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Open-Source Potentiostat for Wireless Electrochemical Detection with Smartphones Alar Ainla, Maral P. S. Mousavi, Maria-Nefeli Tsaloglou, Julia Redston, Jeffrey G. Bell, M. Teresa Fernández-Abedul, and George M. Whitesides Anal. Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00850 • Publication Date (Web): 16 Apr 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on April 16, 2018
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Analytical Chemistry
Open-Source Potentiostat for Wireless Electrochemical Detection with Smartphones
Alar Ainla,1,2,‡ Maral P. S. Mousavi,1,‡ Maria-Nefeli Tsaloglou,1,3 Julia Redston,1 Jeffrey G. Bell,1 M. Teresa Fernández-Abedul,4 and George M. Whitesides1,5,6,*
1
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138,
United States. 2
International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, 4715-330, Portugal.
3
Diagnostics for All, Inc. (DFA), Salem, MA 01970, USA.
4
Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
5
Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02138, United States. 6
Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02138, United States. *Corresponding Author:
[email protected], +1-617-495-9432
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Abstract
This paper describes the design and characterization of an open-source universal wireless electrochemical detector (UWED). This detector interfaces with a smartphone (or a tablet) using Bluetooth Low Energy protocol; the smartphone provides (i) a user interface for receiving the experimental parameters from the user and visualizing the result in real-time, and (ii) a proxy for storing, processing, and transmitting the data and experimental protocols. This approach simplifies the design, and decreases both the size and the cost of the hardware; it also makes the UWED adaptable to different types of analyses by simple modification of the software. The UWED can perform the most common electroanalytical techniques of potentiometry, chronoamperometry, cyclic voltammetry, and square wave voltammetry, with results closely comparable to benchtop commercial potentiostats. Although the operating ranges of electrical current and voltage of the UWED (±1.5 V, ± 180 µA) are more limited than most benchtop commercial potentiostats, its functional range is sufficient for most electrochemical analyses in aqueous solutions. Because the UWED is simple, small in size, assembled from inexpensive components, and completely wireless, it offers new opportunities for the development of affordable diagnostics, sensors, and wearable devices. All the files and details required for fabrication of UWED are provided as supporting materials, including: (i) designs for the electrical circuits and a list of all necessary components, (ii) the layout of the printed circuit board, (iii) the firmware of the microcontroller, and (iv) the code for the software for the smartphone.
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Analytical Chemistry
Introduction Electrochemistry is useful for analyses in applications including clinical diagnostics, environmental, industrial and food monitoring, quality control, and wearable devices for personal health.1-8 Different techniques have enabled the electrochemical detection of analytes including proteins, DNA, ions, neurotransmitters, and other small electroactive molecules.1-12 A potentiostat—an instrument with electronic circuits for the control and measurement of the electrical current and voltage—is necessary for performing the electroanalysis. Advances in electronics have enabled simplifying the large, heavy, and expensive benchtop potentiostats to portable and low-cost electric readers that are suitable for analysis at the point-of-use and in resource-limited or field settings. With appropriate technical competence, fabrication of portable potentiostats is not a scientific challenge. In fact, portable potentiostats that can perform most electrochemical techniques are now commercially available at an approximate cost of a few thousand dollars.13-15 This cost still prohibits their widespread use, specifically in resource-limited applications. Not surprisingly, the components and circuit design of the commercial potentiostats are proprietary and inaccessible to those who need to develop an affordable potentiostat for research, education, and product integration. Simpler readers designed for a specific application are available at a much lower price (
