Literature of Man-Made Fibers - Advances in Chemistry (ACS

Literature of Man-Made Fibers C. C. CONRAD and P. M. LEVIN

Downloaded by UNIV OF ARIZONA on January 7, 2013 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 17, 1954 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1954-0010.ch022

Textile Fibers Department, Ε. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.

Searchers in the literature of man-made fibers should be familiar with sources of literature on fundamental scientific research work, applied research, testing methods, economic aspects of the industry, and other general news. This paper introduces the newcomer in the industry to the most important literature sources of the field and presents a bibliography of sources, grouped according to their relation to these various aspects of the man-made fiber industry. This bibli ography is adaptable to the individual requirements of the searcher.

T h e searcher who dips into the literature of man-made fibers finds himself faced with a young but sprawling field. The sharply increased production of man-made fibers i n the past few decades has been accompanied b y a widening range of interests on the part of the fiber manufacturer. H i s activities have spread from the raw material sources, through fiber manufacture, then to textile processing, and finally to the end use of the textile material itself. For this reason the searcher may find that on one hand he must be familiar with sources of fundamental scientific research work, whereas on the other hand he m a y be required to look in as empirical a field as fiber sizing agents. The appearance within the past 5 or 6 years of new annual reviews of textile fibers literature exemplifies the growing awareness of the need for some form of periodical that will regularly tie together the widespread edges of the industry. In this paper the newcomer i n the industry is introduced to the most important literature sources for man-made fibers; and the experienced worker is given some new ideas on literature sources. M a n y references cited will also be found i n other papers of this series on the literature of textile fibers. This duplication is illustrative of the i m possibility of completely separating the literature of man-made fibers from that of natural fibers. The authors feel that this duplication is necessary because i t points up the com mon practice of combining i n one source information on both types of fibers. The searcher should be aware of this practice, so that valuable sources will not be overlooked. A definition of man-made fibers will help set the stage for the bibliography. M a n made fibers are those fibers that do not occur i n nature as useful textile, fibers but can be made from naturally occurring or synthetic chemicals; thus these fibers include re generated cellulose, regenerated protein, cellulose-derivative, polyamide, polyester, polyvinyl, and polyacrylic fibers. T o distinguish fibers made of naturally occurring chemicals, such as cellulose, casein, corn zein, and peanut protein, from fibers made of synthetic chemicals, the latter group is called synthetic fibers. When the searcher consults the literature, he more or less consciously directs his attention to a specific type of literature source, depending on his objective. W i t h this i n mind, various sources have been classified from the standpoint of content and are a r ranged i n groups i n the bibliography presented at the end of this paper ; where testing 191

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methods can be found, where economic figures on textile fiber production can be found, where fundamental research work is recorded, and where some of the other many facets of the industry are described.


History The most thorough historical treatment of man-made fibers appeared recently i n the book "Development of Some M a n - M a d e F i b r e s " (15). The chapter on synthetic fibers has an especially good bibliography. Detailed descriptions of the history of man-made fibers i n the United States can be found i n the "American Handbook of Synthetic Tex tiles" (9), recently off the press, and "Matthews' Textile F i b e r s " (10). A new and sixth edition of the latter volume is believed to be under way. A price-trend history of the United States rayon industry can be found i n Markham's recent book, "Competition i n the R a y o n Industry" (8). The first book on manufacture appears to have been Foltzer's "Artificial Silk and Its Manufacture," published i n France i n 1903 (3). The struggles during the formative years, the first production methods, and subsequent developments through the late twenties have been covered by a number of authors writing i n the period 1903 to 1930: A v r a m (1), Faust (2), Foltzer (3), Hottenroth (5), Reinthaler (13), and Margosches (7).

Abstracts and Indexes W i t h the coming of age of the industry, specialized abstract services have made their appearance. Probably the most thorough of these is offered i n " N a t u r a l and Synthetic Fibers" (21), edited by Harris and M a r k . This compilation contains a good subject index and publishes detailed abstracts. The abstract pages are issued i n loose-leaf form and may be filed i n various ways depending on the needs of the library. The usefulness of these abstracts is, however, limited by the youth of the service—it was established i n 1944. A monthly abstract service is offered by the Institute of Textile Technology, Char lottesville, V a . , under the title Textile Technology Digest (2Jf). This digest may be of particu lar interest to organizations that do not maintain a library or information group. E a c h issue is subdivided by headings covering various fibers and various aspects of the industry. While these new services are of distinct value, a searcher must rely principally on the older abstract journals and indexes. The Department of Scientific and Industrial R e search of Great Britain concluded recently, contrary to many popular opinions (120), that 9 0 % of the useful technical and scientific papers is eventually abstracted. The chief problem is how to find these abstracts. The man-made fiber field has fairly ade quate resources i n this respect. The extensive value of Chemical Abstracts (19) is well known. The Engineering Index (20) covers the engineering field selectively, not comprehensively; important engineering advances such as dielectric drying are well covered. This index, issued annually, contains major and minor subject headings, with abstracts, and extensive cross-indexing. A n alphabetical list of all names mentioned i n the abstracts is also included. The abstracts of the Journal of the Textile Institute (23) are very convenient, once the user has become accustomed to the slight differences i n terminology—for example, an important index heading is "Manufactured Fibers." These abstracts have annual sub ject, name, and patent number indexes. Fairly general and less technical articles on man-made fibers can be found i n the Industnal Arts Index (22), which lists only titles and sources. A cumulative bibliography of unclassified government reports was issued i n 1947 by the Office of Technical Services of the Department of Commerce (28). A current bibliography, Bibliography of Technical Reports (17), with abstracts, is published monthly for publication board (PB) reports and contains a section on textiles. These reports are most generally useful because they record the results of government textile testing pro grams, which would indicate new fields of uses for man-made fibers, and surveys of for eign production. In LITERATURE RESOURCES; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1954.

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During the period 1946 to 1948, coverage included a great volume of German docu ments seized at the conclusion of World W a r I I . While occasionally even today a number of such items still appear as entries, their volume has materially diminished.


Periodic Reviews Two outstanding periodic reviews have recently appeared. One is published jointly by the Textile Institute and the Society of Dyers & Colourists, both i n England (29). The first volume of this review appeared i n 1949 with the stated purpose of being addressed to " a l l scientists and technologists concerned with textiles." E a c h volume has major headings such as research, production, etc. ; and these are subdivided according to fiber type. E a c h volume also contains an author and subject index. I n 1950, the Textile Research Institute published in the M a y issue of the Textile Research Journal (30) a review for 1949 covering the field under several major headings such as high polymer studies, fiber-fabric relationships, etc. The reviews for 1951 and 4952 occupied full monthly issues. The "Technical M a n u a l and Year B o o k " (16) of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists offers an annual review that covers dyeing, testing methods, identification of fibers, and other material often related primarily to fabrics.

Sources on Basic Research Chemical Abstracts (19) will probably satisfy most requirements for literature on re search i n fiber-forming materials. The first United States articles on synthetic fibers and fiber-forming polymers appeared largely i n the Journal of the American Ch&mical Society (32). The rapid growth of polymer science fostered the establishment of the Journal of Polymer Science (35) i n 1945. The usefulness of this monthly journal as a medium for the publication of fundamental research papers has also been enhanced by the fact that details appear i n this journal that would ordinarily be edited out of other journals. The German counterpart of the Journal of Polymer Science is Makromolekulare Chemie (38) which appears irregularly. The Textile Research Journal (40) is one of the most familiar publications for funda mental research i n both man-made fibers and fabrics. The transactions of the Journal of the Textile Institute (36) usually carry articles on the physical chemistry of fibers, as well as more general material designed for the entire industry. The Bulletin de Vinstitut textile de France (31) first made its appearance i n 1947. Coverage includes reports of laboratory work with summaries i n both French and English, and abstracts of world textile literature. The Shirley Institute Memoirs (39) began to include research papers on rayon i n 1930 and now reports some of the more important British research.

General Journals The textile industry is characterized by a host of journals that are marginal i n the sense that they contain a little bit of everything. F o r example, Modern Textiles Magazine (46) j formerly known as Rayon and Synthetic Textiles, usually contains some articles on fairly fundamental research i n man-made fibers or textiles. Besides this, the journal contains at various times articles for m i l l operating personnel, articles on dyeing, pro duction and consumption statistics, articles on new equipment, yarn prices, and similar material that could be of interest to almost anyone i n the industry. Despite its title, the American Dyestuff Reporter (41) frequently publishes material relating to man-made fibers because it publishes the proceedings of the American Associa tion of Textile Chemists and Colorists. I t also runs abstracts of other literature and patents, a feature found i n most of the general journals of this type. I n England, Skinner's Silk and Rayon Record (50) covers the industry i n a similar way, perhaps on a more expansive scale. This monthly journal has an interesting tech nical column entitled " W h a t ' s N e w " and a useful list of trade-marks i n each issue, i n In LITERATURE RESOURCES; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1954.


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addition to the usual general articles and abstracts. Of particular value is the section " M o d e r n Textile Auxiliaries" which has been featured since February 1950. The first 1500 entries i n this series have recently been published i n book form (68). The Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists (44) is somewhat like American Dyestuff Reporter as far as man-made fibers are concerned. The best French journal i n this category is Rusta-Rayonne (49), which recommenced publication following a suspension during World W a r I I . The Swiss representative i n this class is Textil-Rundschau (51). Melliand Textilberichte (45) covers the entire textile industry; it carries fundamental and applied research, economic figures, and literature abstracts. This journal also offers its abstracts i n a separate service printed on one side of a sheet to permit individual i n dexing of each abstract. Reyon Zellwolle (48) is similar but devoted to man-made fibers. Covering the same field is a new journal, Faserforschung und Textiltechnik (43). M a n y other textile journals are published both here and abroad and generally aimed at mill operating personnel and textile executives. Some of these, such as Textile World (59), Canadian Textile Journal (53), America's Textile Reporter (52), Textile Industries and Fibres (57), Papers of American Association of Textile Technologists (47), and the British Rayon & Silk Journal (42), frequently print good survey articles on man-made fibers. These articles are useful i n keeping up to date i n a field of increasingly rapid develop ments. I n most instances, these general articles are picked up b y Industrial Arts Index or the Engineering Index.

Testing Methods The two best sources for testing methods are the "Standards on Textile M a t e r i a l s " of the American Society for Testing Materials (92) and the "Technical M a n u a l and Year B o o k " of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (16). The latter group has also published a separate manual on analytical methods. Garner (93) has recently published i n England the most thorough volume yet avail able on various testing procedures. New experimental testing methods and test instruments are frequently described in the Review of Scientific Instruments (96) and the Journal of Applied Physics (94).

Production Methods The most extensive information on methods for producing man-made fibers lies i n the patent literature. A thorough search of chemical patents since 1907 can be made by use of Chemical Abstracts) fortunately, the searcher interested i n man-made fibers will have little occasion to go back earlier. Suvern's " D i e Kunstliche Seide" (85) and Faust's "Celluloseverbindungen" (65) offer useful literature and patent digests. U n fortunately, both these appear to be out of print and thus not generally available. Suv ern's fifth edition and first supplement covers the period through 1928 and Faust, i n two volumes, through 1935. Weber and M a r t i n a (89) have recently published a volume that includes the patent literature on man-made fibers for 1939 to 1950. This survey is recommended especially for its coverage of European patents. Forthcoming volumes of the "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology" (99) will have sections on rayon, acetate, and synthetic fibers, accompanied by extensive bibliographies. W i t h the exception of the patent literature, the material i n the encyclopedia will represent most of the latest production methods. M a n y of the general books listed i n the bibliography, such as Preston's " F i b r e Science" (77), Leeming's " R a y o n — T h e First M a n - M a d e F i b e r " (6), Moncrieff's " A r t i ficial Fibers" (76), Houwink's "Elastomers and Plastomers, Their Chemistry, Physics, and Technology" (73), Gotze (67), and Herzog (98) have descriptions of production methods which, although sometimes out of date, are generally informative to newcomers in the industry. In LITERATURE RESOURCES; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1954.

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Economics The most valuable source of price, production, and consumption statistics is Textile Organon (101). This periodical has published a valuable cumulative volume of textile statistics running through 1950. It also publishes an annual directory of man-made fiber producers, which describes fiber types from producers throughout the world and defines the trade-marks for synthetic fiber types.


Dictionaries and Directories Words are frequently met which are old in the textile industry but new to the in creasing numbers of technically trained people entering the man-made fiber industry. The "Callaway Textile Dictionary" (103) and the "Mercury Dictionary of Textile Terms" (105) are useful reference sources. The latter is more detailed and extensive in its coverage. Another fairly useful reference volume is the "Textile Brand Names Dictionary" (106) which covers the years 1934 through 1947. Even more valuable is Haynes' book, "Chemical Trade Names and Commercial Synonyms" (104), which is a good source for the identification of the numerous chemicals used in the production of man-made fibers. Spinning and Weaving Man-Made Fibers Although the word "spinning" frequently means the production of man-made fibers, it is used here in the sense of spinning man-made staple into yarn. The latest compilation of developments in this field of spinning and weaving manmade fibers can be found in an annual section published each September by Textile World (118). Development of blends containing man-made fibers is too new a subject to have an extensive literature. The most complete information available to date is a series of papers published in the August 1952 issue of the Journal of the Textile Institute (112). Books In the bibliography, books that the authors of this paper have found especially use ful are listed. These are, of course, in addition to those books listed under other head ings in the bibliography. All these books are most useful as introductory material for newcomers or for those seeking general information from the widespread corners of the man-made fiber industry. The bibliography contains more references than are actually cited in this paper. It does not, however, cover all the available literature on man-made fibers. Only those sources are described that are believed to be immediately useful. Individual require ments can modify and slant this bibliography toward individual uses. Bibliography HISTORICAL INFORMATION

(1) Avram, M. H., "Rayon Industry," 1st ed., New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1927; 2nd ed.. 1929. (2) Faust, O., "Artificial Silk," trans, by E. Fyleman, London, Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1929. (3) Foltzer, J., "Artificial Silk and Its Manufacture," trans, by T. Woodhouse, 3rd ed., London, Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1926. (4) Hard, Α., "Story of Rayon," London, United Trade Press, 1944. (5) Hottenroth, V., "Artificial Silk," trans, by E. Fyleman, London, Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1928. (6) Leeming, J., "Rayon—The First Man-Made Fiber," Brooklyn, Chemical Publishing Co., 1950. (7) Margosches, Β. M., "Viskose," Leipzig, Verlag der Zeitschrift für die gesamte Textil-Industrie, 1906. (8) Markham, J. W., "Competition in the Rayon Industry," Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1952. (9) Mauersberger, H. R., "American Handbook of Synthetic Textiles," New York, Textile Book Publishers, 1952. In LITERATURE RESOURCES; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1954.

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(10) Mauersberger, H. R., ed., "Matthews' Textile Fibers," 5th ed., New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1947. (11) Mauersberger, H. R.. and Schwarz, E. W. K., "Rayon and Staple Fiber Handbook," 3rd ed., New York, Rayon Handbook Co., 1939. (12) Muthesius, V., ed., "Zur Geschichte der Kunstfaser," Wuppertal-Elberfeld, Germany, Vereinigten Glanzstoff-Fabriken A. G., 1950. (13) Reinthaler, F., "Artificial Silk," trans, by F. M. Rowe, New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1929. (14) Sherman, J. V., and Sherman, S. L., "New Fibers," New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1946. (15) Urquhart, A. R., Hegan, H. J., and Loasby, G., "Development of Some Man-Made Fibres," Manchester, England, Textile Institute, 1952. See also (72), Vol. I.


ABSTRACTS AND INDEXES

(16) Am. Assoc. Textile Chemists and Colorists, "Technical Manual and Year Book," annually, Lowell Textile Institute, Lowell, Mass. Section on current literature relating to chemical, physical, biological and technological aspects of textiles. (17) Bibliography of Technical Reports, monthly, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington, D. C. (18) Blandford, J. M., Natl. Bur. Standards, Letter Circ. LC912 (1948). Textiles: Sources of Information. (19) Chemical Abstracts, semimonthly, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Washington, D. C. (20) Engineering Index, annually, Engineering Index Inc., New York. (21) Harris, M., and Mark, H., ed., New York, "Natural and Synthetic Fibers," Interscience Publishers, 1944. (22) Industrial Arts Index, monthly, cumulative every several months, and annually, H. W. Wilson Co., New York. (23) Journal of the Textile Institute, Abstracts, monthly, Manchester, England. (24) Textile Technology Digest, monthly, Institute of Textile Technology, Charlottesville, Va. (25) U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, "Bibliography of Quartermaster Corps Textile Series Reports," IB-194 (1951). (26) U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, "Bibliography of Reports on Polyurethane Fibers," IB-88 (1949). (27) U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, "Bibliography of Reports on Synthetic Fibers," IB-62 (1949). (28) U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, "OSRD Reports: A Bibliography and Index of the Numbered Series Available from the Office of Technical Services," PB78000. Subject index, author index, and one-line abstracts of unclassified OSRD reports up to 1947 with corresponding PB numbers. See also (9), pp. 1133-58. ANNUAL AND PERIODIC REVIEWS

(29) Textile Institute and Society of Dyers and Colourists, Manchester and Bradford, England, "Review of Textile Progress," Vol. I, 1949; Vol. II, 1950. (30) Textile Research Journal, Textile Research Institute, Princeton, N. J. Ann. Revs., 20, 317-60 (1950); 21, 293-373 (1951); 22, 293-377 (1952) See also (16). PERIODICALS, GENERAL

The following deal primarily with basic or fundamental research: (31) Bulletin de l'institut textile de France, bimonthly, Editions de l'Industrie Textile, Paris, France. (32) Journal of the American Chemical Society, monthly (semimonthly 1952), AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Washington, D. C. (33) Journal of Colloid Science, monthly, Academic Press, Lancaster, Pa. (34) Journal of Physical Chemistry, monthly, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Washington, D. C. (35) Journal of Polymer Science, monthly, Interscience Publishers, New York. (36) Journal of the Textile Institute, monthly, Textile Institute, Manchester, England. (37) Kolloid Zeitschrift, monthly, Kolloid-Gesellschaft, Th. Steinkopff, Darmstadt, Germany. (38) Makromolekulare Chemie, irregular, Hüthig Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. (39) Shirley Institute Memoirs, irregular, Shirley Institute, Didsbury, England. (40) Textile Research Journal, monthly, Textile Research Institute, New York. The following deal principally with applied research, general news, and feature articles: (41) American Dyestuff Reporter, biweekly, Howes Publishing Co., New York. (42) British Rayon & Silk Journal, monthly, Harlequin Press Co., Manchester, England. (43) Faserforschung und Textiltechnik, monthly, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. (44) Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, monthly, Society of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, Yorkshire, England. (45) Melliand Textilberichte, monthly, Heidelberg, Germany, In LITERATURE RESOURCES; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1954.


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(46) Modern Textiles Magazine, monthly, Rayon Publishing Corp., New York (Rayon Textile Monthly, 1936 to 1948; Rayon and Synthetic Textiles until September 1952). (47) Papers of American Association of Textile Technologists, quarterly, Fairchild Publications, New York. (48) Reyon Zellwolle, monthly, Jentgen, Berlin, Germany (successively from 1941: Kunstseide und Zellwolle, Zellwolle · Kunstseide · Seide, Kunstseide, Zellwolle und Kunstseide, and Re Synthetica, Zellwolle). (49) Rusta-Rayonne, monthly, Paris, France. (50) Skinner's Silk and Rayon Record, monthly, Thomas Skinner & Co., Ltd., Manchester, England. (51) Textil-Rundschau, monthly, Zollikofer & Co., St. Gallen, Switzerland. The following may occasionally be of some interest to the research worker in man-made fibers, although of more frequent interest to the textile producer: (52) America's Textile Reporter, weekly, F. P. Bennett Co:, Boston, Mass. (53) Canadian Textile Journal, biweekly, Canadian Textile Journal Publishing Co., Montreal, Canada. (54) Textile Age, monthly, Textile Age, Inc., New York. (55) Textile Bulletin, monthly, Clark Publishing Co., Charlotte, N. C. (56) Textile Forum, quarterly, North Carolina State College, Raleigh, N. C. (57) Textile Industries and Fibres, monthly, Leonard Hill, Ltd., London. (58) Textile Recorder, monthly, Harlequin Press Co., Manchester, England. (59) Textile World, monthly, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York. REFERENCE BOOKS, GENERAL

(60) ADVANCES IN CHEM. SER., NO. 4 (1951). "Searching the Chemical Literature," particularly articles by J. Fleischer, M. P. Doss and G. A. Munafo, T. Hoffman, and J. C. Lane and J. Metschl. (61) Bawn, C. Ε. H., "Chemistry of High Polymers," New York, Interscience Publishers, 1948. (62) Blout, E. R., Hohenstein, W. P., and Mark, H., "Monomers," New York, Interscience Pub lishers, 1949. (63) "British Rayon Manual," Manchester, England, Harlequin Press Co., 1947. (64) Crane, E. J., and Patterson, A. M., "Guide to the Literature of Chemistry," New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1927. (65) Faust, O., " Celluloseverbindungen," 2 vols., Berlin, Julius Springer, 1935. (66) Frith, Ε. M., and Tucket, R. F., "Linear Polymers," London, Longmans Green and Co., 1951. (67) Götze, K., "Kunstseide und Zellwolle nach dem Viskose-Verfahren," Berlin, Julius Springer, 1940. (Reprinted by Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich.) (68) Hall, A. J., "Modern Textile Auxiliaries," Manchester, England, Thomas Skinner & Co., 1952. (69) Hartsuch, Β. E., "Introduction to Textile Chemistry," New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1950. (70) Hermans, P. H., "Physics and Chemistry of Cellulose Fibres," New York, Elsevier Press, 1949. (71) Heuser, E., "Chemistry of Cellulose," New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1944. (72) "High Polymers," New York, Interscience Publishers. Vol. I, "Collected Papers of W. H. Carothers," ed. by H. Mark and G. S. Whitby, 1940; Vol. II, "Physical Chemistry of High Polymeric Systems," 2nd ed., H. Mark and Α. V. Tobolsky, 1950; Vol. III, "High Polymeric Reactions," H. Mark and H. Raff, 1941; Vol. IV, "Natural and Synthetic High Polymers," 2nd ed., Κ. H. Meyer, 1950; Vol. V, "Natural and Synthetic High Polymers," 2nd ed., ed. by E. Ott and H. Spurlin, 1943; Vol. VI, "Mechanical Behavior of High Polymers," T. Alfrey, Jr., 1948. (73) Houwink, R., ed., "Elastomers and Plastomers, Their Chemistry, Physics and Technology," 3 vols., New York, Elsevier Press, 1949. (74) Marsh, J. T., and Wood, F. C., "Introduction to the Chemistry of Cellulose," 2nd ed., New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1942. (75) Mellon, M. G., "Chemical Publications," New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1940. (76) Moncrieff, R. W., "Artificial Fibers," New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1950. (77) Preston, J. M., "Fibre Science," Textile Institute, Manchester, England, 1949. (78) Pummerer, R., ed., "Chemische Textilfasern, Filme und Folien," 15 vols, projected, Stuttgart, Germany, Ferdinand Enke, 1951. (79) Rose, H. W., "Rayon and Synthetic Fiber Industry of Japan," New York, Textile Research Institute, 1946. (80) Schildknecht, C. E., "Vinyl and Related Polymers," New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1952. (81) Smith, L. H., ed., "Synthetic Fiber Developments in Germany," PB-7416, New York, Textile Research Institute, 1946. (82) Soule, Β. Α., "Library Guide for the Chemist," New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1938. (83) Staudinger, H., "Hochmolekularen Organischen Ver bindungen," Berlin, Julius Springer, 1932. (Reprinted by Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich.) (84) Strong, J. H., "Fabric Structure," New York, Chemical Publishing Co., 1947. (85) Suvern, K., "Künstliche Seide," 5th ed., Berlin, Julius Springer, 1926; 1st supplement, 1931. (86) Textile Research Institute, New York, "Textile Microscopy in Germany," 1947. In LITERATURE RESOURCES; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1954.

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(87) Urquhart, A. R., "German Rayon Industry: 1939-1945," BIOS Surveys Rept. 33, London, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1952. (88) Von Bergen, W., and Krauss, W., "Textile Fiber Atlas," New York, Textile Book Publishers, 1949. (89) Weber, F., and Martina, Α., "Neuzeitlichen Textilveredlungs-Verfahren der Kunstfasern," Vienna, Julius Springer, 1951. (90) Zart, Α., "Kunstseide und Stapelfaser," Darmstadt, Germany, Dietrich Steinkopff, 1950. See also (2, 3, 5, 6, 9-11, 13, 14).


TESTING METHODS

(91) Am. Assoc. Textile Chemists and Colorists, Lowell Textile Inst., Lowell, Mass., "Analytical Methods for a Textile Laboratory," 1949. (92) Am. Soc. Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., "Standards on Textile Materials," annually. (93) Garner, W., "Textile Laboratory Manual," 2nd ed., London, National Trade Press, Ltd., 1951. (94) Journal of Applied Physics, monthly, American Institute of Physics, New York. (95) Lomax, J., "Textile Testing," 2nd ed., New York, Longmans Green and Co., 1949. (96) Review of Scientific Instruments, monthly, American Institute of Physics, New York. (97) Trotman, E. R., and Trotman, S. R., "Textile Analysis," 2nd ed., London, Charles Griffin & Co., 1948. PRODUCTION METHODS

(98) Herzog, R. O., "Technologie der Textilfasern," Vol. VII, "Kunstseide," Berlin, Julius Springer, 1927. (99) Kirk, R. E., and Othmer, D. F., ed., "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology," New York. Interscience Publishers, 1947. See also (9, 12, 16). ECONOMICS

(100) Meadows, B., U. S. Dept. Agr., Statistical Bull. 89 (1950). Trends in the Consumption of Fibers in the United States, 1892-1948. (l01) Textile Organon, monthly, Textile Economics Bureau, Inc., New York. Special summary, Textile Organon, 23, No. 1, 1-48 (1952). Base Book of Textile Statistics. See also (1). TEXTILE DICTIONARIES

(102) Am. Soc. Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., "Standards on Textile Materials," pp. 1-37, 1051.

(103) Carmichael, W. L., Linton, G. E., and Price, I., "Callaway Textile Dictionary," La Grange, Ga., Callaway Mills, 1947. (104) Haynes, W., "Chemical Trade Names and Commercial Synonyms." New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1951. (105) "Mercury Dictionary of Textile Terms," Manchester, England, Textile Mercury, Ltd., 1950. (106) "Textile Brand Names Dictionary," New York, Textile Book Publishers, Inc., 1947. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

(107) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, J. Polymer Sci., 8, 257-77 (1952). Re port on Nomenclature in the Field of Macromolecules. (108) J. Textile Inst., 43, S1-S25 (1952). Textile Terms and Definitions. See also (103, 105). SPINNING AND WEAVING MAN-MADE FIBERS

(109) American Viscose Corp., "Rayon Technology: Handbook for Textile Mills," New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1948. (110) American Viscose Corp., Marcus Hook, Pa. "Spinning Rayon Staple on the Cotton System," 1948. (111) Grover, Ε. B., and Hamby, D. S., "Textile Processing of Synthetics, "Raleigh, N.C., Technical Press, 1949. (112) J. Textile Inst., 43, 352-717 (1952). Fiber Blends Conference Papers. (113) Landau, A. L., "Spinning Synthetic Fibers on the Cotton System," Scranton, Pa., Inter national Textbook Co., 1950. (114) Mauersberger, H. R., "Rayon Looms and Weaving," Vol. 17B, Scranton, Pa., International Textbook Co., 1949. (115) Mauersberger, H. R., and Reed, Η. E., "Rayon Warp Preparations and Quilling," Vol. 16. Scranton, Pa., International Textbook Co., 1943. (116) Pizzuto, J. J., and D'Alessandro, P. L., "101 Fabrics; Analyses and Textile Dictionary," New York, Textile Press, 1952. (117) Robinson, A. T. C , "Rayon Fabric Construction," London, Thomas Skinner & Co., 1950. In LITERATURE RESOURCES; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1954.


199

(118) Textile World (59). Annual Syntheticfibersection, September issues. (119) Whittaker, C. M., "Fiber Manual," New York, Transatlantic Arts, and London, Sylvan Press. Ltd., 1950. See also (9). (120) Ind. Eng. Chem., 48, No. 8, 11A (1952).


RECEIVED October 14, 1952. Presented before the Division of Chemical Literature, Symposium on Literature of Textile Chemistry, at the 122nd Meeting of the AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Atlantic City, NV J.

In LITERATURE RESOURCES; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1954.

Literature of Man-Made Fibers - Advances in Chemistry (ACS

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