contents
http://pubs.acs.org/ac ISSN 0003-2700
December 1, 2001 / Vol. 73, No. 23
features 660 A
Great Ideas of a Decade. Before 1990, acronyms such as µTAS, SPME, and MALDI were just combinations of letters. Today, they communicate ideas that have transformed analytical chemistry. Judith Handley and Cheryl M. Harris take a brief look at how six revolutionary ideas were born.
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The Most Cited Books in Analytical Chemistry. According to their survey of analytical chemistry journal references over the past 10 years, Tibor Braun, András Schubert, and Gábor Schubert with the Loránd Eötvös University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences demonstrate that books are still important sources of knowledge in this electronic age.
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COVER STORY 678 A
Is this electrochemistry? 670 A
Charge Transfer Reactions at the Liquid/Liquid Interface. Traditional electrochemists would be horrified to see a setup without a working electrode, but experiments that run at the interface of two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) are just what Biao Liu and Michael Mirkin at Queen’s College, City University of New York, as well as scores of other researchers are finding quite valuable in ion partitioning and pharmaceutical research. Ohio Crime Solvers. Who murdered the electrochemistry professor? Was Bradley Kimmer the culprit in an apparent hit-and-run car accident? Robert Thompson of Oberlin College and Paul Edmiston from the College of Wooster use fictional crimes to get their students hooked on analytical chemistry.
news 653 A
Analytical Currents We’ll drink to this method. a Studying supercritical solvents by spectrometry. a Profiling membrane-bound proteins. a A protein to stick with. a The next nose. a Breaking up isn’t hard to do. a Molecular thermometer rises to the occasion.
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Research Profiles Tasty plastic beats glass. Swiss scientists perfect the plastic electrospray
Kidney cells change color. 657 A
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Six “A-ha!” moments. 660 A
ionization tip. a Beyond the cellular “cookbook”. Molecular beacons probe the nuances of the genomic “recipe”. 658 A
Meeting News Researchers turn up the heat in ICPMS method. a Waiting to exhale. a Why is it a pleasure to drink coffee?
departments 645 A
Editorial Nanoscience and Analytical Chemistry. Analyzing “nano-objects” strains our current arsenal of measurement techniques.
Find out whodunit … 678 A
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In AC Research
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Product Review The Sound of Compounds. Judith Handley discovers that with the right application, PAS is an analytical chemist’s dream.
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AC Webworks Microarray Spots. Laura Ruth directs novice and expert microarray researchers to online resources, including e-mail communications and newsgroups, which may help decipher the dots.
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Books and Software MS and Its Role in the EPA. Farida Saleh of the University of North Texas reviews Analytical Mass Spectrometry–Strategies for Environmental and Related Applications.
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Meetings WCBP 2002.
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New Products
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2001 A-Page Articles
1C
AC Research Contents
5635–5775
AC Research
5776
Author Index
Books live on. 667 A
Chemicals can sing. 685 A
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Nanoscience and Analytical Chemistry W
hat is this “nanoscience” thing that has received such intense attention in today’s research? The definitions vary and include: chemical objects of submicrometer dimensions; size-dependent properties with dimensions intermediate between molecular and bulk; and structures with submicrometer features, differences in composition, and properties. Under these rubrics, nanoscience encompasses a huge world of chemical objects and structures, some artificial and others part of natural biological systems. I’m going to talk about the former. Whether these two worlds coalesce into a coherent nanoscience subdiscipline in the future is less important than the new bridges between different scientific and chemical disciplines that are now being forged. These bridges will surely involve analytical chemistry measurements. Examples of “nano-objects” include chemfets, metal and semiconductor nanoparticles, quantum dots, receptors and channels in lipid membranes, surface probe microscopy cantilever tips, polymeric vesicles and particles, nanoelectrodes, nanopipets, picoliter beakers, quantum corrals, carbon nanotubes, individual elements of DNA microchips, break junctions, and nanostructures with junctions between different kinds of nanoparticles. Some of these are familiar concepts; others are fresh. They have emerged from research in diverse scientific disciplines. While these objects have a wide range of potential applications, they offer certain common challenges—the biggest of which is how to make or synthesize them. The systematic organic and inorganic synthetic chemistry needed to guide the preparation of most nano-objects largely remains to be invented. Second, if you care about their chemical and spatial composition, how do analyze them? Third, how do you determine their properties, which may not be predictable, especially in the molecule/bulk-size regime? The analytical chemistry challenge is especially profound. Consider, for example, a 20-nm-wide nano-object containing two layers, each about 10-nm thick, composed respectively of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles encased in different kinds of molecular shells. Presumably, this structure was created with some particular property in mind, such as light emission. If that property is observed, the creator—physicist or engineer—is typically happy. The canny chemist is not so readily satisfied. She wants to know about composition, density, and
molecular configurations within the molecular shells; if the different kinds of nanoparticles are mixing (over time or during synthesis); if impurities are present; about the chemical mechanism of eventual nanostructure failure; and so on. These are not trivial goals, and the reader recognizes that most are problems of chemical analysis within a small and spatially defined volume that strains our existing measurement capacities. Progress in chemical synthesis has always been promoted by advances in our ability to analyze what we make. The leap into nanoscience research has already seen the advent of various surface probe microscopies, but these techniques will not entirely answer the analytical questions posed by my nanoobject example until they are chemically sensitive and selective in a versatile manner—a direction that is promising but only in its infancy. Moreover, the range of analytical measurement needs for studying other kinds of nanoscale objects is both substantial and not necessarily solved by microscopies. Sampling is another issue. Unlike river water, air, or blood, nanoscale objects cannot be obtained for research without some connection to or personal involvement in their synthesis or use. Not only are the analytical problems severe, getting the samples requires an investment. Analytical chemists need to recognize these features of nanoscience and join forces with the synthesizers. Finally, I believe that industries large and small will be built on the results of nanoscience research. These industries will differ from those relying solely on the element silicon and its dopants, because they will include a substantial population of organic molecules. Nanoscaled objects will be synthesized, calibrated, and subjected to quality control tests, perhaps on very large scales. In the manufacturing world of “large objects”, analytical chemists play a role because they have training in the tools needed for the research and development of commercial products and in quality control and assurance. Will the same be true in the coming world of nanoscaled objects? This is a question that cannot be ignored. Today’s analytical chemists need to follow developments in nanoscience— no small order, I agree—and reflect on how today’s analytical tools must be sharpened.
D E C E M B E R 1 , 2 0 0 1 / A N A LY T I C A L C H E M I S T R Y
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EDITOR Royce W. Murray University of North Carolina
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