Overview of Coatings for Advanced Applications - American Chemical

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Overview of Coatings for Advanced Applications 1

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P. Zarras , T. Wood , B. Richey , and B. C. Benicewicz Downloaded by PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on July 12, 2012 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: August 30, 2007 | doi: 10.1021/bk-2007-0962.ch001

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Polymer Science and Engineering Branch (Code 498200D), Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, Department of the Navy, 1900 North Knox Road (Stop 6303), China Lake, C A 93555-6106 Rohm and Haas Company, 727 Norristown Road, Springhouse, PA 19477-0904 Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY 12180-3590 2

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This American Chemical Society book will provide a detailed overview of the many advances in coatings technology over the past decade. The book "New Developments in Coatings Technology" is based on the Fall National American Chemical Society Meeting symposium held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August, 22-26, 2004. The book will cover such diverse topics as electroactive polymers (EAPs), meta-rich primers and organofunctional silanes for replacements of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) based pretreatments and primers. Anti-fouling and foul release coatings are discussed in this volume. Laboratory methods are examined in this section to evaluate the best performing anti-fouling and foul release coatings. Specialty coatings with an emphasis on sensing based applications and environmentally benign coatings are also presented. The final section of this book will examine recent developments in monitoring a coating's performance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and calorimetry methods are a select few of the techniques that will be discussed in this volume. This book will give the reader a sense of the many varied applications that coatings can be used for as well as the methods needed to evaluate them.

© 2007 American Chemical Society

In New Developments in Coatings Technology; Zarras, P., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2007.

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Introduction The earliest coating materials were natural resins that were used by the ancients. In the 12 century, several reports are found on combining natural resins with chemically hardening natural oils (7). The last century saw the development of the production line which facilitated the onset of industrial scale painting. Quick drying paints and faster coating processes allowed for the growth of the "coatings industry." Coatings are used for a variety of applications. These applications include protection from environmental factors, beautifying structures by changing their surface properties and coatings that "react to" and "sense" their environment, alternatively referred to as "intelligent coatings." In this volume series the term "coating" will apply to both surface coatings and paints. In the strictest sense, the term "surface coating" refers to any material that is applied as a thin continuous layer, whereas, the term "paint" refers to any pigmented materials used in a film layer(s) (2).

Downloaded by PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on July 12, 2012 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: August 30, 2007 | doi: 10.1021/bk-2007-0962.ch001

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Anticorrosion Coatings Corrosion is the destructive result of chemical reactions that occur between a metal or a metal alloy and its environment (3). Corrosion impacts many aspects of our daily lives, and various estimates put the costs to the U S economy between 100-300 billion dollars annually (4,5). The most striking features of the corrosion process are the immense variety of conditions under which it occurs and the large number of forms in which it appears (6). Corrosion affects all structural materials and infrastructure of society which can cause in many cases grave economic consequences or life-threatening situations. There are numerous infrastructure items that can be significantly damaged and eventually destroyed by corrosion. These structures include pipelines, bridges, automobiles, storage tanks, airplanes and ships (both military and commercial). The most common environments for corrosion to occur are in natural waters, atmospheric moisture, rain and man-made solutions (such as storage tanks). In this section several recent developments in corrosion inhibiting pretreatments and primers will be discussed. Electroactive polymers (EAPs) have been investigated for the past two decades for their corrosion-inhibiting properties (7-9). Chapters 2, 4 and 5 present recent developments of EAPs for corrosion-inhibition using polypyrrole and magnesium rich primers on A1 2024-T3, poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivatives as alternative pretreatment coatings for replacing chromate conversion coatings (CCC) and poly(acrylates)/poly(acrylamides) containing oligoaniline side chains are presented. Additional chapters on corrosioninhibiting coatings encompass organofunctional silanes as "super primers",


3 organic/inorganic hybrid based adhesion promoter/corrosion inhibiting coatings and synthetic inorganic ion-exchange compounds as pigments in organic coatings that can store and release non-Cr(VI) inhibitors.


Antifouling Coatings In addition to corrosion-inhibiting coatings, anti-fouling/foul-release coatings are examined in this section. Marine biofouling is a serious and costly problem resulting in loss of operating efficiency of marine vessels (10). Due to increased environmental regulations, coatings derived from copper and tin are banned due to their toxic effects on marine life (11). The regulation of antifouling paints has drastically increased over the past decade. More stringent rules are expected across the world requiring developers of anti-fouling coatings to comply with future regulations in order to minimize the environmental impact on marine life (12). Alternative coatings are therefore presented in this section that addresses this ongoing problem. Chapter 6 presents recent developments on silicone based coatings that possess non-leaching/non-metallic biocidal and foul-release components. A high-throughput method is described in this chapter to maximize efficiency in the design and evaluation of these coatings. Chapter 7 also examines laboratory-based methods to evaluate the effectiveness of foulrelease and anti-fouling coatings.

Specialty Coatings In this section, several chapters will be presented that focus on "intelligent coatings" that can respond to their environment and coatings that are "environmentally friendly." These environmentally friendly coatings are characterized by their low volatile organic content (VOC) and compliance with environmental regulations. A contaminant-sensing coating is presented in Chapter 11. This coating is water-based, plutonium and uranium sensing and can decontaminate surfaces. This coating exhibits responsive behavior by indicating areas of contamination. Several additional chapters presented in this section focus on environmentally friendly coatings, metal replacement using polyamides, U V cured coatings for improved exterior durability of metals, UV-curable waterborne PUDs and polyimide coatings for optical devices.


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Techniques for Measuring a Coatings Performance The final section of this book examines several techniques that can evaluate a coatings performance. UV-visible, IR, D S C , M S are several analytical techniques that are used to measure the surface and depth profiling of films. Simulated atmospheric, salt-spray and immersion tests are used to evaluate coatings for their coirosion-inhibiting performance (13). Electrochemical testing methods are effective tools for understanding the mechanisms of corrosion. Specifically, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been extensively used to evaluate the properties of coatings in a corrosive environment (14). A combinatorial screening process flow is described in Chapter 16. This method was employed to design and optimize sensor materials. The use of quartz crystal microbalance /heat conduction calorimetry is presented in Chapter 17. This analytical technique measures small mass changes in films which allowed the author to monitor the curing of commercial alkyd spray enamel. The final chapter (Chapter 19) examines chromate-free coatings using EIS. ΕΑΡ and nonfluorinated pentosiloxane coatings were examined for corrosioninhibition and anti-fouling performance respectively.

References 1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

Goldschmidt, Α., and Streitberger, H-J., B A S F Handbook of Coating Technology, Vincentz Network, Germany, Chapter 1, pp. 15-25, 2003. Lambourne, R.; In Paint Composition and Applications-Α General Introduction, Lambourne, R. and Strivens, Τ. Α., Paint and Surface Coatings -Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, William Andrew Publishing, 1999, Chapter 1, p. 3. Marek, M. I., Thermodynamics of Aqueous Corrosion, in ASM Handbook, ed., J. R. Davis., et. a l., Vol. 13, Corrosion, ASM International, 1987, p. 18. Lu, W - K . , Basak, S., and Elsenbaumer, R. L . , Corrosion Inhibition of Metals by Conductive Polymers, in Handbook of Conducting Polymers, eds., T. A . Skotheim, R. L . Elsenbaumer and J. R. Reynolds, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998, p. 881. Brumbaugh, D., AMPITIAC Newsletter, 1999, 3(1), 1 Uhling, H . H . , and Reive, R. W., Corrosion and Corrosion Control, Wiley, New York, 1985. Mengoli, G., Munari, M . T., Bianco, P., nd Musiana, M . M . , J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1981, 26, 4247. DeBerry, D . W., J. Electrochem. Soc., 1985, 132, 1022.



5 9. Ahmand, Ν., and MacDiarmid, A . G., Bull Am. Phys. Soc., 1987, 32, 548. 10. Efimenko, K . , and Genzer, J., Functional-Siloxane-based Foul-Release Coatings: Preparation and Properties, Pacific Polymer Federation Proceedings, December 11-14, 2005, The Westin Maui, American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, Session F#12. 11. Alzieu, C. L., Mar. Poll. Bull., 1986, 17, 494. 12. I M O (2001), Antifouling systems-International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships. Resolution 3-Approval and test methodologies for anti-fouling systems on ships. p. 29. 13. Davis, J. R. Corrosion: Undestanding the Basics, ASM International, Ohio, 2000, Chapter 11, pp. 427-487. 14. Mansfeld, F., J. Appl. Electrochem., 1995, 25, 187.


Overview of Coatings for Advanced Applications - American Chemical

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