Ostwald Ripening Growth Mechanism of Gold Nanotriangles in

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Ostwald ripening growth mechanism of gold nanotriangles in vesicular template phases Ferenc Liebig, Andreas F. Thunemann, and Joachim Koetz Langmuir, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02662 • Publication Date (Web): 03 Oct 2016 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on October 5, 2016

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

Langmuir is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

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Time dependent formation of nanotriangles 148x107mm (96 x 96 DPI)

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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•–™ƒŽ† ”‹’‡•‹•‰ ‰”‘™–Š •‡…Šƒ•‹•• ‘ˆ ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‹• ˜‡•‹…—Žƒ” –‡•’Žƒ–‡ ’Šƒ•‡• ‡”‡•… ‹‡„‹‰áS •†”‡ƒ• ä Šò•‡•ƒ••á½ ‘ƒ…Š‹• ‘‡–œS S ••–‹–—– ˆò” svvyx ‘–•†ƒ• ½

Š‡•‹‡á

•‹˜‡”•‹–¡–

‘–•†ƒ•á

ƒ”Žæ ‹‡„••‡…Š–æ –”ƒ••‡ tvætwá

ƒ—• twá

‘Ž• á ‡”•ƒ•›

—•†‡•ƒ••–ƒŽ– ˆò”

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”•…Š—•‰ —•† æ’”òˆ—•‰á

‘Ž›•‡”‡ ‹•

‹ˆ‡

…‹‡•…‡ —•†

ƒ•‘–‡…Š•‘Ž‘‰‹‡á •–‡” †‡• ‹…Š‡• zyá sttrw ‡”Ž‹•á ‡”•ƒ•›

ã Š‡ •‡…Šƒ•‹•• ‘ˆ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹‘• ‹• •—Ž–‹˜‡•‹…—Žƒ” ˜‡•‹…Ž‡• ‹• ‹•˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† „› —•‹•‰ –‹•‡ †‡’‡•†‡•–

•‡ƒ•—”‡•‡•–• ‹• …‘•„‹•ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š

æ˜‹•

•’‡…–”‘•…‘’›á Ž‹‰Š– ƒ•† –”ƒ•••‹••‹‘• ‡Ž‡…–”‘• •‹…”‘•…‘’›ä • –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‹•‡ ’‡”‹‘† xäw •• •‹œ‡† •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”•‡† ‹••‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‡•‹…Ž‡•á ™Š‹…Š „—‹Ž† —’ •‘ˆ– •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡•ä • •‹–—

‡š’‡”‹•‡•–• •Š‘™ ƒ Ž‹•‡ƒ” ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

˜‘Ž—•‡ ƒ•† •‘Žƒ” •ƒ•• ‘ˆ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‹• –Š‡ •‡…‘•† –‹•‡ ’‡”‹‘†ä Š‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‹• sxäs ••u •‹• ƒ•† –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‹• ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ †‹”‡…–‹‘• ‘•Ž› rärt •• •‹•ä Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡á ˆŽƒ– •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ™‹–Š ƒ –Š‹…••‡•• ‘ˆ y •• ƒ•† †‹ƒ•‡–‡”• ‘ˆ tu •• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”•‡†ä Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• …ƒ• „‡ †‡•…”‹„‡† „› ƒ †‹ˆˆ—•‹‘•æŽ‹•‹–‡† •–™ƒŽ† ”‹’‡•‹•‰ ‰”‘™–Š •‡…Šƒ•‹••ä

•‹…”‘‰”ƒ’Š• ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‡ •‘ˆ– …‘”ƒŽæŽ‹•‡ •–”—…–—”‡• ™‹–Š –Š‹•

•ƒ•‘’Žƒ–‡Ž‡–• ƒ– –Š‡ ’‡”‹’Š‡”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡•á ™Š‹…Š †‹•ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ ‹• –Š‡ –Š‹”† –‹•‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‹•–‘ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ƒ•† •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ä

Š‡ sx –‹•‡• ˆƒ•–‡” ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ

•ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‹• Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ –Šƒ• –Šƒ– ‹• ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ †‹”‡…–‹‘• ‹• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ†•‘”’–‹‘• ‘ˆ •›••‡–”› „”‡ƒ•‹•‰ …‘•’‘•‡•–•á ‹ä‡äá

ƒ•† –Š‡ ’‘Ž›ƒ•’Š‘Ž›–‡ ƒŽ Š ‹• ƒ”„á ‘• –Š‡

sss ˆƒ…‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘’Žƒ–‡Ž‡–• ‹• …‘•„‹•ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š …‘•ˆ‹•‡•‡•– ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‡•‹…—Žƒ” –‡•’Žƒ–‡ ’Šƒ•‡ä

‘””‡•’‘•†‹•‰ ƒ—–Š‘”ã ‘ƒ…Š‹• ‘‡–œ æ•ƒ‹Žã •‘‡–œ7—•‹æ’‘–•†ƒ•ä†‡ Š‘•‡ã ªv{ uus {yy wttr

‡›™‘”†•ã ‡š’‡”‹•‡•–•á

‘Ž† •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡•á ‰”‘™–Š •‡…Šƒ•‹••á

•–™ƒŽ† ”‹’‡•‹•‰á ‹• •‹–—

á •‘ˆ– …‘”ƒŽæŽ‹•‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡• ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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sä •›••‡–”‹… •Šƒ’‡† ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘…”›•–ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ‹•…”‡ƒ•‹•‰ ‹•–‡”‡•– †—‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” •Šƒ’‡ †‡’‡•†‡•– ‘’–‹…ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•äsæu

‡…‡•–Ž›á ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™• ’”‘•‹•‹•‰ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ‰‘Ž†

•ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‹• •—”ˆƒ…‡æ‡•Šƒ•…‡† ƒ•ƒ• •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰áv ‹• ‰‘‘† ƒ‰”‡‡•‡•– ™‹–Š ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘•

…ƒ”ƒ„‡ŽŽ‹ ‡– ƒŽäw

Ž‘•‰‹–—†‹•ƒŽ ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘• „ƒ•† ‹• –Š‡

Žƒ– •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‡šŠ‹„‹– ƒ •‘”‡ ‹•–‡••‹˜‡

æ˜‹• •’‡…–”ƒ „‡–™‡‡• yrr ƒ•† svrr •• ‹•æ’Žƒ•‡

•—”ˆƒ…‡ ’Žƒ••‘• ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘• „ƒ•† ‹• –Š‡ •‡ƒ”æ‹•ˆ”ƒ”‡† •ƒš‹•—• ‹• –Š‡

”‡‰‹‘• äx Š‡ ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘•

”‡‰‹‘• …ƒ• „‡ –—•‡† „› …‘•–”‘ŽŽ‹•‰ –Š‡ •‹œ‡ ƒ•† –Š‹…••‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡

‹•†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡•áyáz ™Š‹…Š ‹• ‘ˆ •ƒŒ‘” „‹‘Ž‘‰‹… ‹•’‘”–ƒ•…‡ ˆ‘” ‹•ƒ‰‹•‰ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•• ‹• –‹••—‡á{ ‘” Š›’‡”–Š‡”•‹ƒ ‘ˆ …ƒ•…‡” …‡ŽŽ•äsr •Ž‹•‡ ‹• –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ•‹•‘–”‘’‹… ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘”‘†• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ •‡‡†æ•‡†‹ƒ–‡† •›•–Š‡•‹• ‹• •ƒ‹•Ž› ƒ……‡’–‡†ásáuássást –Š‡ •‡…Šƒ•‹•• ‘ˆ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹‘• ‹• —•†‡” †‡„ƒ–‡ä Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ ˜‡”› ••ƒŽŽá ’”‡ˆ‘”•‡† •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ‰‘Ž† •‡‡†• ‹•–‘ ƒ•‹•‘–”‘’‹… •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ”‡“—‹”‡• •›••‡–”›æ„”‡ƒ•‹•‰ …‘•’‘•‡•–•á ‡ä‰äá …ƒ–‹‘•‹… •—”ˆƒ…–ƒ•–• Ž‹•‡

äsu

‘™‡˜‡”á –Š‡ ƒ•‹•‘–”‘’‹… •ƒ•‘…”›•–ƒŽ ‰”‘™–Š …ƒ• „‡ ‹•ˆŽ—‡•…‡† „› ƒ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ƒ††‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ ŠƒŽ‹†‡ ‹‘••ásvásw ‘” „› …Šƒ•‰‹•‰ –Š‡ •‹•‡–‹… …‘•†‹–‹‘••äsx Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡á –Š‡ …”›•–ƒŽŽ‹œƒ–‹‘• ’”‘…‡•• …ƒ• Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ”‘†æ•Šƒ’‡† ‘” ’Žƒ–‡Ž‡– •–”—…–—”‡•ä – ƒ •Ž‘™ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘• ”ƒ–‡ ‹• ’”‡•‡•…‡ ‘ˆ ‹‘†‹†‡ ‹‘•• ’”‡†‘•‹•ƒ•–Ž› •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”•‡† ‹• •—…Š •‡‡†æ•‡†‹ƒ–‡† •›•–Š‡•‹•äsx —”–Š‡”•‘”‡á ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• …ƒ• „‡ •›•–Š‡•‹œ‡† „› ƒ††‹•‰ •Šƒ’‡ …‘•–”‘ŽŽ‹•‰ ƒ‰‡•–•á ‡ä‰äá Ž‡•‘• ‰”ƒ•• ‡š–”ƒ…–•t ‘” –”›’–‘’Šƒ•syá ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‹• –‡•’Žƒ–‡ ’Šƒ•‡•á ‡ä‰äá †‡•†”‹•‡”• ‘” „Ž‘…• …‘’‘Ž›•‡” •‹…‡ŽŽ‡• …ƒ• –ƒ•‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‹• ”‘Ž‡äszás{

‹•‰ ‡– ƒŽä —•‡†

ƒ•’Š‹’Š‹Ž‹… „Ž‘…• …‘’‘Ž›•‡” •‹…‡ŽŽ‡• ƒ• –‡•’Žƒ–‡• –‘ †‹”‡…– –Š‡ ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –”‹ƒ•‰—Žƒ” — Žt ’”‹•••äs{

Š‡ ‘”‹‡•–‡† •‹•‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘• ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ

— Žt •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‹• •—…Š

–‡•’Žƒ–‡ ’Šƒ•‡• ‹• †‹•…—••‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ …‘•ˆ‹•‡•‡•– ˆ”‘• „Ž‘…•æ…‘’‘Ž›•‡” •‹…‡ŽŽ‡•ä —” ‘™• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹• –Š‹• ˆ‹‡Ž† ™‡”‡ ˆ‘…—•‡† ‘• –Š‡ ‘•‡æ•–‡’ •›•–Š‡•‹• ‘ˆ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‹• ’”‡•‡•…‡ ‘ˆ ˜‡•‹…Ž‡•ä ’”‡•‡•…‡ ‘ˆ •‹š‡† ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”•‡†ätr

‘„‡”–•‘• ‡– ƒŽä Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– ‹•

’Š‘•’Š‘Ž‹’‹† ˜‡•‹…Ž‡• ‡š–”ƒæŽ‘•‰ •ƒ•‘”‘†• ƒ•† •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡•

Š‡ ƒ•‘—•– ‘ˆ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• …ƒ• „‡ ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡† „› ƒ††‹•‰ ƒ •ƒŽ–‘•‡æ

•‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ’‘Ž›‡–Š›Ž‡•‡‹•‹•‡

•ƒŽæ

äts

‡…‡•–Ž› ’‡”ˆ‘”•‡† ‡š’‡”‹•‡•–• ™‹–Š

’Š‘•’Š‘Ž‹’‹† „ƒ•‡† ˜‡•‹…Ž‡• ‹• ’”‡•‡•…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‘Ž›ƒ•’Š‘Ž›–‡á ‹ä‡äá ƒŽ Š ‹• ƒ”„á •Š‘™ –Šƒ– —•†‡” ‘’–‹•‹œ‡† …‘•†‹–‹‘•• –Š‡ ƒ•‘—•– ‘ˆ ƒ•‹•‘–”‘’‹… ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• …ƒ• ›‹‡Ž† xr¨á ƒ•† –Š‡ …‘””‡•’‘•†‹•‰ ƒ•‘—•– ‘ˆ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ur¨äváy ACS Paragon Plus Environment

‘–‡™‘”–Š›á ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ •‡‡†æ

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•‡†‹ƒ–‡† •›•–Š‡•‹• Ž‡ƒ†• ‘•Ž› –‘ ƒ •Šƒ’‡ ›‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– wr¨äw Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡á ‹• ƒŽŽ …ƒ•‡• ƒ• ƒ††‹–‹‘•ƒŽ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘• •–‡’á ‡ä‰äá †‡’Ž‡–‹‘• ˆŽ‘……—Žƒ–‹‘•á ‹• •‡…‡••ƒ”› –‘ ‹•‘Žƒ–‡ ƒ•† ’—”‹ˆ› ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡•äváw • –Š‡ ’”‡•‡•– ™‘”• ™‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”•‡† –‹•‡ †‡’‡•†‡•– ‡š’‡”‹•‡•–• –‘ ‹•˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹‘• ’”‘…‡•• ‹• ’”‡•‡•…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‡•‹…—Žƒ” –‡•’Žƒ–‡ ’Šƒ•‡ä

á –”ƒ•••‹••‹‘• ‡Ž‡…–”‘• •‹…”‘•…‘’›

•’‡…–”‘•…‘’›á Ž‹‰Š– •‹…”‘•…‘’› …‘•„‹•ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š

æ˜‹•

› —•‹•‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡•– •‡–Š‘†•á ‹ä‡äá

‹•

•‡ƒ•—”‡•‡•–• –Š‡ …”›•–ƒŽ ‰”‘™–Š ’”‘…‡•• ‹• ‹•˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ‘• –Š‡

–‹•‡ •…ƒŽ‡ä Š‡ •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹‘• ’”‘…‡•• …ƒ• „‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹•–‘ –Š”‡‡ ’‡”‹‘†•ä – ˆ‹”•– ‘•Ž› •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”•‡†á ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‹• –Š‡ •‡…‘•† ’‡”‹‘† ˆŽƒ– ‰‘Ž† ’Žƒ–‡Ž‡–• ‰”‘™ —’ ƒ– –Š‡ ’‡”‹’Š‡”› ‘ˆ •‘ˆ– ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡•ä Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• …ƒ• „‡ †‡•…”‹„‡† „› •–™ƒŽ† ”‹’‡•‹•‰ä ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ †‡æ…‘•’‘•‹–‹‘• ’”‘…‡‡†• ‹• –Š‡ –Š‹”† ’‡”‹‘†ä

tä täsä

Š‡•‹…ƒŽ•

Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…–ƒ•– †‹‘…–›Ž •‘†‹—• •—Žˆ‘•—……‹•ƒ–‡ –‡–”ƒ…ŠŽ‘”‘ƒ—”‹… ’Š‘•’Š‘Ž‹’‹†

ƒ…‹†

— Žv˜u

t

™‹–Š ƒ ’—”‹–› ‘ˆ {z¨ ƒ•†

™‡”‡ ’—”…Šƒ•‡† ˆ”‘•

‹‰•ƒæ Ž†”‹…Šä

•„ ä Š‡

’—”‹–› µ {yäu¨ ™ƒ• ‘„–ƒ‹•‡† ˆ”‘•

{r

Š‡

’‘Ž›

á ïæ†‹ƒŽŽ›Žæ á ïæ†‹•‡–Š›Žƒ••‘•‹—•æƒŽ–æ

uáwæ„‹•æ…ƒ”„‘š›’Š‡•›Žæ•ƒŽ‡ƒ•‹… …ƒ”„‘š›Žƒ–‡

ƒŽ Š ‹• ƒ”„ ™ƒ• •›•–Š‡•‹œ‡† „› ˆ”‡‡

•–”‘•‰Ž›

ƒŽ–‡”•ƒ–‹•‰

…‘’‘Ž›•‡”

”ƒ†‹…ƒŽ ’‘Ž›•‡”‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ……‘”†‹•‰ –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘…‡†—”‡ †‡•…”‹„‡† „› ‡…Š•‡” ƒ•† ‘‡–œätt Š‡ •‘Ž‡…—Žƒ” ™‡‹‰Š– swrrr ‰ •‘Ž ™ƒ• ‡•–‹•ƒ–‡† ˜‹•…‘•‡–”‹…ƒŽŽ› „› —•‹•‰ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ …‘••–ƒ•–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‘•‘’‘Ž›•‡” ’‘Ž› †‹ƒŽŽ›Ž†‹•‡–Š›Žƒ••‘•‹—• …ŠŽ‘”‹†‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ —Š•

ƒ”•

ƒ Ž ƒ– tw ¹ ä

‘—™‹•• ƒ•—”ƒ†ƒ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•

•Ž›

‹ŽŽ‹æ

‡ˆ‡”‡•…‡

± säst š sræv †Ž ‰æsá = ± räzt ‹• s

ª ™ƒ–‡” ™ƒ• —•‡† ‹• ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡•…”‹„‡†

‡š’‡”‹•‡•–•ä

tätä

‡–Š‘†•

æ˜‹• ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘• •‡ƒ•—”‡•‡•–• ™‡”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”•‡† ™‹–Š ƒ•

‰‹Ž‡•– zvwu

˜‹•

•’‡…–”‘•‡–‡” ‹• –Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡•‰–Š „‡–™‡‡• trr ƒ•† ssrr ••ä Šƒ’‡ ƒ•† •‹œ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ™‡”‡ †‡–‡”•‹•‡† „› –”ƒ•••‹••‹‘• ‡Ž‡…–”‘• •‹…”‘•…‘’›

ä ‘ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡

–Š‡ –‹•‡ †‡’‡•†‡•– •‡ƒ•—”‡•‡•–• ‡˜‡”› ur •‹•—–‡• u JŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ•’Ž‡ ™‡”‡ –ƒ•‡• ‘—–á †”‘’’‡† ‘• …ƒ”„‘•æ…‘ƒ–‡† …‘’’‡” ‰”‹†• ƒ•† ˆƒ•– †”‹‡† „› ”‡•‘˜‹•‰ –Š‡ ‡š…‡•• Ž‹“—‹† ™‹–Š ˆ‹Ž–‡” ’ƒ’‡”ä —„•‡“—‡•–Ž› –Š‡ •ƒ•’Ž‡• ™‡”‡ ‡šƒ•‹•‡† —•‹•‰ –Š‡ ƒ’ƒ• ƒ– ƒ• ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘• ˜‘Ž–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ zr • ä • ƒ††‹–‹‘• –‘ ACS Paragon Plus Environment

æsrss

á

á ƒ ‹–ƒ…Š‹ ævzrr •…ƒ••‹•‰

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Langmuir

‡Ž‡…–”‘• •‹…”‘•…‘’‡

™ƒ• —•‡†ä

Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡á –Š‡ •ƒ•’Ž‡ ™ƒ• •Š‘…• ˆ”‘œ‡• „›

’Ž—•‰‹•‰ ‹•–‘ •‹–”‘‰‡• •Ž—•Š ƒ– ƒ–•‘•’Š‡”‹… ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ•† ƒˆ–‡”™ƒ”†• ˆ”‡‡œ‡æˆ”ƒ…–—”‡† ƒ– æszr ¹ á ‡–…Š‡† ˆ‘” vw • ƒ– æ{z ¹ ƒ•† •’—––‡”‡† ™‹–Š ’Žƒ–‹•—• ‹• –Š‡

Ž–‘ twrræ

…”›‘æ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘• …Šƒ•„‡” –‘ ‡š’‘•‡ –Š‡ ‹••‡” •–”—…–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‡•‹…Ž‡•ä • ‘”†‡” –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹• –Š‡ œ‡–ƒ ’‘–‡•–‹ƒŽá –Š‡

ƒŽ˜‡”•

ƒ•‘ ‡–ƒ•‹œ‡” uxrrá „ƒ•‡† ‘• –Š‡ ’”‹•…‹’Ž‡ ‘ˆ

‡Ž‡…–”‘’Š‘”‡–‹… Ž‹‰Š– •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰á ™ƒ• ‡•’Ž‘›‡†ä •‡ƒ•—”‡•‡•–• ™‡”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”•‡† ‹• ƒ ˆŽ‘™ –Š”‘—‰Š …ƒ’‹ŽŽƒ”› ™‹–Š ƒ ‹••–”—•‡•–

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‘ˆ –Š‡

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—”˜‡ ˆ‹––‹•‰ ™ƒ• …‘•†—…–‡† ™‹–Š •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡

ˆ‹– ˆ‘” †‡–‡”•‹•ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ

’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• •‹œ‡ ’ƒ”ƒ•‡–‡”• ƒ•† ˜‘Ž—•‡ ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘•ätv Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡•…‡ •ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ

zrst ˆ”‘•

…‘•–ƒ‹•‹•‰ ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ™‹–Š ƒ •‘•‹•ƒŽ †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ‘ˆ ur •• ƒ•† ƒ ‰‘Ž† …‘•…‡•–”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ vzäsy ¬ räuu Á‰ ‰æs ™ƒ• —•‡† ƒ• “—ƒŽ‹–› …‘•–”‘Ž •ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽätw

uä uäsä

‡•’Žƒ–‡ ’Šƒ•‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘•

‡š’‡”‹•‡•–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –—”„‹†á ƒ“—‡‘—•

’Š‘•’Š‘Ž‹’‹† •‹š–—”‡á —•‡† ƒ• ƒ –‡•’Žƒ–‡

’Šƒ•‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹‘•á •Š‘™ ƒ ˜‡”› „”‘ƒ† •‹œ‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘• ˆ”‘• ••ƒŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– wr •• —’ –‘ ˜‡”› Žƒ”‰‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ‹• –Š‡ J• •‹œ‡ ”ƒ•‰‡á ‹• ˆ—ŽŽ ƒ‰”‡‡•‡•– ™‹–Š ‘—” ”‡…‡•–Ž› ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†

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’Š‘•’Š‘Ž‹’‘• ˜‡•‹…Ž‡• •…Š‡•ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› •Š‘™• „› —• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›

‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”t{ …ƒ• „‡ ƒ••—•‡†á ”‡‹•ˆ‘”…‡† „› Ž‹‰Š– •‹…”‘•…‘’‹… ‹•˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘••á ™Š‹…Š •Š‘™ ••ƒŽŽ ˜‡•‹…—Žƒ” •–”—…–—”‡• „‡•‹†‡• ‰‹ƒ•– ˜‡•‹…Ž‡• ‘• –Š‡ •‹…”‘•‡–‡” •…ƒŽ‡ …‘•’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ t ä ‘” ƒ •‘”‡ …‘•’”‡Š‡••‹˜‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘•á ƒ††‹–‹‘•ƒŽ …”›‘æ

‡š’‡”‹•‡•–•

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á ƒ•† •‹‰•‹ˆ‹…ƒ•– Žƒ”‰‡”

‰‹ƒ•– ˜‡•‹…—Žƒ” •–”—…–—”‡•á ‹ä‡äá •—Ž–‹˜‡•‹…—Žƒ” ˜‡•‹…Ž‡•

…ƒ• „‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†ä

”‡•—Ž–• …‘•ˆ‹”• ‘—” ”‡…‡•–Ž› ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‡š’‡”‹•‡•–•äv ACS Paragon Plus Environment

—” ˆ”‡‡œ‡ ˆ”ƒ…–—”‡

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•‹…”‘‰”ƒ’Š• Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› •Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡†—…–‹‘• ’”‘…‡•• –‘ ˆ‘”• ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• •–ƒ”–• ƒ– –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡ ‘ˆ •‹š‡† ••ƒŽŽ —•‹Žƒ•‡ŽŽƒ” ˜‡•‹…Ž‡•

‹‰—”‡ sä ”›‘æ ˜‡•‹…Ž‡•

uätä

•‹…”‘‰”ƒ’Š ‘ˆ ••ƒŽŽ —•‹Žƒ•‡ŽŽƒ”

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ä

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•˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡†—…‹•‰ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘•’‘•‡•–• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ‘•Ž› ‹• ’”‡•‡•…‡ ‘ˆ

•‹š‡† ˜‡•‹…Ž‡•á ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”•‡†ä

††‹•‰ ƒ ’‘Ž›•‡” …ƒ•

‹•ˆŽ—‡•…‡ –Š‡ ƒ•‘—•– ‘ˆ –”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ƒ•† –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‡•‹…Ž‡•ä

•‹…‡ŽŽ‡• •Š‘™ •‘

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”‡†—…‹•‰ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‹• ƒ“—‡‘—• •‘Ž—–‹‘•á „—– ‘„–ƒ‹• ‹•–‡”‡•–‹•‰ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‘• –Š‡ …”›•–ƒŽ ‰”‘™–Šätx • …ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ• ƒ“—‡‘—• ’Š‘•’Š‘Ž‹’‹† •‘Ž—–‹‘• ‘•Ž› •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”•‡†ä Š‹• ‹• ‹• ƒ‰”‡‡•‡•– ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ƒ—–Š‘”•á —•‹•‰ ˜‡•‹…Ž‡ –‡•’Žƒ–‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹• •‹–— ”‡†—…–‹‘• ‘ˆ •‡–ƒŽ •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ’”‡…—”•‘”•ätyátz ’‘Ž›ƒ•’Š‘Ž›–‡

‡…‡•–Ž›á ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‡

ƒŽ Š ‹• ƒ”„ …ƒ• –”ƒ••ˆ‘”• ˜‡•‹…Ž‡• ‹•–‘ –—„—Žƒ” •‡–™‘”• •–”—…–—”‡•

ƒˆ–‡” —Ž–”ƒ•‘•‹… –”‡ƒ–•‡•–ät{ •†‡” –Š‡ …‘•†‹–‹‘•• —•‡† Š‡”‡ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ Œ—•…–‹‘• ’‘‹•–• ‡š‹•– ‹• –Š‡ ‹••‡” •–”—…–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

…‘•’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ s ‹• •‹•‹Žƒ”‹–› –‘ –—„—Žƒ” •–”—…–—”‡•ä

‘™‡˜‡”á ƒŽ Š ‹• ƒ”„ ‹• •‘– ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ”‡†—…‡ –Š‡ ‰‘Ž† …ŠŽ‘”‹†‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘•á ƒŽ‘•‡ä ‡…‡•–Ž› ’‡”ˆ‘”•‡† …‘•–”‘Ž ‡š’‡”‹•‡•–• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– ‹• ƒ„•‡•…‡ ‘ˆ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ƒ”‡ •‘– ˆ‘”•‡† ƒ– ”‘‘• –‡•’‡”ƒ–—”‡äuy

Š‡•

ƒŽ Š ‹• ƒ”„

ƒŽ Š ‹• ƒ”„ ‹• ƒ††‡†

•–‡’™‹•‡ –‘ –Š‡ •‹š‡† –‡•’Žƒ–‡ –‡–”ƒ…ŠŽ‘”ƒ—”‡ƒ–‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘• ƒ– Š‹‰Š‡” –‡•’‡”ƒ–—”‡• –Š‡ ƒ•‘—•– ‘ˆ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• …ƒ• „‡ •‹‰•‹ˆ‹…ƒ•–Ž› ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡†ä Š‡•‡ ‡š’‡”‹•‡•–• …Ž‡ƒ”Ž› •Š‘™ –Š‡ •›••‡–”› „”‡ƒ•‹•‰ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘Ž›ƒ•’Š‘Ž›–‡ä

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‹•‡ †‡’‡•†‡•–

æ˜‹• ‡š’‡”‹•‡•–• ‹• …‘•„‹•ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š Ž‹‰Š–

•‹…”‘•…‘’› ƒ•† –”ƒ•••‹••‹‘• ‡Ž‡…–”‘• •‹…”‘•…‘’› ‘ …Žƒ”‹ˆ› –Š‡ •‡…Šƒ•‹•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹‘• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡•– –‹•‡ †‡’‡•†‡•– ‡š’‡”‹•‡•–• ƒ– ”‘‘• –‡•’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ™‡”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”•‡† –‘ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡ –Š‡ •ƒ•’Ž‡ „› ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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‹‰—”‡ uä

•ƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•’‡”•‹‘• ƒˆ–‡” str •‹• Ž‡ˆ– …‘Ž—•• ƒ•† swr •‹• ”‹‰Š– æ˜‹• –‘’ á

…‘Ž—•• „›

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• …ƒ• „‡ •‡‡• ‹• –Š‡

•‹…”‘‰”ƒ’Šá –Š‡ ‹•†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ’Žƒ–‡Ž‡–• ‹• –Š‡ •Š‡ŽŽ ‰”‘™ ‘—– ‘ˆ

–Š‡ …‘”‡ ƒˆ–‡” str •‹•—–‡• –‘ „—‹Ž† —’ ƒ …‘”ƒŽæŽ‹•‡ •–”—…–—”‡ ™‹–Š ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ ’Žƒ–‡• ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹•‰ ˆ”‘• –Š‡ …‡•–‡”ä „”‘ƒ†

Š‡ …‘””‡•’‘•†‹•‰

æ˜‹• •’‡…–”—• •Š‘™• •‘™ ƒ •‡…‘•†

ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘• ’‡ƒ• ƒ– ƒ„‘—– zrr ••á ‹•†‹…ƒ–‹•‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ•‹•‘–”‘’‹…

•ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ä • –Š‡ •‡š–

•‹…”‘‰”ƒ’Šá ’‡”ˆ‘”•‡† ƒˆ–‡” swr •‹•—–‡•á ƒ• ‘••‡– ‘ˆ †‡…‘•’‘•‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ

–Š‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡• …ƒ• „‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†ä Š‹• •‡ƒ•• –Šƒ– •‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡• „‡…‘•‡ ••ƒŽŽ‡” ƒ•† –Š‡ ‹•†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ’Žƒ–‡Ž‡–• ˆ”‘• –Š‡ ‘—–‡” •Š‡ŽŽ †‹•ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ä • …‘••‡“—‡•…‡ –Š‡ ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘• ’‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ•›••‡–”‹… •ƒ•‘’Žƒ–‡Ž‡–• ‹• ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡†ä

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– –Š‡ •ƒ•‡ –‹•‡ –Š‡

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‘” –Šƒ– ”‡ƒ•‘• –Š‡ –—”„‹† •‘Ž—–‹‘• ‰‡–• ‘’–‹…ƒŽŽ› …Ž‡ƒ” ƒ•†

„‡…‘•‡• ”‡† …‘Ž‘”‡† †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‹•…”‡ƒ•‹•‰ ƒ•‘—•– ‘ˆ ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡•– •‹œ‡ ƒ•† •Šƒ’‡ä tsr •‹• ìUñ

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‹• †‡…”‡ƒ•‡† ƒ•† –Š‡ ‹••‡” •–”—…–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

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•‡ƒ•—”‡•‡•–• ™‡”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”•‡† ‹• •‹–— ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘• ’”‘…‡‡†• ™‹–Š

ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹•‰ –‹•‡ ‹•–‡”˜ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –‡• •‹•—–‡•ä Š‡ ‰‘Ž† šæ”ƒ› •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ …‘•–”ƒ•– ‘ˆ särw{x srst …•æt ‹• –Š”‡‡ ‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ •ƒ‰•‹–—†‡ Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ• –Šƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‡•‹…Ž‡• ƒ•† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ™‡ ò•‡‡ó ‡š…Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› –Š‡ ‰‘Ž† ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ä • ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•á ™‡ òŽ‘‘•ó ‹•–‘ –Š‡ ˜‡•‹…Ž‡•ä –ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ› •‹‰•‹ˆ‹…ƒ•– ‡••‡•„Ž‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ ’ƒ––‡”• ™‡”‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† „› ƒ• ‹””ƒ†‹ƒ–‡† ˜‘Ž—•‡ ‘ˆ sr Á ä šƒ•’Ž‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ ’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ ƒ– ƒ• ‡ƒ”Ž› •–ƒ‰‡ ƒ•† ƒ– –Š‡ ‡•† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘• ƒ”‡ •Š‘™• ‹• ‹‰—”‡ wä ‘” ”‡ƒ…–‹‘• –‹•‡• ‘ˆ – ¶ xr •‹• –Š‡ …—”˜‡• …ƒ• „‡ ˆ‹––‡† „› •‹•’Ž‡ •’Š‡”‡• ™‹–Š ”ƒ†‹—• ‘ˆ xäw ¬ räv •• ƒ• •Š‘™• ‹• –Š‡ —’’‡” ‹••‡– ‘ˆ ‹‰—”‡ wä Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ …—”˜‡• ˆ‘” ”‡ƒ…–‹‘• –‹•‡• Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ• xr •‹• …ƒ••‘– „‡ ‹•–‡”’”‡–‡† ‹• –‡”•• ‘ˆ •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ä ‘” –Š‡‹” ‹•–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ™‡ ˆ‹––‡† –Š‡ •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ …—”˜‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ •‘†‡Ž •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ ˆ—•…–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ –Š‹• †‹•• ‹••–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ƒ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ ˆ—•…–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” ‹• •‘– ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” …—”˜‡ ˆ‹–•ätv Š‹• •‹•’Ž‹ˆ‹‡† •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ •‘†‡Ž ™ƒ• ˆ‘—•† ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡ ‘˜‡” ƒ ™‹†‡ “æ”ƒ•‰‡ ˆ‘” ”‡ƒ…–‹‘• –‹•‡• Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ• xr •‹•ä • ‡šƒ•’Ž‡ ‘ˆ •‡ƒ•—”‡† ƒ•† ˆ‹––‡† …—”˜‡•á ”‡•—Ž–‹•‰ ‹• ƒ •‡ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ –Š‹…••‡•• ‘ˆ yäs ¬ räs •• ƒ•† ƒ •‡ƒ• †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ‘ˆ tu ¬ s •• …ƒ• „‡ •‡‡• ‹• ‹‰—”‡ w „Žƒ…• ƒ•† „Ž—‡ Ž‹•‡á ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ä Š‡ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘• –‹•‡ ™ƒ• – ± tuw •‹•ä Š‡ ‹••‡– ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ ƒ•† ƒ †‹•• ™‹–Š –Š‡ •ƒ•‡ ’Žƒ–‡Ž‡– –Š‹…••‡•• ƒ•† –Š‡ •ƒ•‡ ”ƒ†‹—• ‘ˆ ‰›”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ• —•‡† ˆ‘” ˆ‹––‹•‰ä – ‹• ‘„˜‹‘—• –Šƒ– –Š‹• †‹•• •‘†‡Ž ‹• ‘˜‡”•‹•’Ž‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ– Žƒ”‰‡ •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ ˜‡…–‘”• „—– –Š‹• ‹• •‘– …”‹–‹…ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‘—” ‹•–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•ä ‡ †‹† •‘– ‹•…Ž—†‡ ƒ• ƒ•ƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ’‘Ž›†‹•’‡”•‹–› –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ƒ•„‹‰—‘—• ”‡•—Ž–• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ †ƒ•‰‡” ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”ˆ‹––‹•‰ä • ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ ‹•–‡••‹–›á ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ’‘‹•–• Ž‹‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ •‘†‡Ž …—”˜‡•á ‹• ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ƒ– “æ˜ƒŽ—‡• Ž‘™‡” –Šƒ– rärw ••æsä Š‹• …‘””‡•’‘•†• –‘ †‹•–ƒ•…‡• Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ• N rärw •• ± xt •• •‡‡ ƒ””‘™• ‹• ‹‰—”‡ w ƒ•† ‹•†‹…ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‘ˆ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ •‘– ‹•–‡”ˆ‡”‹•‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ä —”’”‹•‹•‰Ž› •‘ •–”—…–—”‡ ˆƒ…–‘” •‡‡†• –‘ „‡ –ƒ•‡• ‹•–‘ ƒ……‘—•–ä Šƒ– •‡ƒ•• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹•†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› •‹‰•‹ˆ‹…ƒ•–Ž› •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘• ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡” ™‹–Š‹• Ž‘‘•‡Ž› ’ƒ…•‡†á •‘ˆ– ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ •–”—…–—”‡• •Š‘™• ‹• ‹‰—”‡ srä • …‘•–”ƒ•–á ˆ‘” †‡••‡Ž› ’ƒ…•‡† ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡• ™‡ •—•– ‡š’‡…– ƒ •—…Š •–”‘•‰‡” ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ ‹•–‡••‹–› ™‹–Š ƒ• ‡ƒ”Ž› ‘••‡– –Šƒ– ‹•–‡”ˆ‡”‡• •–”‘•‰Ž› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ˆ‘”• ˆƒ…–‘”ä


,QWHQVLW\ >P @

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T QP

T >QP @ ‹‰—”‡ wä

‹•–‡••‹–› ƒ• ƒ ˆ—•…–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ ˜‡…–‘” ƒ•† ƒ …—”˜‡ ˆ‹– ‘ˆ ƒ •ƒ•‘æ

†‹•• ‰‘Ž† ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ™‹–Š ƒ •‡ƒ• Š‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ yäs ¬ räs •• ƒ•† ƒ †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ‘ˆ tu ¬ s ••ä Š‡ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘• –‹•‡ ™ƒ• – ± tuw •‹•ä Š‡ Ž‘™‡” ‹••‡– •Š‘™• ƒ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ ƒ•† ƒ •ƒ•‘æ†‹•• ™‹–Š –Š‡ •ƒ•‡ –Š‹…••‡•• ƒ•† –Š‡ •ƒ•‡ ”ƒ†‹—• ‘ˆ ‰›”ƒ–‹‘•ä Š‡ —’’‡” ‹••‡– •Š‘™• –Š‡ •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ ‘ˆ ƒ •’Š‡”‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ”ƒ†‹—• ‘ˆ

± xäw ¬ räv •• •‡ƒ•—”‡† ƒ– – ± ux •‹•ä ””‘™•

‹•†‹…ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‘••‡– ‘ˆ ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •…ƒ––‡”‹•‰ ‹•–‡••‹–› †—‡ –‘ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘•ä

• ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ •‹œ‡ ’ƒ”ƒ•‡–‡”• ƒ• †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘• –Š‡ •‘†‡Ž ˆ‹–• ‹• ‰‹˜‡• ‹• ‹‰—”‡ xä – …ƒ• „‡ •‡‡• –Š‡”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• †‹•’Žƒ› •‡ƒ• †‹ƒ•‡–‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– su •• ™‹–Š ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Žƒ”‰‡ —•…‡”–ƒ‹•–‹‡• ‹• ’‡”‹‘† sä

‡š– –Š‡ –Š‹…••‡••‡•

‹•…”‡ƒ•‡ ˆ”‘• wäs •• ƒ– – ± x{ •‹• –‘ yäw •• ƒ– – ± szu •‹• ‹• ’‡”‹‘† tä Š‡”‡‹• –Š‡ †‹ƒ•‡–‡”• ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡ ˆ”‘• sxä{ •• –‘ tuär ••ä

– Žƒ–‡” –‹•‡•á ‹• ’‡”‹‘† uá –Š‡ •‹œ‡

’ƒ”ƒ•‡–‡”• ƒ”‡ …‘••–ƒ•– ƒ•† –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ—ŽŽæ‰”‘™•ä ‡ “—ƒ•–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ•

± v u N ”ƒ†‹‹u ‹• ’‡”‹‘† s ƒ•† ƒ•

± –Š‹…••‡•• - N †‹ƒ•‡–‡”t ‹• ’‡”‹‘† t ƒ•† uä Š‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡• ƒ”‡ …‘••–ƒ•– ‹• ’‡”‹‘† sá ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡ Ž‹•‡ƒ”Ž› ‹• ’‡”‹‘† t ƒ•† ƒ”‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹• …‘••–ƒ•– ‹• ’‡”‹‘† u ƒ• …ƒ• „‡ •‡‡• ‹• ‹‰—”‡ yä

‡ “—ƒ•–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‹• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• „› 8:P; L 85 8:P; L > E IÏ P 8:P; L 86

ˆ‘” P Q P5áÏ ˆ‘” P5áÏ O P O P6áÏ ˆ‘” P R P6áÏ


Langmuir

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Š‡ • ‹• –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡•á –Š‡ –”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• •–ƒ”– –‘ ‰”‘™ ƒ•†

t

s

‹• –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ï• ˜‘Ž—•‡ ™Š‡•

‹• –Š‡ ˆ‹•ƒŽ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡•ä Š‡ ‹•‹–‹ƒŽ –‹•‡ ˆ‘”

–Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‹• P5áÏ L :85 F >; IÏ ƒ•† –Š‡› •–‘’’‡† ‰”‘™‹•‰ ƒ– P6áÏ L :86 F >; IÏ ä Š‡ …—”˜‡ ˆ‹– —•‹•‰ ‡“ä s ”‡•—Ž–• ‹• ƒ•†

t

s

± ssxu ¬ us ••u

± t{xr ¬ us ••uä •‹•‰ –Š‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š –Š‡ ’‡”‹‘† s ‡•†• ƒ– –sá ± xz ¬ u •‹• ƒ•†

’‡”‹‘† u •–ƒ”–• ƒ– –tá ± szr ¬ t •‹•ä Š‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‹• • ± sxäs ¬ räu ••u •‹•æs ‹• ’‡”‹‘† tä ‡š–á ‹– ‹• ‘ˆ ‹•–‡”‡•– Š‘™ –Š‡ –Š‹…••‡•• ƒ•† –Š‡ †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• …‘•–”‹„—–‡ –‘ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ‰”‘™–Šä

Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‹…••‡•• ‹• ’‡”‹‘† t ‹• Ž‹•‡ƒ” ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡

‹•…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ‹• •‘•Ž‹•‡ƒ” ƒ• …ƒ• „‡ •‡‡• ‹• ‹‰—”‡ xä ‹•‹Žƒ” –‘ ‡“ä s ™‡ “—ƒ•–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ •ƒ•‘æ’Žƒ–‡ –Š‹…••‡•• ƒ• D :P; L D5 D:P; L >Û E IÛ P D:P; L D6

ˆ‘” P Q P5áÛ ˆ‘” P5áÛ O P O P6áÛ ˆ‘” P R P6áÛ

Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–ƒ•– ˆ‹– ƒ• •Š‘™• ‹• ‹‰—”‡ x „Žƒ…• •‘Ž‹† Ž‹•‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹• ƒ• ‹•‹–‹ƒŽ –Š‹…••‡•• ‘ˆ Šs ± wäs ¬ räu •• ƒ•† ƒ ˆ‹•ƒŽ –Š‹…••‡•• ‘ˆ Št ± yäs ¬ räs ••ä

Š‡ ’‡”‹‘† s ‡•†• ƒ–

–sáŠ ± yz ¬ su •‹• ƒ•† ’‡”‹‘† t ƒ– –táŠ ± szr ¬ t •‹•ä Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‹…••‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‹• •Š ± rärtr ¬ rärrs •• •‹•æs ‹• ’‡”‹‘† tä ‹•…‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ƒ•† –Š‹…••‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‰”‘™ Ž‹•‡ƒ” ‹• ’‡”‹‘† t ‹– ‹• •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”† –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹ƒ•‡–‡”• ‰”‘™ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘•ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ •“—ƒ”‡ ”‘‘– ‘ˆ –‹•‡ä Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡á ™‡ “—ƒ•–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ƒ• @ :P; L @5 @:P; L @5 E G ¥P F P5á× @:P; L @6

ˆ‘” P Q P5á× ˆ‘” P5á× O P O P6á× ˆ‘” P R P6á×

Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ —•‹•‰ ‡“ä u ˆ‘” ‹•–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ‹• •Š‘™• ‹• ‹‰—”‡ x ”‡† •‘Ž‹† Ž‹•‡ ä

•‹•‰ –Š‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šá –Š‡ ‹•‹–‹ƒŽ –‹•‡ ™Š‡• –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‹”•–

‘„•‡”˜‡† ‹• –sá† ± xz ¬ tä

Š‡ ‡•† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ‹• P6á× L P5á× E

:@6 F @5 ;6 G 6 ‹• ± szr ¬ w •‹•ä Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š …‘••–ƒ•– ‹• • ± räxws ¬ rärt{ •• •s tä ACS Paragon Plus Environment

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‘™ ™‡ …ƒ• …‘•’ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡•ï –Š‹…••‡••á D6 :P; L IÛ á ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” †‹ƒ•‡–‡”á @6 :P; L G kt ¥P F P5á× oá ˆ‘” –‹•‡• „‡–™‡‡• –sá† ƒ•† –tá†ä ‹‰—”‡ y †‡•‘••–”ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ‹• ƒ– ƒ•› –‹•‡ Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ• –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡‹‰Š– ”‡† •‘Ž‹† ƒ•† „Žƒ…• †ƒ•Š‡† Ž‹•‡á ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ä Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡•á @6 :P; D6 :P; L G kt IÛ ¥P F P5á× oá ƒŽŽ‘™• ƒ †‹”‡…– …‘•’ƒ”‹•‘• „Ž—‡ †‘––‡† Ž‹•‡ ‹• ‹‰—”‡ y ä Š—•á –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ‹• sx –‹•‡• Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ• –Šƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡

7KLFNQHVV >QP@

Š‡‹‰Š– ƒ– – ± x{ •‹• ƒ•† †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• –‘ säw –‹•‡• ƒ– – ± sy{ •‹• ‹•†‹…ƒ–‡† „› ƒ””‘™• ä

'LDPHWHU >QP@

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Langmuir

7LPH >PLQ@ ‹‰—”‡ xä ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ •‹œ‡ ’ƒ”ƒ•‡–‡”• ƒ• ƒ ˆ—•…–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘• –‹•‡ä ‹˜‡• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ •‡ƒ• †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ‘ˆ •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• „Ž—‡ …”‘••‡• ƒ– – ¶ xr •‹• ’‡”‹‘† s ä – Žƒ–‡” –‹•‡• –Š‹…••‡••‡• ƒ•† †‹ƒ•‡–‡”• ‘ˆ ’Žƒ–‡æŽ‹•‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ’Ž‘––‡† „Žƒ…• …‹”…Ž‡• ƒ•† ”‡† •“—ƒ”‡•á ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› †—”‹•‰ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ ‰”‘™‹•‰ ƒ– xr •‹• ´ – ´ szr •‹• ’‡”‹‘† t ƒ•† ƒ• ˆ—ŽŽæ‰”‘™• •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• – µ szr •‹• ’‡”‹‘† u ä


5DWLR RI JURZWK UDWHV

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*URZWK UDWHV >QP PLQ@

Langmuir

7LPH >PLQ@ ‹‰—”‡ yä ”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‹…••‡•• ƒ•† †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ‹• ’‡”‹‘† t „Žƒ…• †ƒ•Š‡† ƒ•† ”‡† •‘Ž‹† Ž‹•‡á ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ä Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‹…••‡••‡• ‹• D6 :P; L IÛ ± rärtr ¬ rärrs •• •‹•æsä Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ•‡–‡”• ‹• @6 :P; L G kt ¥P F P5á× oá ™‹–Š • ± räxws ¬ rärt{ •• •s

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ƒ•† –sá† ± xz ¬ tä

Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡• ‹• @6 :P; D6 :P; L G

kt IÛ ¥P F P5á× o „Ž—‡ †‘––‡† Ž‹•‡ ä Š‹• ”ƒ–‹‘ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ˆ”‘• sx ƒ– – ± x{ •‹• –‘ säw ƒ– – ± sy{ •‹• ‹•†‹…ƒ–‡† „› ƒ””‘™• ä

Š‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘•á Ö – ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ƒ• ƒ ˆ—•…–‹‘• ‘ˆ –‹•‡ ™‡”‡ †‡–‡”•‹•‡† ƒ• †‡•…”‹„‡† ”‡…‡•–Ž›átv ƒ•† †‹•’Žƒ›‡† ‹• ‹‰—”‡ zä ‹•…‡ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡• Ž‹•‡ƒ”Ž› ‹• ’Šƒ•‡ t ™‡ “—ƒ•–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ –‹•‡ †‡’‡•†‡•…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘• ƒ•ƒŽ‘‰‘—•Ž› –‘ ‡“ä s ä Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ”‡ ‰‹˜‡• ‹• ‹‰—”‡ zä ‘” –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘• ™‡ ˆ‘—•† –Šƒ– ’‡”‹‘† s ‡•†• ƒ– –sáÖ± xu ¬ t •‹• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘• ‹• Ö –sáÖ ± rä

Š‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘• ‘ˆ –”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š ƒ

•Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ •Ö ± sär{ ¬ rärv - sræy •‹•æs „‡–™‡‡• –sáÖ ƒ•† –táÖä –táÖ ± syx ¬ u •‹• ™Š‡”‡ Ö –táÖ ± sätv ¬ rärv - sræwä

‡”‹‘† u „‡‰‹•• ƒ–

—Ž–‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ˆ‹•ƒŽ ˜‘Ž—•‡

ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘• ™‹–Š –Š‡ „—Ž• †‡••‹–› ‘ˆ ‰‘Ž† ‰‹˜‡• ƒ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ ‰‘Ž† …‘•…‡•–”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ rätvw ‰ æsä

Š‹• ‹• ƒ„‘—– sy¨ Ž‡•• –Šƒ• –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ …‘•…‡•–”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ rät{w ‰

æs

‰‘Ž† ‹• ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‰‘Ž†

•ƒŽ– —•‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ •›•–Š‡•‹•ä Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡á ™‡ …ƒ• ‡•–‹•ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– ƒ„‘—– zu¨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘Ž† ‹• ˆ‹•ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘—•† ‹• –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡•ä


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‹‰—”‡ zä Š‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ˆ”ƒ…–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ƒ• ƒ ˆ—•…–‹‘• ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘• –‹•‡ä ‘Ž‹† Ž‹•‡• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ …‘””‡•’‘•†‹•‰ …—”˜‡ ˆ‹–•ä

9ROXPH >QP @

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0RODU PDVV >J PRO@

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

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7LPH >PLQ@ ‹‰—”‡ {ä

‡ƒ• ˜‘Ž—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ• ƒ ˆ—•…–‹‘• ‘ˆ –‹•‡ ƒ•† …‘””‡•’‘•†‹•‰ …—”˜‡ ˆ‹–

•“—ƒ”‡• ƒ•† •‘Ž‹† Ž‹•‡á ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž› ä Š‡ ”‹‰Š– ƒš‹• ‹• –Š‡ •‘Žƒ” •ƒ•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ’”‡•—•‹•‰ –Š‡ •ƒ•‡ †‡••‹–› ƒ• ‰‘Ž† ‹• „—Ž• •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ s{äu ‰ …•uä

‹‰—”‡ { •Š‘™• –Š‡ –‹•‡ †‡’‡•†‡•– ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ƒ•† •‘Žƒ” •ƒ•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡•ä Š‡ Ž‹•‡ƒ” ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡ ‹• –Š‡ •‡ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ™‹–Š –‹•‡ …ƒ• „‡ †‡•…”‹„‡† „› ƒ †‹ˆˆ—•‹‘•æŽ‹•‹–‡†

•–™ƒŽ† ”‹’‡•‹•‰äur

—‡ –‘ –Š‡ †‡…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ •—’‡”•ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘• ‹• ƒ

…Ž‘•‡† •›•–‡• ••ƒŽŽ‡” …”›•–ƒŽ• ™‹–Š ƒ ”ƒ†‹—• ” „‡Ž‘™ ƒ …”‹–‹…ƒŽ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ”


•—•– †‹••‘Ž˜‡

Langmuir

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™Š‡”‡ƒ• Žƒ”‰‡” …”›•–ƒŽ• ™‹–Š ”µ” •—•– ‰”‘™äus

Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• ‹• –Š‡”•‘†›•ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ›

’”‡ˆ‡””‡†á ƒ•† …ƒ• „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹•‡† ˆ‘” Žƒ”‰‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• „› ƒ •ƒ–Š‡•ƒ–‹…ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šá †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† „›

‹ˆ•Š‹–œá

Ž›‘œ‘˜á ƒ•†

ƒ‰•‡”äutáuu

• •‹–— –‹•‡ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡†

•‡ƒ•—”‡•‡•–• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ ”Š‘†‹—• ƒ•† ’ƒŽŽƒ†‹—• •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ‹• ƒ• ƒ“—‡‘—• ‡–Šƒ•‘Ž •‘Ž—–‹‘• ‹• ’”‡•‡•…‡ ‘ˆ

’”‘…‡‡†‡† ˜‹ƒ ƒ•

•–™ƒŽ† ”‹’‡•‹•‰æ

„ƒ•‡† ‰”‘™–Š •‡…Šƒ•‹••áur ‹• …‘•–”ƒ•– –‘ ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•äuv

uäwä

”‘™–Š •‡…Šƒ•‹••

ƒ•‡† ‘• –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• •Š‘™• Š‡”‡ –Š‡ –‹•‡ †‡’‡•†‡•– ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹‘• ’”‘…‡•• …ƒ• „‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹•–‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡•– ’‡”‹‘†•ã

æ

‡”‹‘† ã ræxr •‹•

• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Š‘—” –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• †‡–‡”•‹•‡† „›

‹• “—‹–‡

…‘••–ƒ•– ƒ– xäw ¬ räv ••á ‹•†‹…ƒ–‹•‰ –Šƒ– •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”•‡†ä

Š‡•‡

•ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”•‡† ƒ– –Š‡ „‹Žƒ›‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‹š‡† ˜‡•‹…Ž‡• „› ƒ ò…Žƒ••‹…ƒŽó •—…Ž‡ƒ–‹‘• ’”‘…‡••ä ••‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—Ž–‹˜‡•‹…—Žƒ” ˜‡•‹…Ž‡• …‘•’ƒ”‡ ‹‰—”‡ s á ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ •—•„‡” ‘ˆ Œ—•…–‹‘• ’‘‹•–• „‡–™‡‡• –Š‡

’Š‘•’Š‘Ž‹’‹† „‹Žƒ›‡”• ‹• •—…Š Š‹‰Š‡” ‹• •‹•‹Žƒ”‹–› –‘

–—„—Žƒ” •‡–™‘”••át{ –Š‡ Ž‘…ƒŽ …‘•…‡•–”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‹•†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ˆ‘”•‡† ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡†ä

•‹…”‘‰”ƒ’Š•á ’‡”ˆ‘”•‡† ƒˆ–‡” xr •‹•—–‡•á ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡

•ƒ•‘…”›•–ƒŽŽ‹–‡• „—‹Ž† —’ •‘ˆ– ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ ƒ„‘—– syr •• ‹• •‹œ‡ä – …ƒ• „‡ ƒ••—•‡† –Šƒ–

’Žƒ›• ƒ• ‹•’‘”–ƒ•– ”‘Ž‡ ‹• –Š‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘• ’”‘…‡••á ‹• ƒ•ƒŽ‘‰› –‘ –Š‡

”‡•—Ž–• •Š‘™• „› —Œƒ• ‡– ƒŽätx ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ”‡•—Ž–• ™‹–Š

æ

•Š‘™• •‹•‹Žƒ” ‡ˆˆ‡…–•txá ™Š‹…Š ‡š’Žƒ‹•• ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›

’Š‘•’Š‘Ž‹’‘• ˜‡•‹…Ž‡•ätr

‡”‹‘† ã xr æszr •‹• •‡ƒ•—”‡•‡•–• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ƒˆ–‡” ‘•‡ Š‘—” ˆŽƒ– •ƒ•‘…”›•–ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”•‡†ä Š‡ ‹•‹–‹ƒŽ

’Žƒ–‡Ž‡– –Š‹…••‡•• ‘ˆ wäs ¬ räu •• ‹• ‹•…”‡ƒ•‡† ‘•Ž› •ƒ”‰‹•ƒŽ —’ –‘ yäs ¬ räs ••á ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—•‡ ƒ•† •‘Žƒ” •ƒ••

‹‰—”‡ { ƒ”‡

‹•…”‡ƒ•‡† Ž‹•‡ƒ”Ž›ä Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‹• Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ †‹”‡…–‹‘• ‹• sx –‹•‡• Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ• ‹• ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ †‹”‡…–‹‘•ä Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• …ƒ• „‡ ™‡ŽŽ †‡•…”‹„‡† „› ƒ• •–™ƒŽ† ”‹’‡•‹•‰æ„ƒ•‡† ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡•ä

‡”‡„› –Š‡ ’”‡Ž‹•‹•ƒ”› ˆ‘”•‡† ••ƒŽŽ •ƒ•‘…”›•–ƒŽ• ™‹–Š ”´”

†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ” ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ ˆŽƒ– •ƒ•‘’Žƒ–‡Ž‡–• ‹• –Š‡ ’‡”‹’Š‡”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡• ‰”‘™ —’ –‘ …‘”ƒŽæŽ‹•‡ •–”—…–—”‡•ä


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æ

‡”‹‘†

ã szr twr •‹•

ˆ–‡” szr •‹•—–‡• –Š‡ ‰”‘™‹•‰ ’”‘…‡•• ‹• Ž‡˜‡Ž‡† ‘ˆˆ ”‡•—Ž–‹•‰ ‹• …‘••–ƒ•– •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ †‹ƒ•‡–‡”á ˜‘Ž—•‡ ƒ•† •‘Žƒ” •ƒ••ä

Š‡

•‹…”‘‰”ƒ’Š• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡

ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡• †‡…‘•’‘•‡ ‹•–‘ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ƒ•† •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ä

Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† •‡…Šƒ•‹••• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡•‡”‰‡–‹…ƒŽŽ› —•ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ•‹•‘–”‘’‹… •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ˆƒŽŽ ‹•–‘ –™‘ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• æ

„› ƒ††‹•‰ •›••‡–”› „”‡ƒ•‹•‰ …‘•’‘—•†• ƒ†•‘”„‹•‰ –‘ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… …”›•–ƒŽ ˆƒ…‡•

æ

„› —•‹•‰ –‡•’Žƒ–‡ ’Šƒ•‡• ƒ• •’ƒ…‡æ…‘•ˆ‹•‹•‰ •–”—…–—”‡•ä

• ‘—” …ƒ•‡ „‘–Š •‡…Šƒ•‹••• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ•…‡á –Š‹• •‡ƒ••á –Š‡ –‡•’Žƒ–‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‡•‹…Ž‡• ƒ•† –Š‡ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡•–‹ƒŽ ƒ†•‘”’–‹‘• ‘ˆ …ƒ’’‹•‰ ƒ‰‡•–•á ‹ä‡äá —” ”‡…‡•–Ž› ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†

ƒ•† ƒŽ Š ‹• ƒ”„ä

‹•˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‡šŠ‹„‹–

˜‡”› Žƒ”‰‡ sss „‘––‘• ƒ•† –‘’ ˆƒ…‡• ƒ•† –™‹• ’Žƒ•‡• ‘”‹‡•–‡† ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž –‘ –Š‡ •—„•–”ƒ–‡ ’Žƒ•‡ ™‹–Š ƒŽ–‡”•ƒ–‹•‰ …‘•…ƒ˜‡ ƒ•† …‘•˜‡š •‹†‡ ˆƒ…‡•äy Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡á –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‹• Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ †‹”‡…–‹‘• ‹• ’”‡ˆ‡””‡† ƒ– –Š‡ …‘•…ƒ˜‡ •‹†‡ ˆƒ…‡•á ƒ……‘”†‹•‰ –‘ –Š‡ •‘†‡Ž ’”‘’‘•‡† „› ‘ˆ–‘• ƒ•† ‹‰•—•†äuw

ƒ•† ƒŽ Š ‹• ƒ”„ …ƒ• „‹•† •‡Ž‡…–‹˜‡Ž› –‘ sss ˆƒ…‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡

’Žƒ–‡Ž‡–• ƒ•† …ƒ• –Š‡”‡„› ”‡†—…‡ –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‹• ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ †‹”‡…–‹‘•äux ‘•ˆ‹•‡•‡•– ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‹• –Š‡ …‘”ƒŽæŽ‹•‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ •–”—…–—”‡ –‡•’Žƒ–‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ˆ—”–Š‡”•‘”‡ ‹•ˆŽ—‡•…‡ –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘’Žƒ–‡Ž‡–• •—„•‡“—‡•–Ž› ’”‘…‡‡†‡† ˜‹ƒ ƒ †‹ˆˆ—•‹‘•æŽ‹•‹–‡†

•–™ƒŽ†

”‹’‡•‹•‰æ„ƒ•‡† •‡…Šƒ•‹••ä ‹‰—”‡ sr •—••ƒ”‹œ‡ ‘—” ”‡•—Ž–• ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ –Š‡ –‹•‡ †‡’‡•†‡•– ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹‘• ƒ•† †‡…‘•’‘•‹–‹‘•ä

‹‰—”‡ srä ‹•‡ †‡’‡•†‡•– ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡ ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹‘• ‹• ƒ ˜‡•‹…—Žƒ” –‡•’Žƒ–‡ ’Šƒ•‡ä


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vä ‹•‡ †‡’‡•†‡•–

•‡ƒ•—”‡•‡•–• ‹• …‘•„‹•ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š

ƒ•†

æ˜‹•

•’‡…–”‘•…‘’‹… ‹•˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•• ƒŽŽ‘™ ƒ •‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† •‡…Šƒ•‹•–‹… ‹•–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‰‘Ž† •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ‹• ƒ •—Ž–‹˜‡•‹…—Žƒ”

’Š‘•’Š‘Ž‹’‹† –‡•’Žƒ–‡ ’Šƒ•‡ä

• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ’‡”‹‘† •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ •ƒ•‘’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”•‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ˜‡•‹…Ž‡ •—”ˆƒ…‡á ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ– –Š‡ Œ—•…–‹‘• ’‘‹•–• ‹••‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—Ž–‹˜‡•‹…—Žƒ” ˜‡•‹…Ž‡•á ™Š‹…Š „—‹Ž† —’ •‘ˆ– ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡• ‹• ’”‡•‡•…‡ ‘ˆ

ä • –Š‡ •‡…‘•† –‹•‡ ’‡”‹‘† ƒ– –Š‡‹” ’‡”‹’Š‡”‹‡• •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡• ƒ”‡

ˆ‘”•‡†á ™Š‹…Š ‰”‘™ —’ ˜‹ƒ ƒ•

•–™ƒŽ† ”‹’‡•‹•‰æ„ƒ•‡† •‡…Šƒ•‹•• sx –‹•‡• ˆƒ•–‡” ‹•

Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ –Šƒ• ‹• ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ †‹”‡…–‹‘•ä …‘•’‘•‡•–•á ‹ä‡äá

—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ†•‘”’–‹‘• ‘ˆ •›••‡–”› „”‡ƒ•‹•‰

ƒ•† –Š‡ ’‘Ž›ƒ•’Š‘Ž›–‡ ƒŽ Š ‹• ƒ”„á ‘• –Š‡ sss ˆƒ…‡–• ƒ•† –Š‡

…‘•ˆ‹•‡•‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘”ƒŽæŽ‹•‡ •–”—…–—”‡• –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‹• ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ †‹”‡…–‹‘• ‹• Š‹•†‡”‡†ä Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡á –Š‡ ’Žƒ–‡Ž‡– –Š‹…••‡•• ‹• Ž‡˜‡Ž‡† ‘ˆˆ ƒ– yäs •• ƒ•† –Š‡ †‹ƒ•‡–‡” ƒ– tu ••ä ‘ ˜‡”‹ˆ› –Š‡ ƒ†•‘”’–‹‘• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ ˆƒ…‡–• ‹• •‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Žá

á ’Š‘•’Š‘Ž‹’‘• ƒ•† ƒŽ Š ‹• ƒ”„ ‘• sss ‰‘Ž†

•‹•—Žƒ–‹‘•• ƒ”‡ ‹• ’”‘‰”‡••ä ‹•ƒŽŽ›á –Š‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡• †‡…‘•’‘•‡

‹•–‘ •’Š‡”‹…ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡• ƒ•† ˜‡”› •–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆŽƒ– •ƒ•‘–”‹ƒ•‰Ž‡•á ™Š‹…Š …ƒ• „‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† „› ƒ ’‘Ž›‡Ž‡…–”‘Ž›–‡ •‹…‡ŽŽ‡ †‡’Ž‡–‹‘• ˆŽ‘……—Žƒ–‹‘•äv

’”‘…‡†—”‡ –‘ •›•–Š‡•‹œ‡ ‘•Ž›

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Page 20 of 22

äâ •”ƒ„ƒŽƒ•á ä ä Šƒ’‡æ…‘•–”‘ŽŽ‡† •›•–Š‡•‹• ‘ˆ •‡–ƒŽ

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