Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloys H. 0.TEEPLE, Development and
Research Division, The International Nickel Co., Inc., New York 5, N . Y .
250,000,000 pounds per year. This new shaft is the thirteenth operating shaft in Inco's underground mines in the Sudbury district. Waldron ('270) discussed the current nickel mining operations of Sherritt-Gordon Mines, Ltd., a t Lynn Lake, including the refining process and plant capacities. F r a s e r (84) i n a n A M E R I C A N CHEMICAL SOCIETYsymposium discussed developments in nickel, which included the discovery of nickel, its technology and utilization, and the history of the metallurgy by which it has been won from its ores, as well as various properties of nickel. Mackay (171) gave a historical review of the discovery of nickel and the growth of the nickel industry. Haidegger (111) discussed in considerable detail the electrolytic production of nickel. Scarlott (228) told the story of the history, deposits, methods of refining, and use of nickel and cobalt and their alloys. Huttl ( 1 % ) described the progress made in utilizing Idaho cobalt for U. S. defense, and stated that before long the company will be producing well over 3,000,000 pounds of cobalt metal annually plus a substantial tonnage of copper. He also described the processing technique. A review (190) of cobalt production during 1951 is presented. Downie (69) described the production and handling of nickel matte in blast furnaces and converters. Downie (70) presented some notes on properties, treatment, and utilization of nickel slags, which are also compared with cobalt slags.
Although nickel is still in relatively short supply and under governmental control, some progress has been made in enlarging the amount available for use in the Western World. The critical supply of nickel indicates it is still desirablefor the chemical and process industries and other users of nickel to utilize such information as is available to further the conservation of nickel. This can be done most effectively by carefully considering the various properties of nickel and its alloys. During the past year much work has been done on development of new alloys, improvements in present ones, and studies of their physical properties, on the fabrication and working of these alloys, and on their application particularly in the chemical and process industries.
T
H E current annual review of published references relating to nickel and nickel alloys is similar to the previous one (163). Alloys containing about 40% or more of nickel or appreciable quantities of cobalt comprise the materials considered for this annual review. The subject matter is divided into three general classifications: development of new alloys or improvements in present ones and studies of their physical properties; developments in the fabrication and working of these alloys; and developments in the applications of these alloys with particular reference to the chemical and process industries. While nickel is still in relatively short supply and under governmental control, some progress has been made in enlarging the amount of nickel available for use in the Western World. A number of artieles were written describing recent advancements. In view of the current importance of cobalt, some references are included with respect to this metal. In acknowledgment of the 200th anniversary year of the discovery of nickel, the AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (133) presented a Symposium on Developments in Nickel. Those papers which are appropriate for this review are abstracted separately. In a review of the nickel industry presented by the Canadian Bureau of Statistics (188) it was reported that during 1950 The International Nickel Co. increased its sales from 104,646 to 128,205 short tons and spent $13,500,000 on underground development. Included in the review are other nickel-producing companies such as Falconbridge, Sherritt-Gordon, Nicaro, and The Nickel Corp. of Africa. An article (143)described the world situation of nickel during the year 1950; total nickel production was 160,000 tons, of which 123,000 tons came from the Sudbury district. Discussions of other sources of nickel and production rates are also presented. Beall (14)discussed the sources of nickel and reserves as of 1950 and the possibility of exploiting low-grade nickel deposits throughout the world. In the 1951 annual review of nickel production (189) it is mentioned that the free world's output has been increased by more than 10% to approximately 147,500 short tons, over 90% of which is produced in Canada. When Inco's long-term program of underground mine development is completed in 1953 it will result in the largest nonferrous base metal underground mine undertaking in the world. Falconbridge, Canada's second largest nickel producer, has embarked on an expansion program which is designed to raise production to 20,000 short tons annually. The story of Inco's new shaft and concentrator a t its Creighton mine is presented (187)and i t is indicated that these new facilities will enable the company t o maintain production of refined nickel a t the present rate of about
COMPOSITIONS OF ALLOYS
During the year there were a few discussions in the literature on the compositions of alloys with respect to studies of phase diagrams. Guseva and Makarov (110) studied the structure of nickelaluminum alloys a t high temperatures, and indicated that, with increasing temperature, the region of the solubility of nickel in aluminum increased. In the region of 60 and 66 atomic %, alloys heated up to 1340" C. (2444 O F.) are uniphase and possess a tetragonal structure. Guseva (109)studied the beta-phase of the nickel-aluminum system (45 to 60% nickel). Bradley (95)described microscopical studies on the iron-nickel-aluminum system and the breakdown of the body-centered cubic lattice. Coles and Hume-Rothery (48)determined the equilibrium diagram for nickel-manganese abobe 800" C. (1472" F.) by thermal, microscopical, and x-ray methods. Averbach (10) outlined an experimental procedure resulting in data on magnetic and electrical resistivity, indicating the possibility that an ordered structure can be produced in the alloy NiaMn. Sate ( 2 3 ) studied the order-disorder transformation of the alloy NiaMn. Fukuroi and Shibuya (95) measured Young's modulus of nickel-copper alloys (1 to 100% nickel, 99 to 0% copper) by an interferometric method and found agreement with Yamamoto's dynamic method. Cooper and Bassett (62) described several methods for the preparation of nickel-chromium alloy specimens for electron microscope examination. Silica replicas from specimens etched
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
with a bromine-methanol reagent appeared to be the most satisfactory. Manly and Beck (f78)conducted a survey of the chromiunicobalt-nickel phase diagrams a t 1200" C. (2192" F.). hlicroscopic and x-ray diffraction studies were made on 110 vacuummelted alloys prepared from commercial metals of the highest purity available. Tables, phase diagraniq, and photomicrographs are given. Kamen and Beck (f46)carried out an isothermal survey of certain portions of the chromium-cobalt-nickel-iron quaternary system at 1200" C. (2102" F.) The iron content of the alloy studied varied up to 30%. Phaqcl diagrams, tables, and photomicrographg arc included. An announcenient is made ( 7 2 ) of a new nickel-chromium alloy having tt. resistivity of 800 ohms per circular mil-foot and a temperature coefficient of 0.0002 per C. in the temperature range 20" to 100" C. (68" to 212" F.) Monnot (196) presented a progrebs ieport on t h r spectrographic analysis of steel and 80 nickel-20 chromiuni alloj- Spark spectra of two metallic electrodes were registered on a quartz spectrograph of medium dispersion and the author states the lines used, the index values, the dope of thc calibration line, and the reprodwibility for each line pair. Lashko (169) Ptudied the microstructure and lattice dimensions of nickel-silicon alloys containing 2, 4, and 7% silicon. The results are tabulated and illustrated. Vanick (265) discussed production, engineering properties, and applications of various nickel-ba+c nonferrous castings, such a. Monel and Inconel. Other alloys considered are Colmonoye, Chlorimets, Hastelloys, Illiuni, and some others. Greenwood (103)reviewed the development of powdered metal? and their applications during recent years and indicated the reseaich necessary for future developments. He stated that powdered metallurgy has played an important part in the provision of metallic materials for service a t high temperatures. British alloys nom- in use which have excellent properties arc Nimonic 80, austenitic stainless sleels, G-18-B and R-20, and thtt ferritic steels H-40 and H-46. Lihl(162) described a new method for the manufacture of alloy powders for the determination of phase boundaries of metallic systems. Examples are given from the iron-nickel, cobalt-nickel, and cobalt-iron systems. Goetzel (89) listed the important applications of powder metallurgy. Piinciples of the infiltration mechanism, variations in technique, and properties and applications are discussed. A description of the major application. of the infiltration techiiique include heavyduty contact iiiaterialq and welding electrodes, structural components, and refractory mrtal-base superalloys. A table of the properties of the nickel alloy infiltiatcd with titanium carbide is shon-n PROPERTIES O F 4 L L O Y S
During the year a number of studies were reported in the literature on miscellaneous properties of nickel and its alloys. Yamaguchi ( 2 8 8 ) made electron microscopy and diffraction studies on the eight rtched planes of nickel single crystals. The (110) face is cheniicallv and most active and the (111) facc is thc most inert. Neighbours, Bratten, a i d Smith (196) determined elastic constants of nickel by the pulsed ultrasonic method, and gave the experimental procedure, calculation of elastic constants, results, and discussions. The wave velocity mcasurements were made on four nickel single crystals of general orientation which were magnetically saturated. Brockhouse ( 2 6 ) discussed the results of measurements on nickel a t various tensional stresses between room temperature and the Curie point. Values are compared with those of Scharf (1935), from vhich they differ. Rouse and Forman (263) studied the diffusion of magnesium through nickel by exposing a magnesium sandwich to temperatures above the melting point of magnesium. Ioffe and Rotinyan (139) discussed the theory of the process of inclusion of certain gases (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, or carbon dioxide) in electrolytic nickel, Van Itterbeek et al. (266) determined the
Vol. 44, No. 10
amount and rate of adsorption of hgdiogen on pure nickel and silver sheets between 200" C. (410' F.) and 500" C. (932' F.). The adsorption on nickel corresponds to the formation of a unimolecular layer, but a discontinuity appears a t the region of thc Curie transition. Turner (263) discussed the elcctrochemical polarization effects a t nickel anodes in 2 N sulfuric acid, with diagrams and oscillograms. Benedicks and Harden (17) described the results of research work carried out under wetting effect and liquostriction, as well as a theory relating to the wetting effect to surface tensions. The test equipment used was also described. The metals and various alloys used in these tests included Invar, platinum. iron, nickel, carbon steel, and copper. Petersoil and Johnson (606) investigated the friction and surface damage of several corrosion-resisting materials. The values of kinetic friction coefficient a t low sliding velocities and photomicrographs of surface damage were obtained. Appreciable surface damage was evident for all materials tested except tungsten carbide. The friction coefficients for combinations of steel, stainless steel, and Monel sliding against steel, nickel, Inconel, and Nichrome ranged from 0.55 to 0.97. Kickel in all tests conducted had high friction coefficients approaching 1. Dartnell, Fairbanks, and Koehler (60) carried out an investigation wherein use was made of the kinetic adherence test devised by Kapnicky for testing the adherence of molten glass to heated metal samples. It was found that tungsten and nickel of the pure metal group and Monel of the nonferrous alloy group had adherence temperatures above 1000° F. (538' C.). Diagrams, graphs, tables, and photomicrographs are included. Hart and Tomlinson (116) described the use of finely divided metals in explosives and included discussion of nickel as well as magnesium and aluminum. Brosi (67) presented a detailed discussion of the various 150topes of nickel and reviewed publications reporting work in which isotopes were used in studies of the chemistry of nickel. Stanford (240)measured the total cross section of NP oxide and Nim oxide as a function of neutron energy between 0.025 and 0.5 electron volt to determine which nickel isotope was responsible for the high scattering cross section. Description of the experiment and the results are included. Crowell and Farnsworth (56) reported somP preliminary attempts t o measure the amount of gas chemisorbed on a single face of one single crystal. By using C14 as the radioactive tracer it has been possible to determine the amount of carbon dioxide chemisorbed on metal surfaces with areas of 1 to 2 sq. em. Copper, nickel, and silver were used in these experiments Simnad and Ruder (255)studied the mechanism of cxchange between metals and ions in solution with radioactive cobalt in which spccimens of cobalt, nickel, iron, 18-8 stainless steel, titanium, platinum, and copper mere immersed in the presence and absence of oxygen. Parker (206) discussed radioactive isotopes in ferrous metallurgy, considering five types of iron atoms. It is mentioned that iron 59 emits beta and K radiations and decays to nickel 60, a stable isotope of nickel. Radioisotopes were used t o identify minute quantities of copper, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, tin, and vanadium in steel and to study the physical chemistry of steelmaking. I n a symposium on properties of metals used a t low temperatures, those of nickel, copper, and copper-nickel alloys were given by Geil and Carwile ( 9 7 ) . Zimmerman (203) made thermal and electrical conductivity measurements on some coppernickel alloys, Monel, and stainless steels in the range of 2.6' to 8.0' K. Results suggested appreciable lattice contribution t o thermal conductivity, a t least for annealed specimens. deNobel ( 6 4 ) investigated heat conductivities at temperatures of liquid hydrogen and liquid air, utilizing two methods. Metals and alloys studied included nickel, Monel, and other nickel-base alloys. W a t t (871) discussed the selection of material for low temperature application. Safest materials to use are aluminum, copper, nickel, lead, and their alloys.
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
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MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
4
d
As in previous years, the ferromagnetic property of nickel provided the basis for a number of studies of nickel and its alloys. Williams and Walker (888) studied the domain patterns on two single crystals of nickel cut in the form of hollow parallelograms. T h e crystals showed domain structures with the three types of domain boundary which are t o be expected from a material having the directions of easy magnetization along the (111) direction. Bozorth, Mason, and McSkimin (84) described the determination of three elastic constants and monocrystalline nickel, using pulses of elastic waves 10 megacycles per second for 0.001 second. The difference in the magnitude of Young's modulus was attributed t o microeddy-current damping, which gave rise a t high frequencies to relaxation of the motion of the walls of the magnetic domain. The change in the magnetization of a domain gives rise t o eddy current in and around it, resulting in a loss of energy which depends, among other factors, on frequency and the shape and size of the domain. Peppiatt and Brockhouse (206) studied the applied stress and the initial susceptibility to magnetization in the direction of stress of annealed nickel wire. For temperatures below 20" C. (68' F.) and above 150' C. (302' F.) the temperature dependence varies, and the measured values cannot be predicted theoretically. Sueuki and Yamamoto (246)studied the unique character of anelasticity in ferromagnetic materials and found that it lies in the magneto-mechanical coupling. Observations were made on electrolytic nickel wire subject to torsion in a longitudinal magnetic field at temperatures up to 392' C. (740' F.). Johnson and Rogers (144) discussed measurements of magnetically induced velocity changes in polycrystalline nickel rods. Shear and compressional ultrasonic propagation modes were used throughout the frequency range from 1 to 10 megacycles. Tebble (250)gave a n account of investigations on temperature dependence of contribution from reversible processes t o magnetization of annealed and strained nickel wires. Griffiths'(106) reported experiments on ferromagnetic resonance in thin films of nickel. Results obtained were interpreted using Kittel's equation. -4new oscillation-type magnetometer is described and results obtained with it are given. Kikuchi and Shimizu (160) considered the technical treatment of the hysteresis of magnetostriction vibration and determined theoretical results on magnetic hysteresis loss and elastic hysteresis loss. The symmetrical and unsymmetrical magnetic hysteresis losses of nickel under various tensions were measured. Equations and graphs are included. Kikuchi and Fukushima (149) carried out some theoretical investigations on the performance of the laminated magnetostriction vibrators for emitting supersonic waves in water and other liquids. Various materials available for vibrators include nickel, Hipernick, Permalloy, and electrolytic iron. Graphs, tables, and equations are included. Mason (180)made a phenomenological investigation of stress, strain, and magnetic relations for single nickel crystals. The variation in elastic constants is shown t o be a morphic effect caused by the change in crystal symmetry due to the magnetostriction effect. Alizade ( 3 ) described the technique for the preparation of ironpalladium and nickel-palladium alloys. Heat treatment and measurement of magnetostriction for 60 i r o n 4 0 palladium and 62.25 nickel-37.75 palladium alloys are discussed. Wohlfarth (186)carried out some calculations for a n energy band for which the energy density of states is constant. These have a bearing on the actual rectangular, energy band for nickel. Experimental results are discussed for the magnetic properties of nickel, nickelcopper alloys and nickel-cobalt alloys, and the thermal properties of nickel, including the energy, specific heat, and magnetocaloric effect. Buinov and Kliushin (35) investigated the submicroscopic structure of Magnico alloy containing 50% iron, 24% cobalt, 14y0 nickel, 9% aluminum, and 3% copper. Replicas for the
View of Grinding Aisle in Concentrator
electron microscopy were made by the oxidation method and by a single-step quartz method. Hoselitz and McCaig (128) uszd a torque magnetometer to determine the crystal anisotropy constants of Alcomax 111. Changes in the crystal anisotropy are compared with parallel measurements on hysteresis curve. Heindenreich and Nesbitt (120) discussed the physical structure and magnetic anisotropy of Alnico 5 (14% copper, 8% aluminum, 24% cobalt, 3% copper, 51% iron), including the experimental procedure, crystal structure of the permanent magnet precipitate, effect of a magnetic field during heat treatment, and changes in magnetic properties with different treatments which account for the coercive force on the basis of magnetic anisotropy. Williams and Goertz (2881) investigated the magnetic domain structure of Perminvar (43% nickel, 34% iron, 23% cobalt) ring specimens having a rectangular hysteresis loop after heat treatment in a magnetic field and the manner in which the domain structure changes with a n applied field. Other materials discussed are the iron-nickel alloys with 50 t o 85% nickel. Chevenard ( 4 1 ) discussed the magnetic transformations and physicothermic anomalies of ferronickel alloys, such as Permalloy, Mumetal, and Supermalloy, and other precision alloys such aB permanent magnetic alloys. Hirone and Ogawa (181) found a discontinuous expansion of the magnetic reversal nucleus occurred in a uniformly magnetized ferromagnetic substance as Perminvar (30% iron, 45% nickel, 25% cobalt) due t o varying tension. Hirone, Ogawa, and Huzimura (182) measured the changes in reversible permeability at the remanence point, the residual magnetization, and the energy of magnetization from the remanence point to magnetic saturation of Perminvar (30% iron, 45y0 nickel, 25% cobalt). The results were at variance with t h e theoretical ones, owing t o the unpredictability of the internal stresses. Libsch and Both (161)made a study of magnetic alloys which have a nearly rectangular hysteresis loop-namely, those containing 30 to 5070 cobalt and the balance iron. The cobaltiron alloys, especially the 50% cobalt-500jo iron alloy, respond to a magnetic annealing treatment by a marked change in the shape of their hysteresis loop. A discussion of the results and applications is given. DeBarr (62) discussed the domain theory of ferromagnetism, grain oriented materials, magnetic annealing, permanent magnets,
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
high permeability, and ferrite-magnetic materials. Ferro and Montalenti (79) experimentally verified the hypothesis that in oyclically stressed ferromagnetic materials, energy loss because of magnetoelastic internal friction is induced by a domain motion due to the applied stress itself. The ratio IT/18was chosen as a n index of the domain position. Nickel and a 0.38 carbon-2.2 nickel-0.6 chromium steel were compared and it was found t h a t they, besides having the same shape, show abrupt slope variations a t practically the identical value of stress. Graphs of the results are presented. Chevenard and Josso ( 4 2 ) discussed the effect of addition of copper or molybdenum on critical temperatures or order-disorder transformation in ferro-nickels. Koster and Raffelsieper (158) gave the basis of a magnetic method for studying the course of diffusion in the sintering of a 89% nickel11% copper alloy. Koster and Raffelsieper (165) used a magnetic method to follow the course of diffusion during the sintering of a 91% nickel-9% zinc alloy. The activation energy of sintering was 28,000 cal. per mole. HIGH TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES
During the course of the year, a large number of studies had t o do with the high temperature properties of nickel- and cobaltcontaining alloys. The studies were concerned mainly with fatigue, creep, and stress rupture properties of alloys applicable to jet engines and gas turbines. Wagner (269) discussed experimental methods for kinetic investigations, the determination of the structure of oxide layers, and the rate laws for the ovidation of metals. A considerable investigation was carried out with a number of metals and alloys, including platinum-nickel and nickel-copper. The rate of oxidation for alloys was found to be directly correlated with the ionic conductivity of the oxide phases of both metals. The migration mechanism of oxides of nickel, iron, copper, chromium, and cobalt are explained; 89 references are given. Tichenor (861) found that the oxidation rate of cobalt at 500' to 800' C. (932' to 1472' F.) in oxygen is 25 times greater than t h a t of nickel, although the activation energy is the same for both reactions. Erthal (73) investigated the mechanical properties, impact and hardness values, and fatigue characteristics of Inconel X, SBE 4340 steel, and stainless TV at room temperature to 700' F. (371" C.) and 900' F. (482' C.) for varying periods of time up t o 1000 hours. Stress rupture, creep, and endurance characteristics of SAE 4340 and stainless W at 700' F. (371' C.) and Inconel X at 900' F. (482' C.) were also studied. Tables and graphs of mechanical properties and photomicrographs are given. Grant (101) discussed stress rupture testing and determined the extent and rate of metallurgical and chemical change in the composition of 8-590 (20y0 chromium, 2070 nickel, 20% cobalt, 4% tungsten, 470 columbium, balance iron) over extensive timetemperature intervals. The stress-rupture curve for Monel is affected by oxidation and recrystallization and grain growth. I n stainless steels, carbide precipitation and sigma formation affect the curve. Tapsell (848) emphasized the need for fatigue investigations of metals a t high temperature and presented experimental fatigue and creep data for Nimonic 80 and GlSB a n d G32. A method of correlating these data in working stress diagrams is shown. Welch and Cametti (275)conducted a series of hysteresis and room temperature creep tests on several high strength shafting materials, such as K Monel and Inconel X. Both these alloys proved t o have exceptionally low hysteresis and creep for shearing stresses up to 24,000 pounds per square inch. Both hysteresis and creep values were only O.Ol'% for reversed loading. Parker (903) discussed plastic flow and modern theories of slip and gave creep data for a number of alloys including complex nickel-chromium alloys. Molybdenum and tungsten are the most effective alloying elements in conferring creep resistance t o steels. Ceramic-metal sintered mixtures are being investigated.
Vol. 44, No. 10
These, however, are relatively brittle at room temperature and there is, as yet, no satisfactory way t o join them to metals. Graham (100) discussed the phenomenological theories of creep and reported collected values of constants for Nimonic 80, G18B, Stellite 8, and others. The study utilized a formula with four adjustable constants relating permanent strain t o stress, time, and temperature and was shown to represent successfully the decelerating stage of uniaxial creep in several dissimilar metals. Mohling (191) reported the undertaking of a project t o develop both a forging and cast turbine bucket alloy which has properties equal to those alloys in present usage but with a substantially reduced content of critical materials. The goal set for a forging bucket alloy was a maximum of 20% cobalt, 6% tungsten, and 2% columbium. A total of 63 alloy combinations were made and tested, most of which contained nickel. No alloys were found with properties equal t o S-816 within these limits. However, a n alloy was developed with 34% cobalt, 6% tungsten, 2 % columbium, and 20% nickel which is it3 equal. This represents a saving of 10% cobalt and 270 columbium. The cast bucket alloy goal was set at 30% cobalt and 6 % tungsten; 91 alloy compositions mere tested, most of which contained nickel. An alloy containing 30% cobalt, 8% tungsten, and 20% nickel was developed which closely approximates the physical properties of Vitallium. This represents a saving of 35% cobalt with the use of 2% tungsten more than F a s set in the original goal. Boss (20) presented the tensile test, stress-rupture, and creep data of important jet engine alloys in tabular form. Alloys include s-816, cast Haynes Stellite No. 21, K-42-B, Timken 16-25-6, Discaloy, 19-9 DL, N-155, Haynes 25, Inconel X, Nimonic 80, Hastelloy B, and Type 347 stainless steel. Fletcher et al. ( 8 0 ) madecreeprupture testsat 780" C. (1436'F.), 915'C. (1679' F.), a n d 1000" C. (1832" F.) on cobaltrchromium alloys containing nitrogen. Curves showing stress us. minimum creep rate and stress for a creep rate of O . O O O l ~ o per hour vs. temperature are included in the report. Other alloys are considered, and photomicrographs, tables, and graphs are included. Colombier (49) presented rupture data for Nimonic SO and several cobalt-base alloys and discussed the effects of structural hardening, cold hardening, and rolling on creep strength. Daniels and Larke (59) developed creep data for Inconel X at 815' C. (1500" F.). Yearian ($90) presented a record of conference on fatigue of metals a t high temperatures. Oliver and Harris (200) discussed gas turbine alloys and mentioned the comparative immunity of Jessop G-32 (1o.5yOnickel, 19.1y0 chromium, 46.6% cobalt, 2.2% molybdenum, 3.001, vanadium, 1.4y0 niobium) to attack by fuelash containing vanadium pentoxide. Many charts of the physical and mechanical properties of the various alloys discussed are given. Harris and Child (113) discussed the development of a high temperature alloy for gas turbine rotor blades. Nickelcobalt-iron-chromium alloys were investigated. It was found t h a t optimum creep strength occurred when a t least three carbide-forming elements were present, when the carbon content and the total percentage of carbide-forming elements were carefully balanced, and when the base of the alloy was rich in cobalt. Such an alloy is the proprietary Jessop G-32 (12% nickel, 45% cobalt, 19% chromium, 2.8% vanadium, 2.0% molybdenum, 1.2y0niobium). Charts are given. Allen ( 5 ) surveyed the development of creep-resisting alloys, both ferritic and austenitic, from 1914 to 1939. The trend in research after 1939 in Great Britain, America, and Germany for gas turbine materials is described. Properties of the alloys, including the nickel-chromium-cobalt alloys and stainless steels, are described. Charts are given. Bucher (33)discussed gas turbine performance and materials and mentioned t h a t nickel-base alloys and heat-resistant steels in contact with vanadium pentoxide a t 700' C. (1292' F.)cannot be expected to have a life of more than a few thousand hours. Less corrosion was found with Nimonic 80 than with other materials. Frith (94) ( a t a Symposium on High Temperature Steels and
October 1952
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Alloys for Gas Turbines) presented the results of tests to determine the fatigue properties of various heat-resisting materials at elevated temperatures. The tests were carried out on hollow test pieces of Nimonic 80 rolled bar, Nimonic 80 remelt and cast bar, improved Nimonic 80 rolled bar, G32 rolled bar and remelt, and cast G32 bar, with reversed bending stresses and with these stresses imposed on a static tension test. Some tests on turbine blades were also carried out. Pfeil, Allen, and Conway (108) presented a review of nickel-chromium-titanium alloys of the Nimonic 80 type. Properties and characteristics are given as well as a discussion of the application of the alloys for high temperature uses. Buswell, Pitkin, and Jenkins (37) discussed sintered alloys for gas turbine application. A cobalt-base alloy of the Vitallium type containing 30% chromium and 6 % tungsten was prepared by powder metallurgy and its properties were compared with those of the cast alloy. Of the various properties, creep above 600" C. (1112' F.) compared poorly with that of the cast alloy. The low strength in creep may be associated with the absence of the intergranular carbide network found in the cast alloy. Photomicrographs are shown. Reynolds, Freeman, and White (216) investigated the influence of chemical composition of forged modified low-carbon N155 alloys in solution treated and aged conditions as related to the rupture properties a t 1200' F. (650' C.). They found that it was possible to correlate stress rupture properties of the forged alloys a t 1200" F. (650' C.) with systematic variations in chemical composition and that a wide range in properties can be obtained by such variations. Freeman, Reynolds, and White (85) substituted an experimental cobalt-tantalum-iron alloy for ironcobalt in making laboratory heats of low carbon N-155 alloy. This substitution had no significant effect upon stress rupture and creep properties of either alloy a t 1200" F. (650" C.) and 1500" F. (815' C.). MacGregor and Walcott (169) reported the results of an investigation of torsion creep-to-rupture properties of the N-155 alloy. The results are described (196)of a cooperative investigation of the relationship between static and fatigue properties of heat-resistant alloys a t elevated temperatures. Results are given for N-155 alloy bar stock and are summarized as curves. Chaston and Child ( 4 0 ) discussed cobalt-rich alloys for high temperature service. The system tantalum-chromiumcobalt was studied a t 900' C. (1652' F.) with attention paid to the influence of carbon. Lane and Grant (166) described carbide reactions in high temperature alloys ranging from Vitallium to N-155 and S-816. Rush, Freeman, and White (224) presented some preliminary results of an investigation t o establish the fundamental causes of abnormal grain growth in S-816 alloy under conditions encountered during the forging of blades for aircraft gas turbines. Temperature cycling, amount and temperature of deformation, and repeated deformations are discussed. Frey and Freeman (86) investigated the fundamental reasons for the improvement in creep resistance by cold working. N-155 was the alloy studied. Frey, Freeman, and White (88) considered the influence of cold working on creep properties of an alloy containing 20y0 cobalt, 20% chromium, 20% nickel, and the balance iron and on the same alloy modified by small additions of tungsten alone or tungsten, molybdenum, and niobium in combination. The effects of cold-working on creep resistance were the same for all alloys studied for temperatures up to 1600" F. (870" C.) and reductions between 15 and 40%. Buckle and Poulignier (34)found that it was possible to induce formation of thin colored films on the surface of nickel-chromium alloys of the 80-20 type after aging, whether in use or during creep or during fatigue testing a t elevated temperatures. The use of the colored films was to detect the evolution of micrographic structure during the elevated temperature tests. Pickus and Parker (209) described experiments in which the effects of surface conditions on secondary creep were investigated. Zinc and nickel were among the metals employed in the study. Wu (286) investigated general plastic behavior and the approximate
2329
solutions of a rotating disk in the strain hardening range. Results show ratios of strain along the radius t o the maximum value and ratios of principal stresses are essentially independent of material, but stress distributions and rotating speeds depend on the material. Numerical calculations are made for Inconel X and Alloy 16-25-6. Ferguson (78) studied the effects of surface finish on fatigue properties a t elevated temperatures of low-carbon N-155 with grain size of ASTM 1. The fatigue properties for the various finishes differed appreciably a t room temperature, but after a short time a t 1000° F. (538' C.) and for all periods a t temperatures above 1000" F. (538' C.) the specimen finishes had the same fatigue strength. Harris and Watkins ( 1 1 4 ) discussed the variation of elastic moduli with temperature for various alloys and pure metals. Determinations of Young's modulus for nickel, aluminum, Armco iron, and various Jessop steels a t temperatures up to 800' C. (1472' F.) have been made by static and dynamic methods. There are presented (181) in chart form the thermal conductivities of nickel, Inconel-clad nickel, stainless clad steel, Inconel X, and Vitallium (HS21) for temperatures from 0' to 1200" C. (32' to 2192' F.). Hogan and Sawyer (12.4) modified the Forbes bar method and adapted it to the problem of measuring the thermal conductivity of metals and alloys in the range from 25' to 1000" C . (77' to 1832' F.), Results are reported for nickel, Inconel X, several stainless alloys, and a 1010 carbon steel. Davies (61) presented a simplified method of determining heat transfer coefficients when an order of magnitude figure is all that is desired. Coefficients are given for nickel, brass, carbon steel, lead, and stainless steel metal walls. Gresham and Hall (105) discussed the design and construction of apparatus for the investigation of fatigue strength of various nickel-base alloys a t high temperatures. Dick and Williams (65) described an elevated temperature fatigue testing machine for ceramic materials. The clamping of the loading head is done by means of gripping shoes of Nimonic 80A and a nickel foil is used between the grips and the specimen. A short note is also given on the application of the machine to testing Nimonic 80A and other high temperature alloys. Grover and Cross (108) discussed high temperature fatigue testing techniques now in use. S-N diagrams for rotating-bending fatigue tests are given for 18-8 steels and data on fatigue strength for Nimonic 80. Gadd (96) discussed the precision casting of turbine blades of nickel-base high temperature alloys by the lost wax process. Gresham and Dunlop (104) described the use of the lost wax process for the production of nozzle guide vane castings of high temperature nickel-base alloys. The main differences between this process and the ordinary sand foundry practice were also discussed. Nelson, Willmore, and Womeldorph (197) discussed the bonding of various metals, including nickel and cobalt, with refractory bodies composed of boron and titanium carbides. Cooper and Colteryahn (61) determined the elevated temperature properties of titanium carbide-base ceramels containing nickel or iron in oxidation, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, and thermal shock resistance. The metallographic structure was also studied. Photomicrographs, diagrams, and tables are included. Frey, Freeman, and White (87) studied the effects of various aging treatments on the mechanical properties of solution treated Inconel X a t 1200 " F. (650 'C.), 1400O F. (760 ' C.), and 1600 " F. (870" C.) for periods up t o 1000 hours. Correlations with previous work on N-155 are presented and the results are discussed in detail. Hoffman and Robards (193) described an investigation t o determine the effects of a number of solution and aging treatments on the life of small cast gas turbine blades of Haynes Stellite Alloy 21, a cobalt-base alloy. I n the course of the investigation the blade materials were operated a t 1500' F. (816'C.) and a t 20,000 pounds per square inch a t the blade mid-span. Yaker and Hoffman (287) studied the effects of heat treatment on a cobalt-chromium base turbine blade alloy (25 t o 29% chromium, 1.75 t o 3.75y0 nickel, 5 t o 670 molybdenum, 2% maximum iron
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
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Vol. 44, No. 10
Concrete iread Frame and 10,000-Ton Concentrator A t No. 7 shaft of International Nickel's Crcighton mine in Sudbury district, Ontario. New plant is part of $150,000,003 program of conversion to all-underground mining. It produces a hulk nickel-copper concentrate which is pumped through R 7.5-mile pipeline t o reduction plants a t Copper Cliff
balance cobalt). The alloy lvas solution treated for 30 minutes at 2100 O F. (1150' C.), 2250 F. (1232' C.), and 2350 F. (1288' C.), and then aged for 48 hours a t 1500" F. (816' (3.). Such heat treatments were found statically t o improve the mean lifp of the blade. O
FABRIC4TIO3
Welding. Oehler (199) dpscribed flash butt rtelding of high temperature alloys which are used in jet engine production, Various chromium and chromium-nickel heat-resisting steels, nickel-base alloys, such as Inconel and Monel, and some of the high-carbon alloys and titanium alloys were discussed. Rosenberg (223) discussed the welding characteristics of materials of construction for aircraft gas turbines. Many alloys are considered, including Inconel TV and Inconel X. Solomon (285) discussed the welding of high-heat-resisting materials, such a b Ximonic 75, as well as other materials. The applications of welded alloys are also discussed, in connection with the gas turbine unit used for jet propulsion. Clason (44)described the use of practically every major welding process a t some stage or another in the manufacture of the high temperature components of the 533 and 535 jet engines. H e mentioned that Inconel and Inconel X are employed where greater corrosion resistance is needed. The cobalt-base alloys are also described in relation to the various welding processes. Solomon ($34)described the welding of high heat-resisting materials with respect t o their application in jet engines. rl croSs section of a typical stitch weld in Kimonic 75 is shown. The seam welding of Nimonic is discussed as well as some of the problems the author has discovered in welding alloys capable of withstandingtemperatures around 1800"t o 1900" F. (982"to 1038°C.). Starr (242) discussed various procedures in the welding of the superalloys and mentioned that it was necessary t o devise special types of welds for the assembly of superalloys as liners for standard steel. Rosenberg (221) described the welding of Inconel W sheet, indicating this high strength, high temperature nickel-base alloy can be successfully welded by inert arc, metal arc, and resistance welding processes. In addition, spot welding, seam welding, inert arc welding, and metal arc welding are discussed. Robertson ($18)described special applications of welding
in relation to gas turbines for use on land. Nickel- and cobaltbase alloys are considered. Lardge (1.58) discussed welding methods employed in relation t o gas turbine engines for aircraft. A number of blade alloys were considered, including Inconel. Simonic 7 5 , HR Crown Mas, and others. Brown (38) discussed the arc-welding of stainless steels and nickel and mentioncd the importance of selection of current density, electrodes, coating. filler rods, and finish of the weld. I n a two-part article (13.5) the procedures were discussed for metallic and inert arc welding and oxyacetylene welding of pipes, tubes, and wrought melded fittings of Monel, nickel, and Inconel, and the proper welding tip size in oxyacetylene welding and puddling, and a table for the welding of Monel is given. -1 discussion is presented (118) for welding pipe and seamless tube< fabricated of nickel and high-nickel alloys including brazing i c,clinique. Wilson (284) discussed in detail the resistance welding oi nickel and many high-nickel alloys. The chemical, physical, arid mechanical properties of these materials as well as pickling recommendations are given in chart form. The spot welding of thin sheets of Monel for steam traps is described in detail (185) with respect to the use of Monel for an expansion-type thermostatictype element. Nippes and Slaughter (198) discussed optiniuni conditions for seam welding of &Ionel sheet in thicknesses ranging from 0.010 t o 0.062 inch. Methods of decreasing the tendency of the Rlonel sheet t o stick to the welding electrodes are discussed. Tables, graphs, and photomicrographs are included. A w r y (11) discussed the selection of hard facing materials and stated that the selection should depend upon whether wear will hc caused by impact, heat, friction, or abrasion or a combination 01 these factors. Hard facing materials considered included tungsten carbide composites, high-chromium irons, martensitic irons. cobalt-base alloys, nickel-base alloys, and martensitic and pearlitic steels, as well as the austenitic stainless steels and manganese steel. The author stated that while most metallic structural materials can be hard faced, the weldability of the base is an important factor. Gray (102)described the use of Hastelloy C for hard facing die surfaces used in forging, shaping, and trimming alloj steels. .4n increase in die life up t o ten times is reported. Spencer (2%') presented some notes on soldering many metals and alloy. ranging from magnesium and aluminum through the stainless
October 1952
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
steels up t o the high-nickel alloys and gave comments on fluxes used. Spencer (236) described heating mediums for different brazing methods ae well as brazing alloys and fluxes to be used and methods of brazing various materials of construction. Among the various materials considered were the stainless steels, Inconel, Monel, and other nonferrous alloys. An article (213) is presented describing recommended brazing fluxes for standard filler metal alloys. A number of metals and alloys are described, including nickel and nickel alloys in relation to the fluxes which are most suitable for brazing operations. A discussion (8)is presented on procedures and related operations for the silver brazing of nickel and high-nickel alloys. Thielsch (266) presented information on the welding and service characteristics of dissimilar-metal joints. Nickel and stainless steels as well as gas turbine alloys are discussed. Illustrations and 98 references are given. Thielsch (257) reviewed published and unpublished information on dissimilar metal joints made with stainless steel electrodes. The metallurgical characteristics of the joints, dilution, mechanical properties, heat treatments, carbon migration, base-steel, and weld-metal cracking were described. It is mentioned that high-nickel alloys exhibit better welding characteristics than the high-chromium alloys and the high-cobalt materials. Recent tests indicate that Hastelloy B can be satisfactorily welded with 18Y0 chromium-l4% nickel-molybdenum Type 316 stainless steel electrodes. Tables, graphs, and photomicrographs are given. An article (13.4) describes improved welding techniques for joining stainless and other alloys to mild steel. The technique is described with respect to thin gage Type 347 stainless and thin gage Inconel X. Bott ( $ 8 ) discussed various methods for the fabrication of Monel tanks for boats and mentioned that Monel is popular for water, gasoline, and fuel-oil tanks in small craft because of its excellent corrosion-resisting properties as well as ready weldability. Bott ( 2 1 ) described the repair welding of broken cast iron farm equipment using a nickel-base welding electrode, and recommended procedures. Estlin (74)described the Graham process (condenser discharge) and pointed out that brass, nickel, aluminum, and copper can be welded by this method. Mechanical Forming. Wcnsch and Walker ( 2 7 6 ) studied the recrystallization and grain growth of nickel, wherein conimercially pure nickel strip cold rolled 20 to 60% was annealed a t 800' F. (425' C.) to 2000' F. (1093' C.) for periods up to 417 hours. It was found that recrystallized grain size depends only upon the degree of prior deformation. Equilibrium grain size was found to increase with annealing temperature. Brown, Schwartzbart, and Jones (30)studied the tensile fracturing characteristics of several high temperature alloys as influenced by orientation in respect to forging direction, a t room temperature. Plastic properties were found to be essentially isotropic. Loewy { 163) discussed the latest developments in extrusion of metals. He described the 4000-ton extrusion press a t Inco's Huntington Works and discussed the extrusion of Monel, nickel, and Inconel tubes. Mention was made of the development of new lubricants and larger equipment for extrusion operations. Dickenson and Hendershot (66) discussed the past and present methods employed by the Huntington Works of The International Nickel Co. in the production of nickel and high-nickel alloys seamless tubing. The various operations for both hot and cold processing are considered in their natural sequence, together with the processing characterie'As of the high-nickel alloys and the equipment used. Tools and lubricants in use are described. Spencer (238) discussed press forming of sheet metals and operations such as blanking, punching, perforation, and trimming in semiproduction sheet metal shapes. A table gives comparative shear strength of a number of different metals and alloys including Monel and nickel. Gevons (98) discussed five basic types of operations in the deep drawing and pressing of nonferrous metals and alloys including nickel and other nickel alloys. An article
2331
(119) presents the various procedures that will give satisfactory results in bending and coiling tubes of nickel and high-nickel alloys. A method is recommended (170) by Inco for coiling, bending, threading, expanding, welding, and brazing nickel, Monrl, and Inconel seamless tubing. Cowan (65) discussed special materials, techniques, forming, drawing and spinning, hobbing, and cold hobbing as applied t o electron tube research. It is re'ported that nickel which forms easily withstands elevated temperatures while maintaining good strength and nongaming properties, which is essential in vacuum tubes. Other materials considered for equipment are copper, tungsten, molybdenum, glass matching alloys Kovar, Dumet, Platinite, Sylvania Alloy No. 4, and 42Y0 nickel-iron alloy. A symposium (7) on five ways t o form gears mentioned among other metals, alloys, and plastics, the nickel and nickel alloys, such as Monel. Tangerman and Brunberg (247) discussed the development of the carbon dioxide process for machining and described the technique of operation. As the liquid carbon dioxide is emitted it changes form t o yield a major portion of its mms as finely divided solid carbon dioxide, which absorbs radiant energy and thus regulates the working temperatures. The process h m been applied t o the machining of difficult alloys. Reference is made t o the machining of titanium and titanium alloys, Monel, K Monel, the 18-8 stainless steels, Hastelloys, Inconel, Inconel X, and other high alloy heat-resisting materials. DeHuff and Goldberg ( 6 3 ) discussed the machining of high temperature alloys used in aircraft gas turbine engines. Shear strength, the coefficient of friction, and the machining constant plus the hardness, the strain hardenability, and the amount of abrasive particles in the metal all affect the inherent machining qualities of the alloy. Tables summarize the effect of these factors upon the inherent machinability of some titanium alloys, stainless steels, Inconel X, Refractaloy, Discaloy, and Timken 16-25-6. Compositions of the alloys are also given. Brown (29) described some problems in the fabrication of the N-155 alloy in connection with jet engine application. Surface defects, cracks close to welds, check tests for ductility, and variations in heat treatment are discussed. Bruckart, Whalen, Jaffee, and Gonser (39)discussed cladding materials for molybdenum. Nickel, Inconel, 18-8 stainless, 25-20 stainless, 27% chrome-iron stainless, Hastelloy B, Stellite 21, and 90 platinum-10 rhodium alloy were considered. As an all-purpose cladding, nickel seemed t o be best. Combinations of various cladding metals and alloys were also discussed. Bruckart and Jaffee (31) described the cladding of molybdenum on nickel, which was found to be a practical method of utilizing the superior high temperature strength of molybdenum under oxidizing conditions. Of various backing materials tried, nickel proved t o be the best, with Inconel second best. There is presented (9) the ASTM designation of standard hardness conversion table for nickel and high-nickel alloys, showing the relationship between diamond hardness (Vickers), Brinell, and Rockwell hardnesses. Hartley and Bradbury (117) gave the historical development of bright annealing and techniques and defined the process as a special case of clean annealing in which luster is retained. Particular attention was paid to the bright annealing of nickel and its alloys. Coatings. An article (184) gives recommendations for conserving nickel in plating. A number of papers presented (186) before the Institute of Metal Finishing concerned themselves with various means of securing desirable metal finishes in spite of the shortage of nickel. Wesley (277) reviewed the scientific and practical knowledge of the electrochemical reactions of nickel as they find application in industry. Industrial processes discussed include electroreking, electroforming, electroplating, resizing of mismachined parts, and electropolishing. Photomicrographs, tables, and graphs are presented. Wesley, Carr, and Roehl (178) discussed in detail the plating of nickel using insoluble electrodes. Tables, graphs, and diagrams are included. Vagramyan and Solov'era ( 2 6 4 ) discussed the relation
2332
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
between overvoltage and current density within wide limits of the latter. A new method for rapid determination of the shape and t h e polarization curve is proposed. Theoretical basis of this method, its technique, and optimum conditions of operation are given. Orbaugh (201) discussed the electroforming of large dies in nickel, iron for use in molding reinforced plastic parts for aircraft. Almen (6) discussed fatigue loss of metals when plated by methods now in common use involving nickel, copper, and chromium plating. Suggestions are made for improving fatigue strength of machined parts such as prestressing by shot peening of nickel-plated specimens. Rose (220) discussed the formation of thin attractive metal coatings produced by vacuum methods. Metals mentioned include nickel, chromium, aluminum, gold, silver, zinc, and the alloy Inconel. Nickel and chromium deposits are reported to be too dull t o be ornamental and are too thin t o contribute t o the surface hardness of jewelry. Wilson (285) discussed electrodeposition in marine engineering and described the advantages of the use of nickel, primarily for corrosion resistance. Thomson (258) described t h e process for the direct plating of aluminum with nickel on a laboratory scale. The results were sufficiently encouraging t o warrant pilot plant tests. Raymond (214) discussed metal finishing developments in 1951, which included the electropolishing, pickling, and metal plating with respect t o nickel. Tice (260) discussed materials of construction for pickling operations prior t o electroplating. Applications of Monel, Hastelloy B, the various bronzes, and the stainless steels are discussed. Cline and Wulff ( 4 6 ) described the coating of ceramic particles with metal by vapor decomposition for the production of high temperature metal-ceramic bodies. Kickel may be deposited by the decomposition of nickel carbonyl. Sayre (227) reviewed the investigations in the development of materials, techniques, and procedures for the application of fused metallized coatings. Coatings of nickel, brass, Monel, stainless steel, and nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys of various types were applied by metallizing and remelting. Salt water immersion tests showed the coatings t o be fully protective. Close ( 4 7 ) described finishing with sprayed metal in conjunction with structural steel and sheet metal products that require a high degree of protection during service life. A combination of sprayed metal and a primary and outer organic coating offers one of the best protective coating combinations for steel. Tables are given which recommend coatings for salt, industrial, and rural atmospheres, and for immersion in fresh and sea water. A photograph shows the spraying of a ship's water tank cask with corrosionresistant Monel metal. Tour (262) described modern developments in metallizing and mentioned the use of molybdenum wire as well as other commonly available materials, such a8 stainless steels, Monel, nickel, and most aluminum alloys. Properties of the sprayed metal coatings are tabulated and discussed. Shaw (230)discussed plating processes for depositing a coating of high temperature protective material. Metal-ceramic combinations, cermets, consist of composites of inorganic substances intimately bonded. Cleaning of the metals, the pickling procedure, and parts t o be dipped, sprayed, or slushed are described. Coatings are being applied on Inconel, Inconel X, Nimonic 75, various types of stainless steels, Hastelloy B and mild steel, and low alloy metals. Types of applications and reports from the fields are considered. APPLICATIOXS
High Temperature. An article ( 1 ) discussing ten years' progress in gas-turbine metals includes a good review of the development of such alloys with notes on outstanding properties and performance. Thielemann, Merta, and Eddy (655) discussed trends in gas turbine engine materials, including a number of materials such as the ferritic and austenitic stainless steels as well as nickelbase alloys. There is also included a discussion of coatings to aid in conservation of the critical materials, and the use of new alloys, such as titanium and some of t h r cobalt-base alloys.
Vol. 44, No. 10
Cottrell (55) discussed the strength of metals and recent metals and alloys a t a recent symposium. Alloys containing nickel and cobalt as well as other metals, such as chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, and columbium are described in relation to their use as gas turbine rotor blades. Allen (4)reported on researches of cast and forged alloys, sintered metal powders, and ceramels t o find replacements for columbium, tungsten, cobalt, nickel, chromium, and molybdenum for turbine blade applications. Fatigue properties of alloys and thermal shock effects of the ceramels are described. It is reported (244) that Inconel foil is used t o replace precious metal foils to wrap fiber glass and wool around jet burner tubes. Inconel foil, thinner than a hair and weldable by resistance methods, has proved strong enough to take handling abuse without tearing. Kirby (161) discussed the manufacture of gas turbine blades, which included forging, heat treatment, and testing. Materials considered included Nimonic 80A, Nimonic 90, 8816, G32, Rex 448, and others. Planner (611) analyzed the properties and manufactuiing techniques of superalloys for jet engines. Among the materials discussed are Haynes Multiniet, Hastelloys, Stellites, such as S50, ceramic materials such as molybdenum and tungsten, and also carbides. A new development of titanium carbide with a cobalt or nickel binder is being developed into a turbine wheel for operating a t temperatures above 2000 O F. (1093' C,). Feilden ( 7 7 ) outlined the practical aspects of operation on the basis of experience gained during the endurance running of a 750-km. gas turbine. I n the discussion of vanadium corrosion, the use of Nimonic 808 in the first row of rotor blades and the use of nickelchromium alloys which are very strongly resistant to creep, are dealt with to some extent. A 1000-kw. gas turbine alternator set for the British Admiralty is described (140); the rotor blades are Nimonic 80A and the strator blades are Nimonic 80. Other details such as development of design, constructional features, gearing, lubrication, fuel system, speed control, starting, and miscellaneous items are also discussed. Yellott and Broadley (291) described the test operation of a full-size locomotive gas turbine burning bituminous coal. The rotor was made of 16-25-6 and the cylinder blading and rotor blades were made from S-590. The turbine casing was fabricated from 19-9DL with combustors, louvers, and internal components of the fly ash separator made of Inconel and Type 347 stainless steel. Tees, elbows, and shell of the separator were fabricated from Inconel X. Pitts and Moore (210)described the application of three ceramic coatings applied t o three types of 18-8 stainless and Inconel and then tested for their effectiveness in preventing carbon absorption after box carburizing for 4 hours a t 1350" t o 1650" F. (732" t o 900" C.). The coating apparently seals the surface of the alloy from carburizing gases and thus prevents carbon pickup and resulting precipitation of carbides a t or near the grain boundaries. Hubbell (129)reported the results of a series of tests with ceramiccoated exhaust system components and showed that the ceramic coating provided the protection necessary to extend the life of various materials, such as 19-9DL a t elevated temperatures encountered in aircraft service. Exhaust headers for testing were fabricated from materials which included Inconel X, N-155, and Hastelloy C. Moore and Mason (193) studied the corrosive effects of lead bromide vapors on heat-resistant alloys, such as Inconel, Vitallium, S-816, 19-9DL, and Type 347 stainless steel, both with and without protective ceramic coatings. Results are given in table form. Harrison (116)discussed the growing role of protective coatings for metals in high temperature service. Ceramic coatings used on a number of different alloys ranging from SAE-1025 up through the heat-resisting alloys such as Inconel, Vitallium, and 5-816 are described, particularly with relation t o the resistance t o attack by lead bromide vapors in exhaust gases. An article is presented ( 9 ) concerning the ceramic coating of various metals and alloys, including Inconel which is used for heat exchangers in the exhaust system of a bomber. Talbot and Skinner (246) studied reported results on the effect of
October 1952
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
oxidizing sulfurous atmospheres on the rupture strengths of Inconel X and Inconel. Photomicrographs and graphs of results are given. Balleret (12) studied metals for aviation, automotive, and Diesel valves and reported among other things the use of Brightray (76.4% nickel, 19.75% chromium, 2.2% iron, 1.77% manganese) t o prevent high temperature oxidation of valve heads. Jousset (145) described a newly developed chromizing process wherein gaseous chromium fluoride decomposes at the surface of the steel parts. The chromium diffuses into the metal, forming a
2333
formed in the hydrolysis of the various chloride salts in the raw crude. The most economic material for the internal portions of such towers is apparently Monel. Beildeck and Noss ( 1 5 ) conducted a study of salt water corrosion in refinery cooling equipment. The various corrosion problems were analyzed and i t was mentioned that Monel is used t o a considerable extent in heat exchangers, such as outlet heads and channel covers. Wilcox and ' Watkins (180) in a discussion of the controlling of internal corrosion of crude still condensers, mentioned t h a t heat exchangers are Monel lined and the bundles are assembled with Admiralty tubes.
CQURTEOY INTERNATIONAL NICKEL EO.
Crushing Plant a t Creighton Concentrator protective surface. Chromizing can also be used t o protect nickel, cobalt, or alloys such as Hastelloy against scaling to temperatures up t o 1650" F. (900" C.). Lambert (154)reported t h e use of Inconel for tubing into which copper is cast for use in a process of evaporating atoms from a solid metal. A Nichrome heater element is used. Lambert (165) investigated the cause of failure for the short average life of Inconel tubes-heaters embedded in high-copper alloy castings. The failure was found t o be due to voids in the castings, particularly around the Inconel tubing. The results of these experiments are reported and recommendations are given for preparation of tube surface and casting techniques which will give sound castings. Czepek ( 5 8 ) conducted investigations over a long period of time in Sweden and compared the performance of chromium, aluminum, iron alloys, and nickelchromium alloys for use as heating elements for tubular radiant boiling plates. Petroleum. Mason (179) presented 15 case records of actual corrosion problems in petroleum refineries. Applications of nickel, Monel, and Inconel in petroleum refining operations are also discussed. Morton (194) described the use of certain alloys to resist corrosion in petroleum refineries. A number of alloys are discussed, including nickel and high-nickel alloys. Griswold (107) listed experience with crude distillation towers and pointed out how low temperature corrosion of trays can be extremely troubbsome when not combatted with all possible practical measures. The corrosive associated with hydrochloric acid
Tables and various graphs are included. Thornton (959) discussed hydrofluoric acid alkylation as practice today and mentioned the use of Monel in valves, flange bolting, and bellows. Colmonoy facing of certain parts is also discussed. Holmberg (125) discussed the results of corrosion tests in sulfuric acid refinery sludges and compared the results of Aloyco 35 (25% chromium, 20% nickel, 3% molybdenum, 2.5% copper) with Monel, Hastelloy alloys B and D, and cupronickels. Vollmer (268)discussed the hydrogen sulfide corrosion cracking of carbon steel; the history, analysis, and duplication of tubing failures, laboratory test results, and heat treating and metallographic studies were investigated. Tables are presented showing the summary of laboratory sulfide corrosion cracking tests of 9% nickel steel, Monel, Inconel, and other alloys. Effinger et al. ( 7 1 ) in discussing hydrogen attack of steel in refinery equipment mentioned that Monel and Type 316 stainless steel either as solid alloy or alloy-clad steel construction have been used t o avoid hydrogen damage. However, the ferritic stainless steels have not proved suitable. Parker (204) discussed the development of the amine process for the removal of acid gases from natural and refinery gas together with the later combination of amine-glycol process for simultaneous removal of water. The corrosion problems associated with these processes are discussed and comments are given as t o the suitability of the various austenitic stainless steels and such nickel-base alloys as Monel and InconeY. Riesenfield and Blohm (217) discussed the application of a number of
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
alloys, including Incoiiel and Monel, for the fabrication of amine gas treating systems. The status of the present knowledge of corrosion problems in amine gas treating systems is reviewed and summarized. Mahan (176) described the use of K Monel nonmagnetic drill collars in the surveying of oil wells. The use of K Monel provided a means for obtaining a highly accui ate survey, since the survey was made in the center of a bore hole free from t h e magnetic effect of the drill string. Monel drill collars also permit faster surveys, reduce hazards, and decrease the cost of drilling directional or controlled oil x-ell~. Chemical Processing and Miscellaneous. Fiiend and LaQue (95)gave a summarl of the corrosion-resisting nickel alloys and their application to the chemical and process industries, with examples of specific applications in a wide variety of industries. I n a discussion (38) of the curbing of corrosion in piping systems, a chart is presented covering iron, steel, Ni-Resist cast iron, 18-8 stainless, Monel, nickel, red brass, acid-resisting bronze, and aluminum with their corrosion-resisting properties for some 150 chemical solutions. McLaughlin (273) gave a detailed discussion of material and other piping requirements for chemical process use. A number of alloy steels and other materials including nickel and nickel alloys were described. Fontana ( 8 3 ) presented data summarized in chart form for corrosion resistance of six materials of construction in sulfuric acid service a t temperatures up t o boiling and concentrations from 0 t o 100%. Among t h r materials considered were the Chlorimet nickel-base alloys. Font a n a (82)presented corrosion data in chart form pertaining to the corrosion resistance of Chlorimet I11 by sulfuric acid and gave the composition and mechanical properties of the alloy. Shepard (831) reported the results of the NACE Committee 5A 011 materials of construction for handling sulfuric acid. A large nuinbei of metals and alloys are discussed including Monel, nickel, Inconel, and other nickel-base alloys. T h e use of nickel and highnickel alloys in sulfuric acid service is discussed (137). Monel i b described as being useful in organic sulfations and sulfonations, petroleum refining, inorganic acid sulfates, and textile processing I n a corrosion forum on sulfur versus materials of construction, Luce (166) described the properties of the Chlorimet alloys Leech (160) described common methods used for the production of fluorine and the practical mpects of handling it. application^ of hlonel and nickel were described; nickel shows excellent resistance up t o 600' 6. (1112 o I?.) and can be used for short periods up t o 700" C. (1292" F.) in fluorine. HudsvelI et al. (130) described corrosion experiments with boron trifluoride and discussed the ratings of a large number of materials including nickel and Monel. Zima and Doescher (399) described the use of various nickel-base alloys for fluorine control equipment. A considerable discussion is presented of specific application of the alloys. Pettit (907) reported t h a t in the production of superphosphate, the SIFdwater spray scrubbing tower has spray nozzles of Monel or stainless steel. The fan has a cast steel spider, plywood blades, and Monel bolts. Shearon and Thompson (231) discussed the construction factors involved in a nitrogen fertilizer plant. Gas outlet tubes from conversion vessels and piping t o the precooler are of a 6OY0 n i c k ~ l - 1 2chromium-2.5~o ~~ tungsten alloy. Yates (289) reported corrosion tests of various metals and ceramics in phosphoric acid and vapors, hydrofluoric acid and salts, sulfuric and nitric acids. D a t a are shown for nickel and various nickel-base alloys as well as a number of other alloys and metals. LaQue (167) in a critical discussion of salt spray testing mentioned t h a t the damaging effects of Monel on aluminum as indicated by a salt spray box are greater than those observed under natural conditions of exposure. Salt spray tests of stainless steels are of little value and the basis of comparison of nickelcopper alloys t o marine atmosphere is tabulated. Basil ( 1 3 ) reported the results of some salt spray tests conducted on aluminum disks and on aluminum disks in contact with strips and bolts of Monel metal and stainless steel. It was found t h a t corrosion of aluminum was accelerated when it was in con-
Vol. 44, No. 10
tact with the stainlesb steel and Monel. McLaughlin (274) discussed nonferrous metals in marine engineering and mentioned Monel as possessing outst anding combinations of properties for marine service. Blaii ( 1 9 ) discussed the chemistry of marine corrosion, explaining the theory of corroeion of metals, and indicated hot? a knowledge of this theory can be p u t t o practical use. Galvanic artion was discussed and a table lists a number of noncorroding metak such m blonel and stainless steel with the approximate composition and some important properties. May and Humble (185)described the effectiveness of cathodic currents in reducing crevice corrosion and pitting of several materials in sea water. Among the materials tested were the chromenickel stainless steels, the ferritic stainless steels, Types 410 and 430, nickel, and Monel. Types 410 and 430 stainless steels cannot be completely protected by cathodic currents because of the developmerit of hydrogen blisters a t current densities below t h a t required for complete protection. Coulson (54) discussed materials of construction used in the vacuum evaporation of salt brines. Mention is made of scraper conveyors constructed of AIonel, as well as pipelines and propeller shafts. Teeple (851)in a discussion of the use of austenitic nickel-cast irons in sodium hydroxide manufacture, mentioned t h a t for handling caustic alkalies of greater than 73% concentration pure nickel is still the most economical material of construction. Schmidt et al. (989) presented the results of XACE Technical Practices Committee 5C on stress corrosion cracking in alkaline solutions. The survey included reports on Monel, nickel-clad strel, and nickel in alkaline solutions as well as carbon steel and some other nickel steels. Springer (239) described materials of construction useful for handling caustic soda solutions and nirntioned nickel as R-ell as other materials, such as steel, cast iron, and Xi-Resist. Jasuta ( 1 4 1 ) desciibed the use of hIoiiel drums for shipment of bromine. The drum construction was described and the results of corrosion tests of many materials were reviewed. Monel showed a corrosion rate of 0.00013-inch penetration per year, which was considered low enough for use as a drum material. Weisert (278) discussed the applications of the Ilastelloy alloys in ferric chloride service. Lure (164) discussed the application of the Chlorimet alloys in ferric chloride service Fricnd (89) discussed the applications of nickel and nickel all03 s in ferric chloride service. A corrosion forum is presented on matcarial of construction versus hydrogen peioxide and Friend (92 ) commented on the nickel and nickel alloys, and Luce (167) commented on the Chlorimet alloys. Douglas (68) described the hpplication of corrosion-resisting alloys in tanneries and mentioned t h a t hIonel is more resistant t o corrosion than other materials in vegetable tan liquors. Sanders, Devout, Bradford, and Bollens (%%) in an article on chemical engineering in the meat packing industry presented a discussion on the suitability of lead, nickel, copper, Inconel, stainless steel, and carbon steel for pori osion-resisting equipment used in these various operationa. Teeple (254) discussed approaches t o the solution of corrosion problems in pulp and paper mills. Since nickel and high-nickel alloys, 1% hich frequently are employed in pulp and paper mills, are subject t o limited availability, suggestions are made as to means of overcoming this difficulty by the use of other materials of construction or by alteration of the environment or of equipment design, Crowley (57) described the handling of chlorine in pulp mills and mentioned the use of flexible metal hose of Monel, ai? well as some other materials, t o connect a chlorine tank car t o the mill distribution lines. Hastelloy C pipes and valves are particularly desirable where chlorine and n-ater are intermixed, aa in feeding chlorine into a pulp slurry. Horigan (18'7)described various types of corrosion encountered in the pulp and paper industi y and presented the properties of corrosion-resisting metals and alloys, including nickel, Monel, Inconel, stainless steels, and other metals, Hoover (196) presented a metals symposium on materials of construction versus hydrocarbon solvents ; the Hastelloy and Chlorimet alloys viere discussed. Berger (18) in a
October 1952
*
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
discussion of improvements in the simple distillation of fatty acids by continuous methods, mentioned that if the equipment was t o be operated at high temperatures it should be constructed of Inconel. Type 316 stainless steel was also discussed in relation to its suitability for withstanding corrosion in the distillation of the fatty acids. Teeple (969) discussed the results of corrosion tests in various organic acids, particularly those of the lower aliphatic series. Other organic compounds, such as aldehydes, ketones, esters, and anhydrides were also considered. Corrosion data were cited for many metals and alloys including the nickel and nickel-base alloys, copper, copper-base, and the austenitic stainless steels. I n a corrosion forum in alcohol versus materials of construction, the Hastelloy alloys were described by Weisert (974), the Chlorimets were described by Luce (168), and nickel and nickel alloys were described by Friend (92). A fiymposium on materials of construction in phenol service was presented wherein Friend (90) reported on nickel and nickel alloys, Weisert (973)reported on the Hastelloy alloys, and Luce (165)reported on the Chlorimet alloys. Harlow, Calise, and Lane (112) presented operation experience with a demineralizer in the treatment of water using anion and cation exchange materials. All metal vessels pumps, piping, and valves in contact with the acid or demineralized water are either fabricated of Monel or Type 316 stainless or lined with a corrosion-resistant liner. Evans (76)discussed a number of metals and alloys, ceramics, and ceramic metallic materials for nuclear reactors. Among the materials discussed were Nichrome, Illium, Hastelloy, Monel, and Inconel. Suggested coolants for the reactors are sodium, potassium, and bismuth. Keenig and Vandenberg (147) discussed the performance of a large number of alloys with respect t o the use of liquid sodium as a noncorrosive coolant. Smong the materials studied were Monel, nickel, and Inconel. Reinhart (215) reviewed factors which influence corrosion and discussed cause and possible means of minimizing metal loss. LMention was made of the usefulness of nickel t o alleviate fretting corrosion under wet conditions. Metallic coatings such as nickel, zinc, cadmium, copper, and aluminum were described in reducing atmospheric corrosion. McWilliams ( 1 75) discussed the corrosion characteristics of various duct materials including Monel, stainless steel, iron, plywood, and protective coatings. The use of Monel, Hastelloy alloys, nickel cast irons, aluminum, and stainless steels was reported (81) in a pump index classified by name of maker, nature, characteristics, drive, glands, usea, and materials of construction. Test methods were described (149)for assessing the behavior of ball valves and of materials of construction for valve seats for water works fittings. Among the materials of construction discussed was Monel. The usefulness of Monel in the construction of dry valves was described (189). The seat is cast S Monel, the disk and valve body are of cast Monel, the shaft is wrought Monel, and the bushings are centrifugally cast Monel. One valve was operated 500,000 times in service with a corrosive material similar to powdered limestone without giving any trouble. A brief review (39) of the many uses of nickel is given. Clauser (45)discussed ways and means of overcoming material shortages in product design and manufacture and mentioned the use of clad metals for solid Monel, nickel, Inconel, and stainless steels. A cladding of 10% nickel on both sides of carbon steel replaces nickel for some electronic tube applications. The use of nickel plating, as a conservation method, is discussed. Tables are given of alternatives for scarce materials for specific applications. MacKenaie (178) described industrial applications of Stellite, an alloy containing approximately 65% cobalt, 25% chromium, 10% tungsten, and 1 t o 2.5% carbon. This alloy has high wear and corrosion resistance and is more resistant t o erosion than nitrided steels. It maintains its hardness up t o 1800" F. (982' C.), which renders the alloy suitable for cutting tools. Ingols (136) described applications of expanded metal and mentioned that a sheet of carbon steel, stainless Rteel,
2335
aluminum, or a special property alloy such as Inconel goes a long way when made into a diamond-shaped lattice having high strength and rigidity. Mention is made of several applications of Monel, Inconel, and nickel.
COURTESY INTERNATIONAL NICKEL CO.
Flotation Section of Concentrator Flotation section of 144 machines receives crushed ore in pulp form. Bubbles carrying nickel-copper concentrate are scraped off by rotating paddle and started on a 7.5-mile journey to the reduction plant at Copper Cliff
Kelley (148) described the applications of knitted metal parts in filtering or straining of fluids or gases, cushioning vibration control, and electronic shielding. Such meshes are made from copper, Monel, brass, and any metal or plastic that can be drawn into wire. Fangemann (76) stated the proper choice of a spring material depended upon consideration of the correct type and design and the spring material itself. Inconel is adaptable for springs up t o 700" F. (371" C.) and Inconel X up t o 1200" F. (650' C.). Mention is made of the fact t h a t stainless steel, phosphor bronze, and beryllium copper are suitable for corrosionresistant springs. A table listing the properties, composition, and uses of various spring materials is included. Rockefeller (219) discussed the properties required t o make springs suitable for precision instrument applications and described Elinvar as having many advantages. Johnson, Swikert, and Bisson (14.3) investigated wear and friction properties of brass, bronze, beryllium copper, Monel, Nichrome V, nodular cast iron, and gray cast iron against SAE-52100 steel. The formation of surface films in both dry friction and boundary lubrication is important in the use of these metals as cages for rolling contact bearings of high speed turbine engines. Burwell (36) carried out wear tests and gave service performance data for a number of different steels, cast iron, and alloys such as Colmonoy, and Nitralloy. Various types of wear are plotted against metal hardness. Taylor (249) discussed various metals, ceramics, and seals used in vacuum tubes. Nickel, which is noncorrosive and easily fabricated, is used mostly in sheet and wire form for cathodes and heater shields, Nickel wire is used for leads and supports of the internal construction of the tubes. Mairs (177) discussed the iron-nickel-cobalt alloys for glass-tometal seals, listing their expansion characteristics and properties. Illustrations, equilibrium diagram, and a graph of the microstructure of iron-nickel-cobalt alloys are included. Whibley ($79) discussed the types, stresses, and measurements in glass tube technology with respect to glass-to-metal seals. A table giving metals and glasses suitable for sealing includes Dumet, Copper clad, 42% nickel-iron alloy, Sylvania No. 4 alloy, Fernichrome, Kovar, and copper. An article (219) discussed the use of Monel, silverplated bronze, and bonded bimetallic materials, for bearings for high speed and high temperature operation. Cook (50)described
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Inconel as a base for silver plating. A plate of 0.0002-inch silver o n a/*-inch Inconel tubing has a conductivity of 95% and is used t o make high frequency conductors for coaxial cables. K Monel, whose ductility and toughness are unaffected a t -200" C. ( -328' F.) and whose tensile strength actually increases, is being used for liquid oxygen tanks on guided missiles ( 2 4 ) . Bounds and Briggs ( 2 3 ) gave a survey covering metallurgical and manufacturing problems in reference to indirectly heated cathode sleeves for electron tubes. The important role of minor alloy constituents is also discussed. Dornhoefer and Krummenacher ( 6 7 ) evaluated the effects of rectifier quality and core materials. Tabulations of constants for 80 and 50% nickel alloy and grain oriented silicon and 50% nickel alloy are given. Hull et al. (131) reported the use of niLkel vanes and tubing in cesium vapor rectifiers. Stark (641) discussed the critical supply position of basic Alnico materials and underscored economies possible in processing techniques. He presented an analysis of such factors on terms of motor and generator redesign evolution. Clark (43') described quality electronic components for instrument circuits and mentioned the use of nickel alloys and powdered nickel alloys. Beggs (16) listed the requirements, application, and uses of various metals for electrical constants made by powder metallurgy. Discuseion included many metals including nickel. Veeder (967) discussed various considerations t h a t must be balanced against each other in selecting suitable materials for fastenings in electrical applications. Stainless steels, Monel, Inconel, brasses, bronzes, aluminum, and common and alloy steels are discussed. A report is presented (268) of studies of radioactive isotopes, a result of which was t h e use of radioactive tungsten (W185) t o locate tungsten in a 70% nickel-25% chromium-50~otungsten alloy. LITERATURE CITED
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65, 815-18 (1949). Allen, A. H., Steel, 129, No. 9, 72-5, 101 (1951). Allen, N. P., Metallurgia, 43, 119-26 (1951). Amen, J. O., Product Eng., 22, No. 6, 109-16 (1951). Am. Machinist, 95, No. 17, 103-18 (1951). Ibid., 95, No. 19, 169, 171, 173 (1951). Am. SOC.Testing Materials, Report of Committee E-1 on Methods of Testing, Preprint 50, 13-15 (1952). Averbach, B. L., J . Applied P h y s . , 22, 1088-9 (1951). Avery, H. S., Welding J., 31, No. 2, 11643, discussion 143-5 (1952). Balleret, A., Mbtauz, 26, 256-8 (1951). Basil, J. L., Corrosion, 8, No. 4,26 (1952). Beall, J. V., M i n i n g Eng., 3, 664-73 (1951); discussion Yorthern M i n e r , 37, No. 23, 18 (1951). Beildeck, B. M,, and Noss, 0. F., Jr., Oil & Gas J., 50, No. 45, 299-300, 302 (1952). Beggs, R. J., J . Metals, 3, KO.10, 860-3 (1951). Benedicks. C.. and Harden, R., Engineers' Digest, 12, 408-12 (1951). Berger, R. W., J . Am. Oil Chemists' SOC.,29, No. 3, 81-7 (1952). Blair, C. H., J . Am. Soc. Naaol Engrs., 64, 121-6 (1952). Boss, G. H., Metal Progress, 60, KO. 5 , SOB (1951). Bott, H. B., Industry & Welding, 24, No. 9, 32-3, 90 (1951). Bott, H. B., Welding Engr., 37, No. 1, 33-5 (1952). Bounds, A. hI., and Briggs, T. H., Proc. I n s t . Radio Engrs., 39, 788-99 (1951). Bozorth, R. M., Mason, W.P., and McSkimin, H.J., Applied Mechanics Rea.. 5 . X o . 3. 113 (1952). I Bradley, A. J., J . I r b n & Steel Ink., 168, Pt. 3, 233-44 (1951). (26) Brockhouse, B. N., Phus. Reo., 82, 340 (1951). (27) Brosi, A. R., IND. ENC.CHEM.,44,955-6 (1952). (28) Brown, C. O., Ibid., 43, S o . 11, 100A-llA (1951). (29) Brown, H., Metal Progress, 61, No. 5, 67-72 (1952). (30) Brown, W. F., Jr., Schmartebart, H., and Jones, M. H., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., RM E50L28 (1951). (31) Bruckart, W,L., and Jaffee, R. I., Am. SOC.Metals, Preprint 18 (1951).
Vol. 44, No. 10
Bruckart, W. L., Whalen, S. J., Jaffee, R. I., and Gonser, B. W., U. S. Air Force, Project Rand, 1950. Bucher, J. B., Metallurgia, 43, 166-8, 185-9 (1951). Buckle, C., and Poulignier, J., Compt. rend., 233, 869-71 (1951). Buinov, N. N,, and Kliushin, V. V., Doklady Aliad. iTauk S.S.S.R., 80, 739-42 (1951). Burmell, J. T . , Am. Soc. Metals, Interpretation of Tests and Correlation with Service, pp. 88-140, 1951. Buswell, R. M'. A , , Pitkin, W.R., and Jenkins, I., Metallurgia, 43, 166-8, 185-9 (1951). Can. Chem. Processing, 36, No. 5, 80, 82 (1952). Can. Foundry J . , 24, KO. 12, 14 (1951). Chaston, J. C., and Child, F. C., Metallurgia, 43, 166-8, 185-9 (1951). Chevenard, P., Laboratories, No. 2, 25-34 (1951). Chevenard, P., and Josso, E., Compt. rend., 233,539-41 (1951). Clark, IT.R., Instruments, 24, 966-8 (1951). Clason, C. B., Welding Eizgr., 37, No. 2, 17-21 (1952). Clauser, IX. R., Materials & Methods, 34, No. 1, 89-112H (1951). Cline, J. E., and Wulff, J., J . Electrochem. Soc., 98, 3 3 5 7 (1951). Close, G. C., Products Finishing, 16, No. 3, 58-65 (1952). Coles, B. R., and Hume-Rothery, W., J . I n s t . Metals, 80, Pt. 2, 85-92 (1951). Colombier, L., Mltaus Corrosion-Ind., 26, 218-23 (1951). Cook, L. J., Rev. Sci. Instruments, 22, 542 (1951). Cooper, A. L., and Colteryahn, L. E., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., RM E51110 (1951). Cooper, B. S., and Bassett, G. A., I n s t . Metals, Monograph d Report Series, 8, 115-19 (1950). Cottrell, A. H., Metallurgia, 44, 87-90 (1951). Coulson, J. M., Intern. Chem. Eng. & Process I n d . , 33, No. 3 127-30, 136 (1952). Cowan, J., Eng. Ezpt. Sta. News, 23, No. 5, 46-47, 55 (1951). Crowell, A. D., and Farnsworth, H. E., J . Chem. Phys., 19, 1206-7 (1951). Crowley, E. L., Paper I n d . , 33, 1311-12 (1952). Ceepek, R., Elec. Rev., 149, 830-3 (1951). Daniels, N. H. G., and Larke, L. W.,Royal Aircraft Estab., Farnborough, England, Rept. Met., 58 (1950). Dartnell, R. C., Fairbanks, H. V.,and Koehler, W.A., J . Am. Ceram. Sac., 34, 357-60 (1951). Davies, G. F., Chem. Eng., 58, No. 8 , 122-4 (1951). DeBarr, A. E., Research, 4, 366-71 (1951). DeHuff, I?. G., and Goldberg, D. C., Steel, 130, No. 17, 76-8 (1952). deNobe1, J., Physica, 17, 551-61 (1951). Dick, J., and Williams, L. S., Engineering, 173,422-3 (1952). Dickenson, W. A., and Hendershot, H. F., a m . Inst. Mech. Engrs., I M D S y m p o s i u m Series, 4, 83-100, discussion 100-1 (1951). . . Dornhoefer, W.J., and Krummenacher, V. H., Elec. M f g . , 48, NO. 3, 92-7, 242-4, 246 (1951). Douglas, G. W.,J . Soc. Leather Trades, Chemists, 35, 350 (1951). Downie, C. C., Mi'ning J . , 238, 114-15 (1952). Downie, C. C., Mining Mag., 85, 212-14 (1951). Effinger, R. T., Renquist, M, L., Wachter, A.. and Wilson, J. G., Petroleum Refiner, 30, No. 5 , 132-44 (1951). Electrician, 147, 1791 (1951). Erthal, J. F., I r o n Age, 167, No. 19, 91-5 (1951). Estlin, K. S.,Welding, 18, No. 10, 446-8 (1950). Evans, G. E., I r o n A g e , 169, KO.11, 93-7 (1952). Fangemann, M. G., Materials and illethods, 35, No. 1, 85-9; KO.5, 112-16 (1952). Feilden, G. B. R., Diesel Engine Users Assoc., Paper S218 (1951). Ferguson, R. R., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., RM E51D17 (1951). Ferro, A , and Montalenti, G., J . Applied P h y s . , 22, 565-8 (1951). Fletcher, E. E., Elsea, -4.R., Westerman, A. B., and Manning, G. K., ONR, Navy Dept. Contract S5ori-111, Task Order I, Project NR 031-003, 1487-511 (1951). Fluid Handling, No. 13, 18, 19, 27, 29; No. 14, 54, 55, 57; No. 15, 87-91 (1951). Fontana, M .G., IND.EXG.CHEM.,43, No. 11, 113 A-14 A, 116 A (1951). Ibid., 44, NO.4,89 -4-90 A, 92 A (1952). Fraser, 0. B. J., Ibid., 44, 950-4 (1952). Freeman, J. W., Reynolds, E. E., and White, A. E., Katl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut,., T N 2469 (1951). Frey, D. N., and Freeman, J. W., J . Metals, 3, 755-60 (1951). Frey, D. N., Freeman, J . W., and White, A. E., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., TN 2385 (1951).
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
October 1952
.i
(88) Ibid., TN 32586 (1952). (89) Friend, W. Z., Chem. Eng., 58, No. 5, 244, 246, 248, 250-1 (1951). (90) Ibz:di58, No. 8, 222, 224, 226, 228 (1951). (91) Ibid., 58, NO. 10, 263-4, 266-8, 270-1 (1951). (92) Ibid., 58, NO.11,288,290,292-4,296-8,300-2, 304,305 (1951). ENG.CHEM.,44, 965-71 (93) Friend, W. Z., and LaQue, F. L., IND. (1952). (94) Frkh, P. H., Metallurgia, 43, 166-9, 185-9 (1951). (95) Fukuroi, T., and Shibuya, Y . ,Sci. Repts. Research Inst., Tohoku Univ., 2A, 748-57 (1950). (96) Gadd, E. R., Metallurgia, 43, 119-26 (1951). (97) Geil, G. W., and Carwile, N. L., Metal Progress, 60, 79-80, 108, 110, 114, 116, 118 (1951). (98) Gevons, J. D., Sheet Metal Inds., 28, 723-32, 815-24, 915-24, 930 (1951). (99) Goetzel, C. G., Research, 4, 555-61 (1951). (100) Graham, A,, Engineer, 193, 198-201 (Feb. 8, 1952); 234-6 (Feb. 15, 1952). (101) Grant, N. J., Am. SOC.Metals, “High Temperature Properties Metals,” pp. 41-72, 1951. (102) Gray, A., I r o n A g e , 167, No. 22, 68-70 (1951). (103) Greenwood, H. W., Metal Treatment, 19, No. 77, 75-80 (1952). (104) Gresham, H. E., and Dunlop, A., MetalEurgia, 43, 119-26 (1951). (105) Gresham, H. E., and Hall, B., Ibid., 43, 166-9, 185-9 (1951). (106) Griffiths, J. H. E., Physica, 17, 253-8 (1951). (107) Griswold, T. N., Oil & Gas J,,50, No. 45, 247-8, 250, 255 (1952). (108) Grover, H. J., and Cross, H. C., Am. SOC.Metals, “High Temperature Properties of Metals,” pp. 73-92, 1951. (109) Guseva, L. N., Dolclady A k a d . Nauk S.S.S.R., 77, 415-18 (1951). (110) Guseva, L. N., and Makarov, E. S., Metals Rev., 24, No. 8, 31 (1951) (111) Haidegger, E., Bdnydsz. Kohdsz. Lapolc, 83, 571-8 (1950). (112) Harlow, J., Calise, V. J., and Lane, M., Proc. Midwest Power Conf., 13, 29-303 (1951). (113) Harris, G. T., and Child, H. C., Metallurgia, 43,119-26 (1951). (114) Harris, G. T., and Watkins, M. T., Ibid., 43, 166-9, 185-9 (1951). (115) Harrison, W. N., Am. SOC.Testing Materials, Spec. Tech. Pub., 108, 114-20, discussion 121 (1951). (116) Hart, D., and Tomlinson, W. R., Jr., Metal Progress, 59,788-92 (1951). (117) Hartley, H. J., and Bradbury, E. J., J . Inst. Metals, 80, Pt. 6, 297-309 (1952). (118) Heating a n i Veniilating, 48, No. 8, 77-80 (1951). (119) Ibid., 48, No. 9, 78-80 (1951). (120) Heindenreich, R. D., and Nesbitt, E. A,, J . Applied Phys., 23, 352-71 (1952). (121) . . Hirone, T., and Osawa, S., Sei. Rept. Research Inst.. T o k o k u Univ., 2, 498-502 (1950). ~(122)Hirone, T., Ogawa, S., and Huzimura, T., Ibid., 2A, 491-7 (1950). 4(123) Hoffman, C. A., and Robards, C. F., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., TN 2513 (1951). .(124) Hogan, C. L., and Sawyer, R. B., J. Applied Phys., 23, 177-80 (1952). .(125) Holmberg, E. G., paper before API Subcommittee on Corrosion, Los Angeles, Nov. 11, 1950. 4126) Hoover, M. M., Chem. Eng., 58, No. 6, 220, 222, 224; No. 7, ’ 222, 224, 226-8, 230 (1951). (127) Horigan, D. L., Paper Trade J., 133, No. 14, 24,26, 28, 30, 32; No, 15, 20, 22, 24, 26 (1951). (128) Hoselitz, K., and McCaig, M., Proc. P h y s . Soc., 64B, 549-59 (1951). (129) Hubbell, W. G., Aeronaut. Eng. Rev., 10, No. 11, 24-30 (1951). (130) Hudswell, F., Nairn, J. S., and Wilkinson, K. L., J. Applied Chem., 1, Pt. 8, 333-6 (1951). (131) Hull, A. W., Burger, E. E., and Turrentine, R. E., Gen. Elec. Rev., 54, No. 8, 16-22 (1951). (132) Huttl, J. B., E n g . & M i n i n g J., 152, No. 12, 78-80, 121 (1951). (133) IND. ENG.CHEM.,44, 950-77, 1015-27 (1952). (134) I n d u s t r y & W e l d i n g , 25, No. 1, 50-2, 55 (1951). (135) I b i i . , 25, No. 2, 41-2; No. 3, 39-40, 74 (1952). (136) Ingols, R. P., Product Eng., 23,199-202 (1952). (137) Intern. Chem. E n g . & Process I d . , 32, No. 6, 284-6 (1951). (138) Ibid., 32, NO. 8, 381-2, 385 (1951). (139) Ioffe, E. S., and Rotinyan, A. L., Metals Rev., 24, No. 7, 20 (1951). (140) J. Am. SOC.Naval Engrs., 64, 370-8 (1952). (141) Jasuta, A. R., Modern Packaging, 117-21 (1951). (142) J . I n s t . W u t e r Eng., 5, 700-18 (1951). (143) Johnson, R. L., Swikert, M. A., and Bisson, E. E., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., TN 2384 (1951).
.
2337
(144) Johnson, S. J., and Rogers, T. J., J . Applied Phys., 23, KO. 5, 574-7 (1952). (145) Jousset, B., Metal Progress, 60, No. 4, 76-7 (1951). (146) Kamen, E. L., and Beck, P. A., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., TN 2603 (1952). (147) Keenig, R. F., and Vandenberg, S. R., Metal Progress, 61, No. 3, 71-5 (1952). (148) Kelley, S. G., Jr., Materials & Methods, 34, No. 2, 61-3 (1951). (149) Kikuchi, Y., and Fukushima, K., Sci. Repts. Research Inst., Tohoku Univ., B, 1, 2, 141-89 (1951). (150) Kikuchi, Y., and Shimizu, H., Ibid., B, 1, 2, 365-79 (1951). (151) Kirby, H. W., Metal Treatment, 19, No. 77, 61-6 (1952). (152) Koster, W., and Raffelsieper, J., 2. Metallkunde, 42, 387-91 (1951). (153) Ibid., 43, 37-9 (1952). (154) Lambert, F. J., Metal Progress, 59, No. 6, 809-11 (1951). (155) Lambert, F. J., U. S. Atomic Energy Comm., Y-583 (1950). (156) Lane, J. R., and Grant, N. J., Am. SOC.Metals, Preprint 10 (1951). (157) LaQue, F. L., Materials & Metals, 35, No. 2, 77-81; discussion NO, 3, 77-81, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168 (1952). (158) Lardge, H. E., Trans. I n s t . W e l d i n g , 14, No. 3, 85-91 (1951). (159) Lashko, N. F., Doklady A k a d . Nauk S.S.S.R., 81,605-7 (1951). (160) Leech, H. R., Research, 5, 108-15 (1952). (161) Libsch, J. F., and Both, E., Elec. Eng.,70, 420-1 (1951). (162) Lihl, F., Metall, 5, 183, 187 (1951). (163) Loewy, E., I r o n & Steel Eng., 29, No. 4,’65-8; discussion 69-70 (1952). (164) Luce, W. A., Chem. Eng., 58, No. 5,244,246,248,250-1 (1951). (165) Ibid., 58, No. 8, 222, 224, 226, 228 (1951). (166) Ibid., 58, NO. 9, 276-90 (1951). (167) Ibid., 58, NO. 10, 263-4, 266-8, 270-1 (1951). (168) Ibid., 58, NO, 11, 288, 290, 2924, 296-8, 300-2, 304-5 (1951). (169) MacGregor, C. W., and Walcott, F. J., Jr., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Research M e m o R M 51E04 (1951). (170) Machinery, 57, No. 12, 163-8 (1951). (171) Mackay, R. A., I n s t . Met. Bull., 3, No. 3 (1951). (172) MacKenzie, B. J., Can. Metals, 15, No. 3, 48, 51-2 (1952). (173) McLaughlin, C. B., Heating, P i p i n g & A i r Conditioning, 23, NO, 10, 85-94 (1951). (174) McLaughlin, W., Metal Ind., 79, No. 9, 163-6; No. 10, 201-3 (1951). (175) MeWilliams, J. W., Heating & Ventilating, 48, No. 7, 85-6 (1951). (176) Mahan, R. I., paper before Am. Petroleum Inst., spring meeting, Pacific Coast Dist., Los Angeles, May 10-11, 1951. (177) Mairs, K. H., J . Metals, 4, 460-4 (1952). (178) Manly, W. D., and Beck, P. A., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut,, TN 2602 (1952). (179) Mason, J. R., Jr., Petroleum Refiner, 30, No. 10, 124-31 (1951). (180) Mason. W. P.. Phws. Rev.. 2. 715-23 (1951). ( l 8 l j Materials & Methods, 33, NO. 6, 107 (195lj. (182) Ibid., 35, No. 2, 98 (1951). (183) May, T. P., and Humble, H. S., Corrosion, 8 , No. 2, 50-6 (1952). (184) Metal I n d . , 79, 128-31 (1951). (185) Ibid., 80, 405 (1952). (186) Ibid., pp. 402-5, 423-5, (187) M i n i n g J., 85, No. 4, 210-11 (1951). (188) M i n i n g J., Ann. Rev., 29 (1951). (189) Ibid., 37 (1952). (190) Ibid.. u. 39. (191: Mohlikg, G. H., U. S. Air Force, Air Materiel Command, A F Tech. Rept. 6219 (1950). (192) Monnot, M., J. I r o n & Steel I n s t . , 167, Pt. IV, 466 (1951). (193) Moore, D. G., and Mason, M. A., Natl. Bur. Standards, Tech. N e w s Bull., 35, 89-91 (1951). (194) Morton, B. B., Petroleum Processing, 6 , No. 11, 1233-5 (1951). (195) Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., RM 51A04 (1951). (196) Neighbours, J. R., Bratten, F. W., and Smith, C. S., J. Applied Phys., 23, 389-93 (1952). (197) Nelson, J. A., Willmore, T. A., and Womeldorph, R. C., J. Electrochem. Soc., 98, 465-73 (1951). (198) Nippes, E. F., and Slaughter, G. M., Welding J., 30, No. 11, 5379-44s (1951). (199) Oehler, I. A., Ibid., 31, No. 3, 230-2 (1952). (200) Oliver, D. A., and Harris, G. T., Metallurgia, 43, 119-26 (1951). (201) Orbaugh, M. H., Metal Finishing, 49, No. 7 , 98-9, 118-20 (1951). (202) Parker, C. M., Am. Iron Steel Inst. Regional Tech. Meetings, pp. 297-306, 1951. (203) Parker, E. R., Am. SOC.Metals, “High Temperature Properties of Metals,” pp. 1-40, 1951. (204) Parker, M. E., Oil & Gas J . , 50, No. 47, 122 (1952). (205) Peppiatt, H. J., and Brookhouse, B. N., J . Applied Phys., 22, 985-6 (1951).
2338
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
(206) Peterson, M. B., and Johnson, R. L., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Research M e m o E51L20 (1952). (207) Pettit, A. B., Chem. Eng., 58, No. 8, 250, 252 (1951). (208) Pfeil, L. B., Allen, N. P., and Conway, C. G., Metallurgia, 43, 119-26 (1951). (209) Pickus, M. R., and Parker, E. R., -4m. Soc. Testing hfaterials, Spec. Tech. P u b . 19, 26-33 (1951). (210) Pitts, J. W., and Moore, D. G., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Tech. Note 2572 (1951). (211) Planner, B. P., Western Metals, 10, No. 5, 43-5 (1952). (212) Product Eng., 22, No. 5, 184-7 (1951). (213) Purchasing N e w s , 2, No. 12, 14-15 (1951). (214) Raymond, W.A., Metal Finishing, 50, No. 1, 50-6 (1952). (215) Reinhart, F. M., Product Eng., 22, No. 7, 101-7, 158-9 (1951). (216) Reynolds, E. E., Freeman, J. W., and White, A. E., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., TN 2449 (1951). (217) Riesenfield, F. C., and Blohm, C. I., Petroleum Refiner, 30, KO. 10, 107-15 (1951). (218) Robertson, J. M., Trans. Inst. Welding, 14, 68-73 (1951). Jr., W i r e & W i r e Products, 26, 764-5, 802-7 (219) Rockefeller, J. W., (1951). (220) Rose, K., Materials & Methods, 33, No. 6, 71-3 (1951). (221) Rosenberg, A. J., Steel, 129, No. 19, 99-102 (1951). (222) Rosenberg, A. J., Welding J., 31, No. 5, 407-13 (1952). (223) Rouse, G. F., and Foiman, R., P h y s . Res., 82, 574 (1951). (224) Rush, A. I., Freeman, J. W., and White, A. E., Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., TN 2678 (1952). (225) Sanders, M. D., Devout, A. W.,Bradford, P., and Bollens, W, F., Chem. Eng. Progress, 47, 443-8 (1981). (226) Sate, T., J . I n s t . M e t . & Metall. A h . , 18, Pt. 9, 598-9 (1951). (227) Sayre, H. S., Welding J., 31, No. 1, 35-9 (1952). (228) Scarlott, C. -4., Materials & Methods, 34, KO,1, 61-5 (1951). (229) Schmidt, H. W., Gegner, P. J., Heinemann, G., Pogacar, C. F., and Wyche, E. H., Corrosion, 7, KO. 9, 295-302 (1951). (230) Shaw, F. C., Organic Finishing, 13, No. 4, 15-18 (1952). (231) Shearon, W.H., Jr., and Thompson, H. L., IND. ENG.CHEhf., 44, 254-64 (1952). (232) Shepard, S. W.,Corrosion, 7, No. 8, 279-82 (1951). (2.13) Simnad. M. T.. and Ruder. R. C., J . Electrochem. Sac., 98, 90. 8, 301-6 (1951). (234) Solomon, J. L., Welding Engr., 37, No. 2, 38-42 (1952). (235) Solomon, J. L., Welding J., 31, No. 3, 233-8 (1952). (236) Spencer, L, F., Machinery, 58, KO.8, 167-9; No. 9, 161-5 (1952). (237) Spencer, L. F., Sheet Metal Worker, 43, N o . 5, 33, 49-50 (1952). (238) Ibid., 43, NO, 6, 46-7, 85, 120; NO. 7, 46,4840 (1952). (239) Springer, R. A,, Chem. Eng.,58, No. 8, 112-13, 282 (1951). (240) Stanford,C. P., U. S. Atomic Energy Comm., ORNL-875 (1950). (241) Stark, J. H., Elec. Mfg., 48, KO.5, 125-7, 248, 250, 252, 254 (1951). (242) Starr, J., Welding Eng., 36, No. 12, 35-7, 54 (1951). (748) S t w l 129. No. 15. 162. 164 (1951). ,___, (244) Ibid.: 129; No. 18, 63 (1951). (245) Swuki, T., and Yamamoto, M., Sci. Repts. Research Inst., Tohoku Univ., 2, No. 1, Ser. A, 68-80 (1950). 1246) ,-- , Talbot. A. M., and Skinner, E. N., Am. SOC.Testing Materials, Spec: Tech. Pub., 108, 42-8, discussion 49 (1951). (247) Tangerman, E. J., and Brunberg, P. E., Machinist, 96, 507-9 (1952). (248) Tapsell, H. J., MetaElurgia, 43, 166-9, 185-9 (1951). (249) Taylor, S.,Eng. E x p t . Sta. iVews, 23, No. 5, 52-5 (1951). (250) Tebble, R. S.,Proc. P h y s . SOC.,64, 753-60 (1951). (251) Teeple, H. O., Cham. Eng., 58, S o . 12, 286 (1951). ~I
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v01: 44, No.
ra
(252) Teeple, H. O., C o ~ r o s i o /8, ~ No. 1, 14-27, discussion 2;-S (1952). (253) Teeple, H. O., IND.ESG. CHEX, 43, 2242-51 (1951). (254) Teeple, H. O., Paper Trade J . , 134, No. 8, 127-8 (1952). (255) Thielemann, R. H., hlertz, J. C., and Eddy, IT. P., Jr., Maciiirr~ Design, 24, KO,3, 216, 218, 220, 223, 225 (1952). (256) Thielsch, H., Report of Welding Rcsearch Council Literary Advisory Comm. (May 31, 1951). (257) Thielsch, H., Welding J . , 31, No. 1, 37s-64s (1952). (258) Thomson, A. G., Metallurgia, 44, 308-10 (1951). (259) Thornton, D. P., Jr., Petroleum Processing, 6, 488-91 (1951;. (260) Tice, E. A., Plating, 38, S o . 8, 826-30 (1951). (261) Tichenor, R. L., J . Chem. Phys., 19, 796-7 (1951). (262) Tour, S., Welding J., 31, No. 3, 199-20i (1952). (263) Turner, D. R., J . Electrochem. Sac.. 98, S o . 11, 43442 (1951;. (264) Vagramyan, A. T., and SoloT'era, E. :\., X e t a l s Eev., 24, T o . 8, 29 (1951). (265) Vanick, J. S., Foundry, 80, Y o . 4, 94-7, 257-8, 260-1 (1952). (266) Van Itterbeek, A., RIariens, P., and, Yerpoorten, I., J . In+:. M e t . & Metall. Abs., 18, Pt. 9, 579 (1951). (267) Veeder, M. N., Elec. Mfg., 48, No.2, 120-1,240,242,244(1951). (268) Vollmer, L. W., Can. Mining & M e t . Bull., 45, 103--9 (1952). (269) Wagner, C., Am. Soc. Metals, "High Temperature Properties of Metals," pp. 93-132, 1951. (270) Waldron, H. L., Eng. M i n i n g J., 152, KO.11, 72-8 (1951). (271) Watt, J. R., Machine Design, 23, S o . 10, 117-21 (1951). (272) Weisert, E. D., Chem. E n g . , 58, No. 5, 244, 246, 248, 250-1 (1961). (273) Ibid., 58, No. 8, 222, 224, 226, 228 (1951). (274) Ibid., 58, No. 11, 288, 290, 292-4, 296-8, 300-2, 304-5 (1951). (275) Welch, 1%'. P., and Cametti, B., Machine Design, 24, KO. 2, 174, 236 238, 240, 243 (1952). (276) Wensch, G. W., and Walker, H. L., Am. SOC. Metals, Proprint 16W (1952). (277) \Tesley, w. h., I N D . ENG.CHEM., 44, 957-65 (1952). (278) Wesley, W.B., Carr, D. S.,and Roehl, E. J., Plating, 38, So. 12, 1243-50, discussion 1250, 1255 (1951). (279) Whibley, P., E n g . E x p t . Stat. News, 23, No. 5, 48-51, 65-56 (1951). (280) Wilcox, M. J., and Watkins, F, &I., Oil & Gas J., 50, No. 16, 290-3 (1952). (281) Williams, H. J., and Goertz, PI,,J . Applied Phys., 23, 316-23 (1952). (282) Williams, H. J., and TValker, J. G., PhzJs.Rev.,83, 634-6 (195ij. (283) Wilson, R. E., Metal I n d . , 79, N o . 9, 171-4; NO.11, 221-3 (1951). (284) Wilson, R. M., Jr., Welding J . , 30, No. 8, 685-710 (1951). (285) Wohlfarth, E. P., P h i l . M a g . , 42, Ser. 7, 374 (1951). (286) Wu, M. H. L., Natl. ;idvisory Comm. Aeronaut., Tech. -Vote 2367 (1951). (287) Yaker, C., and Hoffman, C. 9.,Ibid., TN 2320 (1951). (288) Yamaguchi, S.,J . Applied Phys., 22, 983-4 (1951). (289) Yates, L. D., Tenn. Valley Authority, Chem. Eng. Rept., 9, 1-56 (1951). (290) Yearian, H. J., Project Squid, E. S. Kavg., ONE Tech. Rept. 21 (1950). (291) Yellott, J. I., and Broadley, P. R., Power E n g . , 5 6 , No. 5 5&9 (1952). (292) Zima, G. E,, and Doescher, R. S . , MetaZ Progress, 59, No. 2 660-3 (1951). (293) Zimmerman, J., Phys. Rea.. 82, 769 (1951). RECEIVED for review d u g u s t 18, 1932.
.kCCEPTED
High Pressure Cooler Cooler tube bundle designed for pressure of 600 lb. per square inch on both the shell and tube sides
AkUgUst 18, 1932
