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Sound and Unsound Short Cuts in Searching the Literature CHARLOTTE M. SCHALER, Sinclair Refining Co., New York, Ν. Y.

Downloaded by UNIV OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA on November 23, 2015 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 17, 1954 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1954-0010.ch045

JULIAN F. SMITH, 5715 Crawford Drive, Rockville, Md.

Sound short cuts in literature searching evolve from thorough application of searching principles and thorough acquisition of technical knowledge and nomenclature on the subject. The time spent on a search can be reduced for the professional searcher by planning the search routine and by using non technical help in some steps. An administration sup porting a literature unit which maintains a collection of references on topics of interest is the greatest time saver for the searcher. A bibliography on the tech nique of searching, which accumulated in such a unit, is appended.

S h o r t cuts i n searching must be approached with caution and with a clear understand ing of the difference between sound and unsound procedure. A sound short cut does not break any of the basic rules of searching, and is, i n some instances, based on a more i n tensive application of them; i t is a better, faster, or more direct way of making a search, with no loss, and often an improvement, i n quality. Reliable short cuts i n searching may be divided into five types: those dependent on thorough application of searching principles or a better acquisition of technical knowl edge on the search subject, those accruing from planning the search routine to save opera tions, those based on the use of carefully supervised nontechnical help, those resulting from maintaining a multipurpose literature unit, and mechanical aids i n searching (punched cards and searching machines). Only the first four will be discussed here, as the fifth, mechanical aids in searching, is better handled by specialists i n that particular field. This paper deals with short cuts applicable without the use of specially designed equipment.

Intensive Application of Searching Principles or Better Acquisition of Technical Knowledge •Defining the P r o b l e m . T h e careless searcher m a y take an unsound short cut by failing to define the search subject and search problem adequately! T h e average searcher, however, will not make this mistake. H e will set up a fairly accurate definition or will accept the one given h i m b y those requesting the search. T h e literature searcher with imagination and foresight will, at this point, go a step further. He will not be satisfied to accept either the definition given him or the first definition he himself may develop, for he will realize that a problem usually lends itself to more con cise definition than is at first evident. The first reliable short cut open to a searcher is to attempt to limit the search problem beyond the first acceptable definition. Often those who want a search are so familiar with their own ideas and wishes that they are unaware that they are not expressing them 441

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completely. 4- searcher should test any search aim and problem definition by continu ing to question those who want the search, beyond the point where most searchers leave off. Such questions may be put indirectly and tactfully, as an expression of interest and a desire for more knowledge, but they should be carefully selected by the questioner with the express object of further limiting the search scope, if this should prove possible. For example, a search may be needed on the effect of catalysts on the oxidation of lub ricating oils. The experienced searcher will recognize this search problem as not as well bounded as it might be. Which lubricating oils—petroleum, synthetic, compounded or blended? What catalysts—some particular group, perhaps, of the periodic table of ele ments? What temperature range and what other conditions are of interest? If the searcher can find out what this man is working on and why he wants the search, a more concise and better search will result i n less time. A good searcher will dig out the answers he needs. The revised search problem definition will produce a search where a l l refer ences listed will be of real interest. The inept searcher can, however, vitiate this procedure by improper questioning and faulty understanding. This may result i n limiting the search aim too narrowly, with consequent omission of significant references. N o revised search problem definition should ever be used unless it is approved by those who requested the search. Search type must also be established; this refers not to the subject matter but to the purpose of the search. Is the search to find out whether invention novelty is present for patent application, or is someone suing the company for infringement? Is it suspected that a competitor's patent is invalid? Or does the company need data for building a new plant? M o s t searchers perform this task, but the exceptional searcher goes along further. Besides determining the reason for making the search and establishing limiting dates, it is wise to get the technical and, for certain types of searches, the legal viewpoint of those i n terested i n the search. Without this the searcher will be unable to use any native i n genuity he may have to apply the indirect method of using a combination of two or more references to establish a technical point, where no adequate single reference can be found. To illustrate, suppose a company wishes to anticipate a patent on a composition used in metal cutting, this composition containing certain fatty acids. The literature reveals no pertinent statement prior to the date i n question. The searcher who has not established a viewpoint will turn i n a negative result. If several statements indicating that tall oil was used for metal cutting at an early date were found, the searcher who has established the necessary technical and legal view point will start looking for the composition of tall oil, not i n modern, but i n old books, realizing that if he can find a book published, for example, in 1925 or before, stating that tall oil contains the fatty acids i n question, his problem will be solved. While he has not found any early statement that the composition i n question was used for metal cutting, he has established that tall oil was so used, and that it was general knowledge at the time of the published statement that tall oil contained the fatty acids i n question. This searcher, through ingenuity, will have proved patent anticipation by an indirect method, where the other failed. A n unsound short cut develops from this when a superficial searcher tries to use the indirect method as a substitute for the direct method. It is necessary, of course, to find references definitely stating the ideas sought if available; the indirect method should be resorted to only when the direct method fails. A searcher who does not establish what type of search he is making will collect ma terial that seems pertinent to h i m but which actually contributes little or nothing to the search purpose. N o t determining date limits will cause inclusion of references on the subject that are valueless for other reasons. Consulting Experts. Consulting experts on the search subject is a valuable short cut which can supply considerable information q u i c k l y and m a y even make further search unnecessary. Using Existing Bibliographies and Previous Searches. T o begin the search where existing bibliographies and previous searches leave off is a standard short cut that has become.a rule of searching. However, both consulting experts and using In LITERATURE RESOURCES; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1954.


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existing bibliographies and past searches can become a trap for the lazy searcher. B e cause he has had a few lucky breaks he may thereafter expect suitable information to drop into his lap and neglect finding references that must be tracked down. Preparing Subject H e a d i n g L i s t a n d R e v i e w i n g Nomenclature. Instead of setting up a list of subject headings for searching as soon as possible, time can be saved b y delaying this a little. Before m a k i n g the list i t is better to browse through suitable books, to go from there to review articles and bibliographies, and even to begin abstracting material already available for the search. The object of this delay is to avoid preparation of an unrealistic list needing much revision, to make possible a quick solu tion that might make the search proper unnecessary, and to acquire a background of technical knowledge and nomenclature without taking time away from the search to do so. The subject list itself will be improved by this knowledge. This postponement i n listing subject headings, however, should not be construed as a suggestion to slur over this task, as slackness may result i n several false starts. Also, i t should not be taken as justi fication for making a rigid list requiring no subsequent revision. The object is simply to cut the need for this revision to a minimum. The searcher should inform himself not only on scientific nomenclature and terminol ogy, but also on popular usage and trade names. F o r chemical compounds, particularly complicated ones, a l l synonyms and correct and incorrect terms should be listed. I t cannot be assumed that authors and indexes use orthodox terminology, especially where industrial or trade journals are involved. A n inadequate knowledge of unscientific no menclature and terminology is just as likely to cause a searcher to miss references as a lack of knowledge of proper nomenclature. E v a l u a t i n g Journals. Awareness of the v a r y i n g viewpoints, aims, audiences, and policies of different journals is a rewarding time saver, as is awareness of how a n i n dividual journal varies over the years. This awareness may be acquired by comparing and contrasting journals with titles which indicate a similarity of content, having editorial policies which make them differ. F o r example, the application of chemistry industrially is implied i n the titles of four dissimilar journals: Chemical Processing, Journal of Applied Chemistry, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering. Chemical Processing is a trade journal, giving small news items of processing developments and control. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry contains highly technical articles. Though Petroleum Processing andi Chemical Processing may sound like sister journals i n different fields, this is far from the case. Petroleum Processing prints excellent articles on the development of the petroleum chemicals industry, as well as on the processing of petroleum, with little space for the type of small news item featured i n Chemical Processing. However, i n looking for information on drilling, geology, and production tech niques, Petroleum Engineer or Journal of Petroleum Technology should be consulted. A search will proceed faster, if the searcher, whenever possible, will examine first the familiar journals. B y the time he has done this, he will have collected bibliographical material containing references to less familiar journals. I n looking up these references in the less familiar journals, he will become familiar to some extent with them. Bibliog raphies located will also aid him in setting up or revising his list of sources to be searched. As i n the case of index topics, the making of a list of journals to be searched should also be postponed a little, i n this instance to the time when the more familiar journals have been searched. A better list will result. However, the searcher who begins with the sources he knows and never gets around to the less familiar sources is taking an u n sound short cut. If he omits listing suitable sources, he may find himself painstakingly looking through Chemical Abstracts, for material not covered there. Searching trade journals can be very time-consuming, as they frequently have sketchy indexes or none. A page b y page search may become necessary. A n aid, especially helpful i n searching the trade journals, is to make a list of authors and companies known to have worked on the subject. Previous search through abstract and other journals, consultation with experts, review articles, and bibliographies form the basis for such a list. U n s o u n d Short Cuts.

G i v i n g up a source simply because i t does not yield i m -


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mediate results is especially tempting i n the case of journals w i t h inadequate indexes, no indexes, or poor arrangement of material. Other pitfalls include not looking up cross references, using titles only where titles do not suffice, not properly digesting the contents and thus overlooking significant references, and omitting annotations where needed. Some searchers do not know when a search is finished; with a passion for com pleteness, they lose sight of the search goal and do not recognize its attainment. Neg lecting to get enough background information to make an intelligent search can make the search valueless. I n fact, any short cut dependent on careless work, the breaking of searching principles, or lack of proper technical knowledge is unsound.

Planning the Search Routine The routine of recording references, writing abstracts, and making search indexes may be cumbersome or efficient. Looking up references may be haphazard or arranged to save energy. The first principle i n saving search time is to use Éngle operations to serve multiple purposes. For example, references listed on sheets of paper can serve only one purpose, if one reference is listed right under the other. Lists on cards or sheets, with one refer ence per card or sheet, can serve several purposes. Abstracts can be added under each reference, and the cards can be rearranged b y subject content, so that the typist can copy, entering items i n the desired order on the final copy. A rearrangement of the cards b y author can be used to produce an author index without extra work. Longer searches usually require a breakdown b y special technical points; one refer ence frequently contains information on two or three points. Each point can be desig nated with a number like 1, 2, or 3, which can be added on the cards as subjects indicate. For instance, i n a search on separating low boiling olefins from hydrocarbon gases, point 1 may be separation b y adsorption methods; point 2, separation by absorption methods; and point 3, separation by cold fractionation. T h e typist can copy a l l cards bearing number 1, then all bearing number 2, and so on. A breakdown b y special interests re sults. This illustrates also a second principle for saving time on search routine—namely, the use of symbols or code designations when feasible to save writing the same words over and over. I t is certainly simpler to write " 1 " than to write "separation b y adsorption methods." If the initial compilation of references is on a set of cards or sheets of a loose-leaf note book, these cards or sheets can be rearranged b y journal titles. Then all references in one journal may be examined by the searcher at one time, instead of his running about in the library or from one outside library to another, i n search of different journals on the same day. This illustrates a third principle of saving time—searchers should arrange the rou tine to save needless walking about and unnecessary trips to outside libraries. If several searches are being made, one person may look up references i n a certain set of journals for more than one search at one sitting more quickly than several searchers, each one on a different search. M a n y companies order Photostats, Microfilms, or other copies of important references for the file. If articles are recognized as important enough to be Photostated, they can be covered after their arrival.

Use of Supervised Stenographic and Clerical Help for Nontechnical Steps Short cuts based on the use of nontechnical help, when misused, can produce fatal results. For instance, a stenographer who had typed up many searches, was once asked to make a list of patents dealing with windshield cleaning compositions, listed i n the annual U . S. patent indexes. She spent several days doing this. Unfortunately, without proper supervision, her list turned out to be a collection of mechanical gadgets—wind shield wipers—a subject of no interest whatever for the search. Index work cannot be carried out by nontechnical people i n a reliable way. A searcher may, however, obtain help from a stenographer who is intelligent and willing; the searcher may go through indexes and mark references for copying; the stenographer In LITERATURE RESOURCES; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1954.


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follows, copying what is marked. The searcher must supervise the copying carefully, to see that right forms and entries are made. H e may also turn to the original references and mark statements along the margin for entry i n the abstract. These may be copied by a stenographer. The searcher can dictate his abstracts for the search i n a compara tively short time, provided he has digested and marked them so that he knows what he wants to say. A n intelligent stenographer can also learn the set form for recording the journal, patent, or book references i n the search, so that the searcher is spared the work of writing them out, and need only check her finished work. For a spot information search, a stenographer may be asked to see if she can find some references on a subject, and what she finds may satisfy the person wanting the i n formation, but a searcher must tell her where to look and must be ready to take over if she does not find what is wanted. Sometimes people ask for general information that is not hard to locate. Here a stenographer is useful to assist with general reference work. A t no time should she be left to flounder on her own without guidance. Clerks with several years of library experience can be useful i n the same way. Clerical help can also assist i n arrangement of cards and sheets for the search work, and an intelligent clerk i n a library can locate articles i n journals and place these references on a table where the searcher can look through them. If some errors are made, this is unimportant, for the searcher will note them, and simply help himself to the right journals from the library shelves. The principles of using nontechnical help to save time i n searching may be summa rized as follows: Only intelligent and willing help can be used, a l l the work done b y nontechnical help must be carefully planned and supervised by the searcher, no steps re quiring technical knowledge should be carried out b y nontechnical help, and all work done must be carefully checked.

Maintaining a Multipurpose Literature Unit A far-sighted company policy can do more to save time i n making searches than i n dividual searchers can possibly save. When a company develops its own tailored subject index system of classification, covering its entire field of interest, and feeds into this its current literature abstracts and reviews of currently issued patents, the over-all saving of search time will be from 50 to 7 0 % , after the system has been i n effect for 20 or more years. When such a procedure is used, the time saved i n searching is directly proportional to the number of years covered and the quality of the classification system. F o r the first year or so, the time saved is small, but i t mounts yearly. I n time, files of articles and patent references are built up on a l l subjects likely to interest the company. These files constitute searches i n themselves and are kept up to date b y the routine abstracting and patent indexing. The importance of the quality of the classification system is obvious. I t should have simple basic classes so broad that no subject of possible interest to the company can arise outside its totality; under these main headings, increasingly specific subclasses and subsubclasses are placed. A form of decimal or combination decimal and symbol (letter) system seems best suited. Alphabetical word systems are too cumbersome. New scientific and technical developments can be inserted as they arise, as new sub classes or new subsubclasses, without disturbing the basic framework of the system, the date of the new entry being included; this date will be an indication of the time the de velopment gained significance or notice. Old developments that are outmoded cease to acquire new references and, i n time, the subclasses can be closed out. I n this way the classification system can be kept up to date i n a period of advancing science and tech nology. However, a sound classification system will be so arranged that new classes seldom need be added, and old classes seldom dropped, because the classes represent basic ideas of which new developments are generally modifications or applications. F o r example, cracking i n the oil industry is a basic idea. New cracking processes will be developed, but they are still on cracking, and so fall into this main class. There are also certain subdivisions of cracking that remain basic. If this class and its subdivisions are set up on In LITERATURE RESOURCES; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1954.


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sound principles, changes that have to be made are rare. Chemical treatment of petro leum products is another such basic class. There are also certain standard types of chemi cal treatment under this class as subdivisions. Applications may vary, but the classes should stand up. To illustrate the use of such a classification system and its coordination with the work of abstracting to produce time saving in making searches, the attached bibliography was compiled from references which accumulated under class 1.03 ' Technique of Search ing" at the Sinclair Refining Co. Not all references found in this class, but selected refer ences, with emphasis on the past 15 years, have been included. No attempt has been made to supplement it by material from journals not regularly abstracted or to add ma terial not already there. These references, therefore, represent a bibliography on search ing collected with a minimum of effort in less than an hour. Bibliography (1) ADVANCES IN CHEM. SER., NO. 4 (1951). Searching the Chemical Literature. A collection of 24 papers. (2) Bailey, M. F., and Cochran, S. W. "Patent Searching: General Files," Chapter 25 in "Punched Cards, Their Application to Science and Industry," by R. S. Casey and J. W. Perry, New York, Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1951. (3) Bailey, M. F., Lanham, Β. E., and Leibowitz, J., "Problems of Classification and Documenta tion in the U. S. Patent Office in the Field of Petroleum and Allied Subjects," Third World Petroleum Conference, The Hague, May 27, 1951. Abstracted in Petroleum Times, 55, No. 1403 (May 18, 1951). (4) Bakalar, A. B., Chem. Eng. News, 29, 4583 (1951). The Corporate Patent Department. (5) Barrows, F. E., Chem. Met. Eng., 24, Nos. 10, 11, 12 (1921). Investigations of the Chemical Literature. (6) Bennet, J. H., Chem. Eng. News, 26, 2435-6 (1948). Technical Report and Its Problems. (7) Bernier, C. L., Kent, Allen, and Perry, J. W., "Study of Chemical Terminology," presented be fore the Division of Chemical Literature, 121st Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Buf falo, Ν. Y., March 23-7, 1952. (8) Biedenick, C., Erdol u. Kohle, 4, 566-8 (1951). Decimal Classification in Material Control in Deep Drilling Project. (9) Calcott, W. S., and Maurer, C. P., "Decimal Systems for the Classification of Chemical Re search Documents," presented before the Division of Chemical Education, 113th Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Chicago, Ill., April 19-23, 1948.

(10) Cheesman, W. L., Chem. Eng. News, 29, 4462 (1951). Dynamics of Patent Practice. (11) Chilton, C. H., Ibid., 26, 3685 (1948). Organizing a Working Technical File. (12) Cole, B. J., J. Chem. Educ., 21, 319-21 (1944). Library vs. Laboratory as a Basis for Re search." (13) Connolly, A. G., Ibid., 20, 531-3 (1943). Library vs. Laboratory Research. (14) Crane, E. J., Chem. Eng. News, 22, 1478 (1944). Growth of Chemical Literature, Contribu tions of Certain Nations and the Effects of the War. (15) Crane, E. J., Ind. Eng. Chem., 14, 900-4 (1922). Journal Literature of Chemistry. (16) Crane, E. J., and Patterson, A. M., "Guide to the Literature of Chemistry" New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1927. (17) Culhane, P. J., "Importance of Scientific Literature in Patent Applications," presented before the Division of Chemical Education, 106th Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Pitts burgh, Pa., Sept. 7, 1943. (18) Dean, R. B., J. Chem. Educ., 28, 642 (1951). A Literature Search Assignment. (19) Douthett, W. L., "What Management Wants in a Research Report," presented before the Division of Chemical Literature, 119th Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Boston, Mass., April 1-5, 1951. (20) Dyson, G. M., "Manual of Organic Chemistry for Advanced Students. Vol. 1. Compounds of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and the Halogens," pp. 3-25, London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1950. (21) Dyson, G. M., "Presentation and Availability of Chemical Knowledge," Abstracts of Papers, XIIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, New York, Sept. 10-13, 1951, p. 640, Section 16, Professional Training in Chemistry Section. (22) Dyson, G. M., "Short Guide to Chemical Literature," New York, Longmans, Green & Co., 1951. (23) Egloff, Gustav, Alexander, Mary, and Van Arsdell, P. M., J. Chem. Educ., 20, 393-8 (1943). Problems of Scientific Literature Research. (24) Ibid., pp. 587-92. Problems of the Scientific Literature Survey. (25) Egloff, Gustav, and Davis, R. F., Chem. Eng. News, 25, 1046-8 (1947). Patent Investiga tions. (26) Guidice, G. R. M. del, Ind. Eng. Chem., 43, 2492 (1951). Reporting Invention Data. In LITERATURE RESOURCES; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1954.


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(27) Hardie, B. G., and Voigt, M . J . , Oil Gas J., 49, No. 2, 121, 159-71 (1950). Use of Periodicals in Petroleum Research. (28) Hennion, G . F . , J. Chem. Educ., 21, 33-5 (1944). Searching the Literature of Organic Com pounds. (29) Hill, N. C , "Progress Report: Chemical Literature, Its Aims and Accomplishments," presented before the Division of Chemical Education, 112th Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, New York, Sept. 15-17, 1947. (30) Hill, N . C , Preprint, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, 111th Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Atlantic City,'N. J . , April 14-18, 1947, p. 5. Some Problems in Literature Sur vey. (31) Hill, N . C , Casey, R. S., and Perry, J . W., Chem. Eng. News, 25, 970 (1947). Research and Chemical Information. (32) Holmstrom, J. E . , Chemistry & Industry, 1948, 25. Coding and Indexing of Knowledge. (33) Howerton, P. W., "Russian Chemical Literature Since 1917," presented before the Division of History of Chemistry, 118th Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Chicago, 111., Sept. 3-8, 1950. (34) Huntress, Ε. H . , "Methods of Rapid Location of Data on Organic Compounds," presented be fore the Division of Chemical Education, 113th Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Chicago, 111., April 19-23, 1948. (35) Huntress, Ε. H., Ind. Eng. Chem., 40, 476 (1948). Philosophy of Classification of Chemical Literature. (36) Janicki, W., Schweiz Archiv angew. Wiss. u. Tech., 9, 185-92 (1943). Methods of Scientific Literature Searching. (37) Krase, H. J . , Ind. Eng. Chem., 43, 2488 (1951). Transforming Ideas into Patent Property. (38) Lane, J . C , Georgia Inst. Technol., State Eng. Expt. Sta., Circ. 20, 15-21 (1948). Patent Searching. (39) Lanham, Β. E . , Ind. Eng. Chem., 43, 2494 (1951). Chemical Patent Searches. (40) Lewkowitsch, Jason, Chemistry & Industry, 57, 1199-1205 (1938). Coordination of Scien tific Literature. (41) Lewton, L . O., Chem. Eng. News, 29, 5125-7 (1951). Contributions of the Special Libraries Association to Searching. (42) Lewton, L . O., J. Chem. Educ, 28, 487-91, 539-43 (1951). Art of Searching the Literature. I. Search for On-the-Spot Information. II. Literature Survey Proper. (43) Little, G. D., Special Libraries, 35, 373-9 (1944). Locating Difficult Periodical References. (44) Litton, J . B., "Patent Coordination at Humble Baytown Refinery," presented before the Division of Chemical Literature, 117th Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Detroit, Mich., April 16-21, 1950. (45) McCulloch, T . B., "Patent Searching in Petroleum Refining Operations," presented at a meet ing of petroleum librarians, Standard Oil Development Co., Bay way, N . J . , September 1947. (46) Mellon, M . G., "Chemical Publications—Their Nature and Use." 2nd ed., New York, Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., 1940. (47) Mellon, M . G., J. Chem. Educ, 20, 534-7 (1943). Publications: Pitfalls and Problems. (48) Meyer, H . S., Ind. Eng. Chem., 43, 2491 (1951). Invention Records. (49) Ibid., p. 2490. Selection of a Patent Counsel. (50) Miller, C . C , Wallace, I. B., and d'Ouville, E . L., Preprint, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, 111th Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Atlantic City, N . J . , April 14—18, 1947, pp. 45-69. Collection and Distribution of Technical Information. (51) Molstad, M . C , Ind. Eng. Chem., News Ed., 16, 206-14 (1938). Literature of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. (52) Munafo, G. Α., Ind. Eng. Chem., 43, 2487 (1951). Evolution of a Patent. (53) Murphy, W. J . , Chem. Eng. News, 30, 505 (1952). Lost Literature Legend. (54) Padwe, M . M . , "Searching the Literature for an Industrial Chemical Organization," presented before the Division of Chemical Literature, 117th Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Detroit, Mich., April 16-21, 1950. (55) Perry, J . W., Ind. Eng. Chem., 40, 476 (1948). Indexing, Classifying, and Coding the Chem ical Literature. (50) Perry, J. W., "Information Know-How," presented before the Division of Chemical Literature, 117th Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Detroit, Mich., April 16-21, 1950. (57) Phillips, R. F . , Ind. Eng. Chem., 43, 2490 (1951). Technical-Patent Liaison Group. (58) Price, M . O., Special Libraries, 31, 118-28 (1940). Patent Searching, with Special Reference to Chemical Patents. (59) Richter, G. H., "Training the Student to Use Chemical Literature," presented before the Divi sion of Chemical Literature, 117th Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Detroit, Mich., April 16-21, 1950. (60) Rimbach, R., and Olken, H., Instruments, 5, 111-12, A16 (1932). Literature Research on Measurements and Control. (61) Rosenblum, Α. Α., I reformation, 4, 4-11, (1951). Patents as a Source of Information. (62) Rossini, F . D., Preprint, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, 111th Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Atlantic City, N . J . , April 14-18, 1947, pp. 71-120. Technical and Scientific Servifp>s n f f l i p

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