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Energy, Environmental, and Catalysis Applications
Lotus Seedpod-Derived Hard Carbon with Hierarchical Porous Structure as Stable Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries Feng Wu, Minghao Zhang, Ying Bai, Xinran Wang, Ruiqi Dong, and Chuan Wu ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01419 • Publication Date (Web): 15 Mar 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on March 16, 2019
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Lotus Seedpod-Derived Hard Carbon with Hierarchical Porous Structure as Stable Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries Feng Wu,†,‡ Minghao Zhang,† Ying Bai,*,†Xinran Wang, † Ruiqi Dong,† Chuan Wu*,†,‡ † Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China ‡ Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, PR China
*corresponding authors:
[email protected] (Y. Bai),
[email protected] (C. Wu)
Abstract Hard carbon material is one of the candidates with great promise as anode active material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Here, new types of biomass-derived hard carbons were obtained via one-step carbonization of lotus seedpods at 1000-1400 oC, respectively. The control of carbonization temperature proved to be significant on controlling the lattice characterization of lotus seedpod-derived hard carbon. Higher temperature generally promoted the lattice graphitization and thus generated more narrowed d-interlayer space with limited pore volume. The hard carbon pyrolyzed at 1200 oC achieved the optimized reversible capacity of 328.8 mAh g-1 and exhibited remarkable capacity retention of 90% after 200 cycles. In addition, such biomassderived hard carbon presented improved cyclic stability and rate performance, revealing capacity of 330.6, 288.9, 216.9, 116.5 and 78.3 mAh g-1 at 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mA g-1, respectively. Intrinsically, high pyrolysis temperature (1400 oC) gave rise to more narrowed carbon lattice and reduced pore volume, and thus, failed to accommodate sodium ions neither from the intercalation into lattice, nor the ion
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adsorption onto the pore surface. Such combined advantages of lotus seedpod-derived hard carbon, including the abundance, sufficiently adequate reversible capacity and prominent cycling and rate property, allowed for its large-scale application as promising anode material for SIBs. Keywords: hard carbon, biomass, sodium ion batteries, pore distribution, high capacity
1. Introduction The ever-growing requirement of power sources has triggered the essential development of electrochemical energy storage devices. Although lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the current choice of electrical power, the mass application of LIBs has aroused public concerns on the shortage of lithium resource and its high cost1. Alternatively, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have drawn extensive concern in recent years as a cost-effective power source for large-scale electrical energy storage1. Profiting from the inexhaustible natural sodium resources, considerable sodiuminsertion host materials have been continuously explored for SIB operated at room temperature. In this regard, variety of LIBs-available cathode materials have been extended and applied in SIBs configuration, in terms of the transition metal oxides2,3, polyanionic materials4,5,6, prussian blue compounds7,8, organic molecules9, polymers10 and so forth. Based on the lattice interstitials of these hosts, acceptable capacity of 80150 mAh g-1 is achieved. Nevertheless, intrinsic challenges still exist for the development of anodic sodium-ion host materials. On this point, although sodium behaves similar chemical properties as lithium, the sodium ion (0.106 nm in diameter)
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
is ~55% larger than that of lithium ion (0.076 nm in diameter). The relatively large ion volume hinders the electrochemical intercalation of sodium ions into Li-permeable graphite structure11. Unfortunately, current anodic candidates for SIBs suffer from poor electronic conductivity, very limited reversible capacity or significant volume expansion, such as petroleum-coke derived carbon materials (~80 mAh g-1)12,13, alloy (generally large lattice expansion)14,15,16, metal oxides and sulfides (large initial irreversible capacity)17,18,19,20, titanium compounds (NASICON NaTi2(PO4)321 with capacity
