f acceptable p e r s o n a l hygiene p r a c t i c e s . Medical s u r v e i l l a n c e may be a d v i s a b l e . O p e r a t i o n a l p r a c t i c e s must encompass a p o l i c y t o : •

prevent contamination of work s u r f a c e s ;

•

r e q u i r e use of primary containment

•

s a f e l y package, transport and ship m a t e r i a l ;

•

maintain p r o p e r l y secured storage areas;

•

l a b e l a l l containers and c o n t r o l inventory f o r timely d i s p o s a l of unstable m a t e r i a l s ;

•

use good housekeeping

•

e s t a b l i s h decontamination procedures; and

•

have a v a i l a b l e emergency personnel and cleanup procedures i n the event o f an overt a c c i d e n t .

devices;

practices; degradations and d i s p o s a l

The f a c i l i t y must be designed t o c o n t r o l access. Signs should designate r e s t r i c t e d areas. C l o t h i n g requirements f o r entry should be i d e n t i f i e d . There should be d i r e c t i o n a l a i r c o n t r o l with adequate v e n t i l a t i o n r a t e s . Primary containment equipment such as chemical fume hoods, a Class I or Class I I (Type B) b i o l o g i c a l s a f e t y cabinet, o r a glove box system should be a v a i l a b l e f o r use with known or suspect chemical carcinogens or other t o x i c substances.

"Literature Cited" 1.

2.

3.

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Cancer Institute, Office of Research Safety. "Safety standards for research involving chemical carcinogens." DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 76-900. Bethesda, MD 20014. 1975. U.S. Department of Labor. "Toxic and hazardous substances." Current Issue 29 Code of Federal Regulations - Section 1910.1000 - 1910.1029, Subpart Z. Sansone, E . B . , and Tewari, Y.B. "The permeability of laboratory gloves to selected solvents." Amer Ind Hyg Assoc J (1978) 39:169-174.


11.

4.

5.

6.

7.


8.

9.

10.

11. 12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

BARBEITO

Chemical

Carcinogen

Use

213

U.S. Department of Labor. "Personal protective equipment." Current Issue 29 Code of Federal Regulations - Part 1910, Subpart I. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Center for Disease Control. "Cumulative supplement of NIOSH certified equipment." Atlanta, GA 30333. 1977. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Cancer Institute, Office of Research Safety. "Biological safety manual for research involving oncogenic viruses." DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 76-1165. Bethesda, MD 20014. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. "Carcinogens." Federal Register (Jan 29, 1974) 39 (20):3755-3797. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Cancer Institute, Office of Research Safety. "Laboratory safety monograph - a supplement to the NIH guidelines for recombinant DNA research." Bethesda, MD 20014. 1978. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. "Shipment of certain things." Current Issue 42 Code of Federal Regulations - Section 72.25, Subpart C. U.S. Department of Transportation. "Packaging requirements for etiologic agents." Current Issue 49 Code of Federal Regulations - Section 173.387, Subpart G. Air Transport Association. "Restricted articles t a r i f f 6-D." Amendment June 25, 1977. U.S. Postal Service. "Domestic mail - non-mailable matter germs." Current Issue 39 Code of Federal Regulations Section 124.2. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institutes of Health. "Disposal of refuse: laboratory waste, dead animals, glassware and similar items." Manual Issuance 3032. NIH - 1511-1. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institutes of Health. "Disposal of suspected or known chemical carcinogenic material at NIH." Manual Issuance 3032-2. NIH - 1511-1. Barbeito, M.S., and Shapiro, M. "Microbiological safety evaluation of a solid and liquid pathological incinerator." J Med Primatol (1977) 6:264-273. Nony, C . R . , Treglawn, E.J., and Bowman, M.C. "Removal of trace levels of 2-Acetylaminofluorene (2AAF) from wastewater." The Science of the Total Environment (1975) 4:155-163. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co, Amsterdam. Environmental Health Letter. (Jan 1976) 15:2 Gershon W. Fishbein Publisher. 1097 National Press Building, Washington, DC 20045. Environmental Health Letter. (September 1976) 15:17. Gershon W. Fishbein Publisher. 1097 National Press Building, Washington, DC 20045.


214

TOXIC CHEMICAL AND EXPLOSIVES FACILITIES

19.

National Sanitation Foundation. "Class II (laminar flow) biohazard cabinetry." Standard No. 49. Ann Arbor, MI 48105. 1976. Barbeito, M . S . , and Taylor, L . A . "Containment of microbial aerosols i n a microbiological safety cabinet." Appl Microbiol (1968) 16 (8):1225-1229.

20.


RECEIVED November 22, 1978.


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