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Metabolism and Residues of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in DAS-40278-9 Maize (Zea mays) Transformed with Aryloxyalkanoate Dioxygenase-1 Gene Xiao Zhou, Sandra L Rotondaro, Mingming Ma, Steve W Rosser, Ed L. Olberding, Brian M. Wendelburg, Yelena A Adelfinskaya, Jesse L. Balcer, T. Craig Blewett, and Bruce Clements J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03104 • Publication Date (Web): 12 Sep 2016 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on September 13, 2016
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
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Metabolism and Residues of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in DAS-40278-9 Maize (Zea mays) Transformed with Aryloxyalkanoate Dioxygenase-1 Gene
Xiao Zhou*, Sandra L. Rotondaro, Mingming Ma, Steve W. Rosser†, Ed L. Olberding†, Brian M. Wendelburg, Yelena A. Adelfinskaya, Jesse L. Balcer, T. Craig Blewett†, and Bruce Clements
Dow AgroSciences, LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46268, USA
*Corresponding author. Phone: 317-337-4352; E-mail:
[email protected] †
These co-authors have retired.
ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
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ABSTRACT
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DAS-40278-9 maize, which is a part of the Enlist weed control system developed by Dow
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AgroSciences, has been genetically modified to express the aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase-1
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(AAD-1) protein and is tolerant to phenoxy auxin herbicides, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
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acid (2,4-D). To understand the metabolic route and residue distribution of 2,4-D in
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DAS-40278-9 maize, a metabolism study was conducted with 14C-radiolabeled 2,4-D applied at
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the maximum seasonal rate. Plants were grown in boxes outdoors. Forage and mature grain,
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cobs, and stover were collected for analysis. The metabolism study showed that 2,4-D was
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metabolized to 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) which was then rapidly conjugated with glucose.
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Field-scale residue studies with 2,4-D applied at the maximum seasonal rate were conducted at
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25 sites in the US and Canada and to measure the residues of 2,4-D and free and conjugated
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2,4-DCP in mature forage, grain, and stover. Residues of 2,4-D were not detectable in the
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majority of the grain samples, and averaged
