Mass Trapping of Ips typographus with Pheromone

5 Mass Trapping of Ips typographus with Pheromone-Baited Traps REIDAR LIE

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Borregaard Industries Limited, N-1701, Sarpsborg, Norway

The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus ( L . ) , is one of the most serious pests threatening Eurasian spruce. In the literature we have documentation for destruction of the Norwegian spruce forest by bark beetles in 1850-1860. During the last 10 years there has been a rapid growth in the population of I. typographus in Scandinavia, In 1978 the Norwegian Department of Agriculture estimated the bark beetle attack to be a threat to the whole spruce stand. The C i v i l Forest Administration faced a possible loss of 70 % of the spruce trees. In the f a l l of 1978 the Norwegian government recommended several short-term and long-term remedies to reduce the size of the beetle population. The major long-term remedy was to stimulate harvesting of overmature forest stands. The major short-term remedy was a recommendation to mass trap I. typographus. In 1976 Bakke (1-2) showed a production of cisverbenol (I), ipsenol (2-methyl-6-methylene-7-octene4-ol), ipsdienol (2-methy1-6-methylene-3,7-octadiene4-ol (II) and 2-methy1-3-butene-2-ol (III) from male I. typographus. Field experiments confirmed (2) that both sexes w i l l respond to a mixture of cis-verbenol, ipsdienol and methylbutenol.

Ill

0097-6156/84/0238-0049S06.00/0 © 1984 American Chemical Society

Garner and Harvey; Chemical and Biological Controls in Forestry ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1984.

50

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS IN FORESTRY

Large s c a l e use of pheromones r e q u i r e s a p r a c t i c a l d i s p e n s e r system which must r e l e a s e the pheromone c o n t i n u o u s l y over the p r e s c r i b e d p e r i o d w h i l e , at the same time, being a b l e to w i t h s t a n d the f o r e s t e n v i r o n ment. The 3 pheromone components of I . typographus have very d i f f e r e n t v o l a t i l i t i e s :


Table I.

A g g r e g a t i o n pheromone f o r I .

c i s - V e r b e n o l (I)

m .p. 64°C

Ipsdienol

b .p.

Methylbutenol

(III)

(0,15

typographus

torr)

55°C

b • p. 9 7°C

During 1977 and 1978 v a r i o u s d i s p e n s e r systems were t e s t e d i n the f i e l d . E v a p o r a t i o n s r a t e s f o r these d i s p e n s e r s were measured i n the l a b o r a t o r y and under f i e l d conditions. The f i v e d i f f e r e n t d i s p e n s e r systems t e s t e d were: V a s e l i n e emulsion Wax emulsion Hollow f i b e r s P o l y e t h y l e n e bag Multilayer strip The p o l y e t h y l e n e bag (produced by Celamerck, West Germany) and the l a m i n a t e d s t r i p (produced by Hereon, USA) proved to be the most s u i t a b l e d i s p e n s e r f o r t r a p p i n g I.typographus. The e v a p o r a t i o n r a t e s of these two d i s p e n s e r s are v e r y temperature dependent. The bark b e e t l e i s a c t i v e at temperature above 18°C. In the f i e l d , w h i l e t r a p p i n g , i n t e r n a l t r a p temperature v a r i e d from +5 to 40°C. On sunny days t r a p temperature was +5 to 10°C above ambient temperature. P r a c t i c a l use of pheromones s t a r t e d i n 1978. That year we used 110.000 t r a p - t r e e s sprayed with an i n s e c t i c i d e ( L i n d a n e ) . The f i r s t year we used one d i s penser w i t h an i n i t i a l l o a d i n g of 70 mg c i s - v e r b e n o l and 10 mg i p s d i e n o l . A second d i s p e n s e r was loaded with 100 mg m e t h y l b u t e n o l . In 1979 we a d j u s t e d the l o a d i n g and used o n l y one d i s p e n s e r c o n t a i n i n g a l l 3


5.

LIE

51

Mass Trapping o/Ips typographus

pheromone components. I n i t i a l l y , each d i s p e n s e r c o n t a i n e d the pheromone m e t h y l b u t e n o l 1500 mg, c i s v e r b e n o l 70 mg and i p s d i e n o l 15 mg. E v a p o r a t i o n r a t e s f o r pheromone components under f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s were measured by r e s i d u a l a n a l y s i s . In the r e s i d u a l a n a l y s i s we use gas-chromatography w i t h i n t e r n a l s t a n d a r d a f t e r e x t r a c t i o n of the a c t i v e compo nents. Two t y p i c a l a n a l y s e s a r e g i v e n below. u


Φ

m

c

1

ω ο*

c i s-Verbenol Ipsdienol Methylbutenol u ω

P o l y e t h y l e n e bag tiP

I 2

I

4

I

6

I

8

Time

(weeks)

u Φ

m

c

1

Φ

Οι

cis-Verbenol Ipsdienol Methylbutenol Multilayer

2

Evaporation

strip

4

6

8

Time

from Ips typographus

(weeks)

dispenser


CHEMICAL A N D BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS IN FORESTRY


52

Measurement of e v a p o r a t i o n r a t e s i s i n t e r e s t i n g , but more important i s the c o r r e l a t i o n between e v a p o r a t i o n and a c t u a l t r a p c a t c h . In the f i e l d the m u l t i l a y e r and the p o l y e t h y l e n e bag a t t r a c t the same number of b e e t l e s . The a t t r a c t i v e n e s s of these d i s p e n s e r s decrease with time a l s o a t the same r a t e . The d i s p e n s e r s have a reduced a t t r a c t i v e n e s s of about 45 % a f t e r 2-4 weeks and about 45 % a f t e r 2-4 weeks and about 60 % a f t e r 6-8 weeks. The use of i n s e c t i c i d e - s p r a y e d t r a p t r e e s i s very labour i n t e n s i v e . For t h i s reason we developed t r a p s f o r the bark b e e t l e s . During the summer of 1978 we t e s t e d and e v a l u a t e d more than 15 d i f f e r e n t c y l i n d r i c a l traps. The best t r a p i s a b l a c k , r i g i d , d r a i n p i p e of p o l y e t h y l e n e (12,5 χ 135 cm). The p i p e has 900 h o l e s (d lam. 3,5 mm) ; a l i d c o v e r s i t s top w h i l e i t s bottom has a f u n n e l and a c o l l e c t i o n b o t t l e . During the summers of 1979-1982 t r a p s were p l a c e d i n open areas near t r e e s k i l l e d p r e v i o u s l y . To eva l u a t e the e f f i c i e n c y of the mass t r a p p i n g campaign 1 % of the t r a p s were s e l e c t e d a t random and t h e i r catch counted. The r e s u l t s a r e shown i n Table I (3)

Table

I I . R e s u l t s from mass t r a p p i n g i n Norway 1979-1982.

Year

1979

Number of t r a p s deployed Average c a t c h of I. typographus per t r a p

1980

I . typographus

1981

1982

605.000

650.000

530.000

435.000

4.850

7.850

3.950

2.200

One r e s u l t i s to c a p t u r e b e e t l e s , but the important q u e s t i o n i s what impact t h i s has on t r e e mortality. The C i v i l F o r e s t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n has e v a l u ated the number of b e e t l e k i l l e d t r e e s each f a l l from 1977-1981. The r e s u l t s are shown i n Table 3.


5.

LIE

Table

III.

Number of t r e e s k i l l e d i n Norway 1977-1981.

Year

1977

Number o f b e e t l e k i l l e d trees i n millions


53

Mass Trapping of Ips typographus

2

by I . typographus

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

3 3

3,0

2,7

0 9

0,2

f

f

In Norway we have an i n t e g r a t e d campaign a g a i n s t I. typographus. The g r e a t decrease i n number of b e e t l e k i l l e d t r e e s i s mainly a t t r i b u t e d t o the mass t r a p p i n g . We hope t h i s summer's program w i l l b r i n g the b e e t l e p o p u l a t i o n down to an a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l . In the years to come we p l a n to c o n t i n u e a low l e v e l with s a n i t a tion .

Literature Cited 1. Bakke, Α., Naturwissenschaften 1976 63, 92 2. Bakke, A. ; Froye, P. ; Skattebol, L . , Naturwissen schaften 1977 64, 98 3. Bakke A. ; Strand, L . , Research Paper Norwegian Forest Research Institute 1981 5 4 RECEIVED

September 9, 1983


Mass Trapping of Ips typographus with Pheromone

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