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M. P. Dudukovic´ : A Pioneer in Multiphase Reaction Engineering Milorad P. (Mike) Dudukovic´ was born in Belgrade (Yugoslavia at that time) on March 25, 1944. His father, Predrag Dudukovic´, was a professor of Electrical Engineering at Belgrade University, and his mother, Melita, was a mathematician. Mike finished elementary school (four grades) in Belgrade and then pursued the so-called “classical gymnasium” curriculum (eight grades) in grammar school. In addition to the usual courses in mathematics, science, and liberal arts, he studied Ancient Greek and Latin and various related subjects. He graduated with top honors in all subjects. In 1962, Mike enrolled as a first year undergraduate student at the Faculty of Technology, Belgrade University, in the newly opened Department of Chemical Engineering. He earned a B.S. in Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry in 1967 and graduated with highest honors. Mike’s GPA of 9.8/10 set a record that has not been surpassed. He was remembered by the faculty for many years, as exemplified by the following story. When Mike had taken the Mathematics exam after the first year, which normally had a
duration of 4 h, he submitted his final paper after 23 min. One of the assistant professors who was there ironically commented, “You could try a bit harder”, thinking that Mike was submitting a blank paper (which some students did because they had several opportunities to take the same exam). The assistant was shocked when he realized that Mike did all problems, without a single error. This story circulated for years and is still remembered by the assistant, who is now a retired professor. Mike’s grandparents lived on the Adriatic coast at Fazana, which is on the Istrian peninsula, and this was his second home as a young man. Mike and his younger brother Aleksandar (Sasha) enjoyed boating, fishing, and swimming. He was very adept at these leisurely activities. During the winter months, Mike was also very good at ice skating and played ice hockey for some time. Sasha later followed in the footsteps of his elder brother and has a position on the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy at the University of Belgrade in Belgrade, Serbia.
10.1021/ie0580304 CCC: $30.25 © 2005 American Chemical Society Published on Web 04/27/2005
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After completing his undergraduate education, Mike accepted a position as a process design engineer at the Institute for Process Design in Belgrade from 1967 to 1968. There he worked on the design of manufacturing facilities for carbon disulfide, potassium chlorate, and sodium chloride. Although his stay there was brief, it left an indelible mark on him because he was introduced to the realities of transport-kinetic interactions on a commercial-scale through a CS2 reactor that would undergo excursions on a quasi-regular basis. This theme of transport-kinetic interactions was one that he would later adopt and articulate in his works as a driving force in his research on multiphase reaction systems.1 Mike was selected for a Fulbright scholarship in 1968 and came to the U.S., where he obtained his M.S. (1970) and Ph.D. degrees (1972) in Chemical Engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in Chicago, IL. His doctoral research was performed under the direction of Professor Herbert Weinstein and had a biomedical engineering orientation because it was concerned with mathematical modeling of tracer transport in the microcirculation.2 More specifically, he analyzed and modeled the transport of tracers, such as dyes and radioactive tags, in the bodies of experimental animals and in humans. This work was another important milestone because the utilization of tracer methods and flow mapping in reaction engineering and interpretation of response data from operating units having various scales using fundamental models is another theme in his body of work.3-17 His Master’s work involved analysis of transport-kinetic interactions in a fuel cell, which also formed the underpinning for one of his first publications.18 Although he did not pursue the fuel cell area, it has emerged nearly 30 years later as a key technology. Several other important events occurred during his time at IIT that also had a profound influence on his life. On January 17, 1969, he attended a party with his graduate school colleagues Ted Panitz, Simon Waldram, and Fritz Farni, where he met his future wife, Judith (Judy) Ann Reiff. On December 27, 2004, Mike and Judy celebrated their 35th wedding anniversary and are the proud parents of two lovely and successful daughters, Aleksandra and Nicole. Interesting enough, his good colleague and friend Simon Waldram, who later went on to a successful academic and industrial career, met his wife Candace at the same party. Like what is often said in many journal articles, “the details are omitted in the interest of brevity”. The other key event that occurred was that Mike met Professor Octave Levenspiel, who was then on the faculty at IIT. This also kindled Mike’s interest in the discipline of reaction engineering, which was also fostered by his serving as an Instructor in the subject at IIT during his graduate studies. Thereafter, Mike and Tavy became professional colleagues and life-long friends.19,20 Their various discussions and debates also provided the seeds for the development of various new reactor concepts and novel operational methods.21-26 After completion of his graduate studies in 1972, Mike joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at Ohio University as an Assistant Professor and also served as Adjunct Assistant Professor at the University of Cincinnati. In 1974, Mike accepted an offer as Associate Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis (WUSTL) with the thought of using his biomedical engineering background to carve out a new research area owing to their
renowned medical school. However, Dr. Eric Weger, who was the department chairman at that time, strongly “suggested” that he develop a program in chemical reaction engineering because he felt the department was losing its identity in some of the fundamental areas of chemical engineering. Professor Weger also enlisted Mike to coadvise one of his doctoral students27 as part of the mentoring process. Dr. George Roberts, who was Mike’s predecessor at Washington University, had initiated an embryonic form of the reaction engineering program 3 years earlier at the urging of Dr. James R. Fair, who was then Director of the esteemed Monsanto Corporate Engineering Technology Department. It was Mike’s main task to move the concept forward through excellence in education and research. Mike was also simultaneously introduced at WUSTL to the concept of “shared salary”, which is still largely unknown to many of his academic colleagues except for a privileged few. Mike’s vision for the Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory (CREL) at WUSTL was to create a unique research laboratory and effective interface for transfer of academic reaction engineering to industrial practice. In the years from 1974 to the early 1980s, CREL activities were mainly focused on the development of fundamental models for multiphase reaction systems29-36 with experimental verification.37-39 With a relatively small group of students and hard-earned funding from government and private sources, Mike was able to gain a solid foothold in multiphase reaction engineering through various publications in well-respected journals40-42 and also through active participation at various conferences. In addition, nearby companies who had their corporate headquarters located in St. Louis, such as Monsanto, Anheuser-Busch, Mallinckrodt, and McDonnel-Douglas, encouraged their employees to advance their formal chemical engineering education. This situation provided an interesting mix of part-time industrial practitioners and full-time graduate students in Mike’s classroom, which also caused his fame as a teacher to start spreading as students moved through the system. In addition to his regular teaching duties, Mike also served as the Director of the Monsanto Professional Development Program from 1977 to 1982. From the early 1980s to the early 1990s, Mike’s work in multiphase catalytic and noncatalytic systems was coupled with the development of reaction engineering methodologies for new environmentally benign processes and for the manufacture of advanced materials, such as semiconductor-grade silicon,43-49 composites,50-57 and iron particles.58 In the late 1980s, the CREL group pioneered a prototype system for noninvasive flow mapping of gas-liquid bubble columns using Computer Automated Radioactive Particle Tracking (CARPT) with γ-rays.59,60 The CARPT experimental platform was expanded in the mid-1990s to include a Computer Assisted Tomography (CAT) system for measurement of the local voidage variations in bubble columns.61,62 These two experimental innovations provided the basis for new insights into multiphase flows that were applied to various multiphase reactor types over the past decade, such as bubble columns,63 liquid-solid risers,64 gas-solid risers,65 ebullated beds,66 stirred tanks,67 and reactors containing structured packing.68 The detailed data generated from these experiments provided the basis for comparisons to hydrodynamic models for these reactors based upon computational fluid mechanics.67,69-74 New insights gained by these comparisons continue to
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drive the development of improved experimental and modeling techniques for multiphase systems.75 These collective efforts have driven the steady growth of industrial sponsorship for CREL from 3 companies in 1975 to about 20 in 2000, which has remained steady since that time. While the research work performed by the CREL group under industrial sponsorship has enriched the scientific literature, additional creative accomplishments have also been performed by various contract sponsors but are maintained as proprietary information. Mike’s sustained efforts to create a unique environment for graduate study and research over the previous 2 decades were recognized by his appointment as the Laura and William Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering in 1993. He assumed the role of Department Chair in 1998. Since 2003, he has served as Associate Director of the National Science Foundation Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis. Mike’s research in reaction engineering has gained significant recognition over a sustained period of time, even during times when the discipline did not enjoy the same attention as other emerging technologies. He was selected to receive two NASA certificates of recognition in 1987: one for online digital control of the Czochralski process for single-crystal silicon46 and a second for identifying improved growth rates of silicon by jet cooling.47 Mike was also the recipient of the prestigious R. H. Wilhelm Award for Reaction Engineering from the AIChE in 1994. His outstanding teaching skills have been recognized by several organizations both inside and outside the university environment. On five separate occasions, the engineering students at WUSTL voted for him to receive the Washington University Engineering Professor of the Year Award. In 1986, he received the Burlington Northern Foundation Award and the Chemical Manufacturers Association Catalyst Award in 1988. Mike was selected to receive the American Chemical Society (ACS) St. Louis Man of the Year Award in 1995 in recognition of his work as both researcher and educator. In 1999, he won the Malcolm E. Pruitt Award from the Council for Chemical Research for “outstanding contributions to the progress of research in chemistry and chemical engineering achieved through mutually beneficial interactions among universities, government laboratories and the private sector”. In the same year, Mike was also elected to the Yugoslav Academy of Engineering. In 2000, he was the recipient of the IIT Alumni Professional Achievement Award, while in 2001, he was elected Fellow of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences. In 2004, he was the recipient of the esteemed Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Faculty Award. At the AIChE Atlanta 2005 Spring meeting, Mike received the AIChE Fuels and Petrochemicals Division Award “in recognition of outstanding technological contributions to the advancement of our industry”. Mike has always been professionally active and has provided both leadership and service to the profession. In the early 1980s, as a relatively young faculty member, Mike and Professor Richard M. Felder coauthored a series of AIChE instructional modules on various aspects of mixing and nonideal effects in chemical reactors. Over the years, he organized over 30 sessions at the AIChE annual meetings, served on the programming committee for the former AIChE Area 1B on Catalysis and Reaction Engineering, and served as the Director of the St. Louis AIChE Chapter (1986-1989).
He also cotaught a continuing education course on multiphase reaction engineering as part of the AIChE Continuing Education Series (1988-1993) and has offered a version of the course numerous times to various industrial groups. He was elected a Fellow of the AIChE in 1994. More recently (1997-2000), Mike served as the Director of the newly formed AIChE Reaction Engineering and Catalysis Division (Division 20). Over the years, Mike has organized various symposia for the ACS, has served as Associate Editor for Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research since 1991, and has been a member of the advisory board for the International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering since 2003. He has also served as the guest editor on several special issues of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research and coedited a number of monographs in reaction engineering. He was chair of the 2nd Engineering Foundation Conference for Reaction Engineering in 1987 and cochair for the 13th International Symposium on Chemical Reaction Engineering (ISCRE 13) in 1994. In a recent paper on CREL that appeared in a Washington University publication,76 Mike stated, “People often fail to recognize that in technologically advanced societies such as ours, everything we usesfuels, materials, paints, clothing, semiconductorssdo not occur naturally in those forms ... and to get them into these forms requires transforming materials chemically and physically, and that’s what we chemical engineers do. He went on further to point out, “By choosing a proper type of multiphase reactor for each process, we can eliminate pollution at the source”. This explains why the current thrust of the CREL group under his leadership continues to be focused on the frontiers of multiphase reaction engineering, especially the effective coupling of novel experimental tools and advanced simulation methods for analysis and scale-up of new process concepts, especially new environmentally clean processes. Looking to the future, we expect that new knowledge will continue to be generated from the CREL group under Mike’s leadership and that of his colleague and Associate Director of CREL, Professor Muthanna Al-Dahhan. On behalf of his current and former students, colleagues, and associates, we congratulate Mike for his many contributions and for reaching this milestone in his career. Those who know Mike will recognize that he always placed his students’ well-being first and he rejoiced in their professional progress and private happiness. He was a demanding advisor and mentor who often stated “every graduate D.Sc. student should be able to teach me something, and there is no greater pleasure than seeing a graduate student mature and become better than me in his or her chosen area”. Mike always promoted his students as lead authors on their publications, sent them regularly as speakers to national and international meetings, and introduced them to job opportunities. Mike takes pride in the fact that his exstudents are highly regarded in their careers in academia, the petroleum and chemical industry, the semiconductor industry, the pharmaceutical industry, process control, engineering consulting, law, business, etc. As he would often say “it shows that a well-educated chemical engineer can do anything well”. The relationship with many of his ex-students has also grown from mentor-student to lifetime friendships. In addition, Mike always felt that he was very fortunate to be surrounded by wonderful colleagues like Professor John
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Kardos, who introduced him to composites, and Professor P. A. Ramachandran, who collaborated with him on numerous projects ranging from multiphase systems to semiconductors and crystal growth, and to have many dedicated, talented, and productive students. In closing, I would remind the readers that one of the reasons for the overwhelming number of contributions to this Festschrift is the fact that Mike introduced new ideas into numerous chemical engineering areas. Some examples of areas that he impacted include micro- and macroscale trickle-bed modeling for the petroleum and chemical industry, crystal growth models for the silicon semiconductor industry, autoclave process models for the manufacture of composites in the aerospace industry, and coupled kinetics-transport models for the production of specialty chemicals, to name a few. The papers in this Festschrift were written by Mike’s friends and colleagues to recognize his various contributions to reaction engineering education and research over the past 30 years. On Mike’s behalf, I thank them for their outstanding efforts in creating this body of work. We also thank the various reviewers for their critical analysis of the papers and the efforts of Professor Donald R. Paul as Editor of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research and his staff for their expert handling of the papers. Because of the large number of papers for this special issue, papers appear both here and in the August 3 issue. Literature Cited (1) Dudukovic´, M. P. Chemical Reaction Engineering: Current Status and Future Directions. Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. 1987, 1 (4), 127-135. (2) Weinstein, H.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Tracer Methods in the Circulation. In Topics in Transport PhenomenasBioprocesses Mathematical Treatment, Mechanisms; Guthfinger, C., Ed.; Hemisphere Publishing Co.: New York, 1975; pp 345-453. (3) Schwartz, J. G.; Weger, E.; Dudukovic´, M. P. A New Tracer Method for Determination of Liquid-Solid Contacting Efficiency in Trickle-Bed Reactors. AIChE J. 1976, 22 (5), 894. (4) Mills, P. L.; Wu, W. P.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Tracer Analysis in Systems with Two-Phase Flow. AIChE J. 1979, 25 (5), 885. (5) Mills, P. L.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Evaluation of Liquid-Solid Contacting in Trickle-Bed Reactors by Tracer Methods. AIChE J. 1981, 27 (6), 893-904; 1982, 28 (3), 52. (6) El-Hisnawi, A. E.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Mills, P. L. TrickleBed Reactors: Dynamic Tracer Tests, Reaction Studies and Modeling of Reactor Performance; Wei, J., Georgakis, C., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 196; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1982; pp 421-440. (7) Linek, F.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Representation of Breakthrough Curves for Fixed-Bed Adsorbers and Reactors Using Moments of the Impulse Response. Chem. Eng. J. 1982, 23, 31-36. (8) Bower, P. E.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Mills, P. L.; Waldram, S. P. Steady and Unsteady-State Binary Gas Diffusion Measurements in Single Spherical Catalyst Pellets. Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser. 1984, 87, 9-16. (9) Ramachandran, P. A.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Mills, P. L. A New Model for Assessment of External Liquid-Solid Contacting in Trickle-Bed Reactors from Tracer Response Measurements. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1986, 41 (4), 855-860. (10) Dudukovic´, M. P. Tracer Methods in Chemical Reactors: Techniques and Applications. In Chemical Reactor Design and Technology; DeLasa, H., Ed.; NATO Series E: Applied Sciences No. 110; Martinus Nijhoff Publishing Co.: Dordrecht, Holland, 1987; pp 107-189. (11) Thomas, F. B.; Ramachandran, P. A.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Jansson, R. E. Simulation of Tracer Distribution in Radial Flow Electrochemical Cells. In Recent Trends in Chemical Reaction Engineering; Kulkarni, B. D., et al., Eds.; Wiley Eastern: New Delhi, India, 1987; Vol. 1, pp 343-356.
(12) Mills, P. L.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Deconvolution of Noisy Tracer Response Data by a Linear Filtering Method. AIChE J. 1988, 34, 1752-1756. (13) Waldram, S. P.; Mills, P. L.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Determination of Binary Gas Diffusion Coefficients in Spherical Media by Steady and Unsteady-State Analysis of Single Pellet Reactor Data. Math. Comput. Model. 1988, 11, 38-42. (14) Mills, P. L.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Convolution and Deconvolution of Nonideal Tracer Response Data with Application to ThreePhase Packed Beds. Comput. Chem. Eng. 1989, 12 (8), 881889. (15) Hanratty, P. J.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Detection of Flow Maldistribution in Trickle-Bed Reactors via Tracers. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1992, 47 (12), 3003-3014. (16) Gupta, P.; Al-Dahhan, M. H.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Mills, P. L. A Novel Signal Filtering Methodology for Obtaining LiquidPhase Tracer Responses from Conductivity Probes. Flow Measure. Instrum. 2000, 11 (2), 123-131. (17) Gupta, P.; Al-Dahhan, M. H.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Toseland, B. A. Comparison of Single- and Two-Bubble Class Gas-Liquid Recirculation ModelssApplication to Pilot-Plant Radioactive Tracer Studies during Methanol Synthesis. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2001, 56 (3), 1117-1125. (18) Dudukovic´, M. P.; Weinstein, H.; Ng, D. Y. C. Residence Time Distribution and Reaction Kinetics in a Fuel Cell. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1971, 1, 219-230. (19) Dudukovic´, M. P.; Fitzgerald, T. J. In Honor of Octave Levenspiel. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42 (12), 2423-2426. (20) The Chemical Reactor Omnibook and the Chemical Reactor Minibook. Levenspiel, O. A Review. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1980, 35, 2375-2376. (21) Ramachandran, P. A.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Quick Design and Performance Evaluation of Heat Regenerators in Periodic Operation. Chem. Eng. 1985, June 10, 63. (22) Dudukovic´, M. P.; Ramachandran, P. A. Heat Regenerators: Design and Evaluation. In Heat Transfer Design Methods; McKetta, J. J., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1992; pp 325347. (23) Kulkarni, M. S.; Dudukovic´, M. P. A Bi-Directional FixedBed Reactor for Coupling of Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions. AIChE J. 1996, 42, 2897. (24) Erk, H. F.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Phase-Change Heat Regenerators: Modeling and Experimental Studies. AIChE J. 1996, 42 (3), 791-808. (25) Kulkarni, M. S.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Periodic Operation of Asymmetric Bidirectional Fixed-Bed Reactors: Energy Efficiency. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1997, 52 (11), 1777-1788. (26) Kulkarni, M. S.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Periodic Operation of Asymmetric Bidirectional Fixed-Bed Reactors with Temperature Limitations. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1998, 37 (3), 770. (27) Medellin, P.; Weger, E.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Removal of SO2 and NOx from Simulated Flue Gases by Alkalized Alumina in a Radial Flow Fixed Bed. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1978, 17 (4), 528-536. (28) Dudukovic´, M. P. A Note on Gas-Solid Noncatalytic Reactions. AIChE J. 1976, 22 (5), 945-947. (29) Dudukovic´, M. P. Contacting Efficiency and Catalyst Effectiveness Factor in Trickle-Bed Reactors. AIChE J. 1977, 23 (6), 940-944. (30) Lamba, H. S.; Dudukovic´, M. P. A New Technique for Solution of Models for Reactions of Solid Particles and Parallel Catalyst Deactivation. Chem. Eng. J. 1978, 16, 117-135. (31) Dudukovic´, M. P.; Lamba, H. S. A Zone Model for Reaction of Solid Particles with Strongly Adsorbing Species. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1978, 33, 471-478. (32) Dudukovic´, M. P.; Mills, P. L. Catalyst Effectiveness Factor in Trickle-Bed Reactors. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Chemical Reaction Engineering; Weekman, V. W., Luss, D., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 65; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1978; pp 387-399. (33) Dudukovic´, M. P.; Lamba, H. S. Solution of Moving Boundary Problems for Gas-Solid Noncatalytic Reactions by Orthogonal Collocation. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1978, 33, 304-314. (34) Mills, P. L.; Dudukovic´, M. P. A Dual-Series Solution for the Effectiveness Factor of Partially Wetted Catalysts in TrickleBed Reactors. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 1979, 18 (2), 139-149. (35) Garza-Garza, O.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Some Observations on Gas-Solid Noncatalytic Reactions with Structural Changes. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1981, 36 (7), 1257-1259.
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 44, No. 14, 2005 4845 (36) Garza-Garza, O.; Dudukovic´, M. P. A Variable Size Grain Model for Gas-Solid Reactions with Structural Changes. Chem. Eng. J. 1982, 24, 35-45. (37) Hsu, Y. C.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Gas Holdup and Liquid Recirculation in Gas-Lift Reactors. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1980, 35 (1/2), 135-191. (38) Mills, P. L.; Beaudry, E. G.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Comparison and Prediction of Reactor Performance for Packed Beds with TwoPhase Flow: Downflow, Upflow and Countercurrent Flow. Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Ser. 1984, 87, 527-534. (39) Mills, P. L.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Comparison of Current Models for Isothermal Trickle-Bed Reactors with Application to a Model Reaction System; ACS Symposium Series 237; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1984; pp 37-60. (40) Mills, P. L.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Analysis of Catalyst Effectiveness in Trickle-Bed Reactors Processing Volatile and Nonvolatile Liquid Reactants. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1980, 35 (11), 22672280. (41) Mills, P. L.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Solution of Mixed Boundary Value Problems by Integral Equations and Methods of Weighted Residuals with Application to Heat Conduction and DiffusionReaction Systems. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 1984, 44 (6), 1076-1091. (42) Erk, H. F., Jr.; Dudukovic´, M. P. The Self-Inhibited Rate in Gas-Solid Noncatalytic Reactions: The Shrinking Core Model. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 1984, 24, 49-54. (43) Srivastava, R. K.; Ramachandran, P. A.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Interface Shape in Czochralski Grown Crystals: Effect of Conduction and Radiation. J. Cryst. Growth 1985, 73, 487-504. (44) Ramachandran, P. A.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Simulation of Temperature Distribution in Crystals Grown by Czochralski Method. J. Cryst. Growth 1985, 71, 399-408. (45) Lai, S.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Ramachandran, P. A. Chemical Vapor Deposition and Homogeneous Nucleation in Fluidized Bed Reactors: Silicon from Silane. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1986, 41 (4), 633642. (46) Srivastava, R. K.; Ramachandran, P. A.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Czochralski Growth of Crystals: Simple Models for Growth Rate and Interface Shape. State Technol. J. Electrochem. Soc.: Solid State Technol. 1986, 133 (5), 1009-1015. (47) Srivastava, R. K.; Ramachandran, P. A.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Simulation of Jet Cooling Effects on Czochralski Crystal Growth. J. Cryst. Growth 1986, 76, 395-407. (48) Srivastava, R. K.; Ramachandran, P. A.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Radiation View Factors in Czochralski Crystal Growth Apparatus for Short Crystals. J. Cryst. Growth 1986, 79, 281-291. (49) Ramachandran, P. A.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Dorsey, D. Modeling the Effect of Operating Parameters on Oxygen Contact in Czochralski Growth of Silicon. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1990, 137, 3229-3237. (50) Kardos, J. L.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; McKague, E. L.; Lehman, M. W. Void Formation and Transport During Composite Laminate ProcessingsAn Initial Model Framework. In Productivity and Quality Assurance of Composite Materials; Browning, C. E., Ed.; ASTM Special Technology Publication 797; ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA, 1982; pp 96-109. (51) Halpin, J. C.; Kardos, J. L.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Processing Science: An Approach for Prepreg Composite Systems. Pure Appl. Chem. 1983, 55 (5), 893-906. (52) Kardos, J. L.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Dave, R. Void Growth and Resin Transport During Processing of Thermosetting-Matrix Composites. In Advances Polymer Science; Dusek, K., Ed.; Springer: Berlin, 1986; Vol. 80, pp 101-123. (53) Dave, R.; Kardos, J. L.; Dudukovic´, M. P. A Model for Resin Flow During Processing of High Performance Composites. Polym. Mater. Sci. 1986, 55, 334-338. (54) Kardos, J. L.; Dave, R.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Voids in Composites. In The Manufacturing Science of CompositessIV; Gutowski, T. G., Asme, N. Y., Eds.; 1988; pp 41-48. (55) Dudukovic´, M. P.; Kardos, J. L.; Yoon, I. S.; Yang, Y. B. Autoclave Processing of Long-Fiber Thermoplastic Composites. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1990, 45, 2519-2526.
(56) Dave, R. S.; Mallow, A.; Kardos, J. L.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Science-Based Guidelines for the Autoclave Process for Composites Manufacturing. SAMPE J. 1990, 26 (3), 31-38. (57) Yoon, I. S.; Yang, Y.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Kardos, J. L. The Devolatilization of Polyimide Fiber Composites: Model and Experimental Verification. Polym. Compos. 1994, 15 (3), 184-196. (58) O’Connor, D.; Ramachandran, P. A.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Formation of Goethite (R-FeOOH) Through Oxidation of a Ferrous Hydroxide Slurry. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1992, 31 (11), 2516-2526. (59) Devanathan, N.; Moslemian, D.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Mean Recirculation Profiles and Turbulence in Bubble Columns via CARPT. AIChE Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Nov 1989; Paper 74a. (60) Devanathan, N.; Moslemian, D.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Flow Mapping in Bubble Columns Using CARPT. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1990, 45, 2285-2291. (61) Kumar, S. B.; Moslemian, D.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Void Function Measurements in Bubble Columns Using Computed Tomography. Presented at the ASME Forum on Measurement Techniques in Multiphase Flows, San Francisco, CA, Nov 12-17, 1995. (62) Kumar, S. B.; Moslemian, D.; Dudukovic´, M. P. GasHoldup Measurements in Bubble Columns Using Computed Tomography. AIChE J. 1997, 43 (6) 1414-1425. (63) Degaleesan, S.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Pan, Y. Experimental Study of Gas-Induced Liquid-Flow Structures in Bubble Columns. AIChE J. 2001, 47 (9), 1913-1931. (64) Roy, S.; Kemoun, A.; Al-Dahhan, M. H.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Experimental Investigation of the Hydrodynamics in a LiquidSolid Riser. AIChE J. 2005, 51 (3), 802-835. (65) Bhusarapu, S.; Al-Dahhan, M.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Quantification of Solids Flow in a Gas-Solid Riser: Single Radioactive Particle Tracking. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2004, 59 (22-23), 5381-5386. (66) Chen, J.; Rados, N.; Al-Dahhan, M. H.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Nguyen, D.; Parimi, K. Particle Motion in Packed/Ebullated Beds by CT and CARPT. AIChE J. 2001, 47 (5), 994-1004. (67) Khopkar, A. R.; Rammohan, A. R.; Ranade, V. V.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Gas-Liquid Flow Generated by a Rushton Turbine in Stirred Vessel: CARPT/CT Measurements and CFD Simulations. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2005, 60 (8-9), 2215-2229. (68) Roy, S.; Kemoun, A.; Al-Dahhan, M. H.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Skourlis, T. B.; Dautzenberg, F. M. Countercurrent Flow Distribution in Structured Packing via Computed Tomography. Chem. Eng. Process. 2005, 44 (1), 59-69. (69) Jiang, Y.; Khadilkar, M. R.; Al-Dahhan, M. H.; Dudukovic´, M. P. CFD Modeling of Multiphase Flow Distribution in Catalytic Packed Bed Reactors: Scale Down Issues. Catal. Today 2001, 66 (2-4), 209-218. (70) Dudukovic´, M. P.; Al-Dahhan, M. H.; Roy, S.; Kemoun, A. Experimental Validation of Computational Fluid Dynamic Codes (CFD) for Liquid-Solid Risers in Clean Alkylation Processes. Chem. Ind. 2002, 56 (12), 497-505. (71) Jiang, Y.; Khadilkar, M. R.; Al-Dahhan, M. H.; Dudukovic´, M. P. CFD of Multiphase Flow in Packed-Bed Reactors: II. Results and Applications. AIChE J. 2002, 48 (4), 716-730. (72) Jiang, Y.; Khadilkar, M. R.; Al-Dahhan, M. H.; Dudukovic´, M. P. CFD of Multiphase Flow in Packed-Bed Reactors: I. k-Fluid Modeling Issues. AIChE J. 2002, 48 (4), 701-715. (73) Rammohan, A. R.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Ranade, V. V. Eulerian Flow Field Estimation from Particle Trajectories: Numerical Experiments for Stirred Tank Type Flows. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42 (12), 2589-2601 (74) Chen, P.; Dudukovic´, M. P.; Sanyal, J. Three-Dimensional Simulation of Bubble Column Flows with Bubble Coalescence and Breakup. AIChE J. 2005, 51 (3), 696-712. (75) Rafique, M.; Chen, P.; Dudukovic´, M. P. Computational Modeling of Gas-Liquid Flow in Bubble Columns. Rev. Chem. Eng. 2004, 20 (3/4), 225-375. (76) Fitzpatrick, T. Guiding top-flight program into new century; Washington University: St. Louis, MO, Feb 10, 2000.
Patrick L. Mills Central Research and Development Chemical Science and Engineering Laboratory DuPont Company, Experimental Station Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0304 IE0580304
