PAINTS FRANCIS SCOFIELD,
National Paint, Varnish
and Lacquer Association, Znc., Washington, D . C.
*
a
T h e outstanding development of the past 2 years in the field of coatings has been the wide acceptance of latex paints, particularly for interior use. Activity in fire-retardant paints has been high, and there continues to be great interest in the development of more satisfactory and generally applicable coatings for the prevention of corrosion of metals.
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N L I K E many other fields,. the paint industry does not lend itself readily t o divisions into compartments by time, and its new products can hardly ever be said t o originate in a particular year. This is because the testing and evaluation of materials and formulations require prolonged exposures under a variety of conditions. While accelerated test methods are used t o some extent, they are of doubtful value, except as a general guide or screening mechanism, and the formulator is obliged t o await the results of practical applications before deciding t o go ahead with a new development. For this reason this review largely ignores the recent inventions and suggestions which appear in the patent and other literature and which will not appear in practical formulations for years, if ever. Also largely ignored are new developments in raw materials and test methods which are of primary concern to the paint formulator. The emphasis has been on discussions of the behavior of available coating systems, in practice. LATEX PAINTS
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also the subject of a symposium before the AMERICANCHEMICAL soCIETY. In this, the value of fireretardant paints was discussed by Cook(30)andYockers (141). Schuyten, Weaver, and Reid (114) showed that flameproofing agents for cellulose probably react through a dehydrated type of mechanism and indicated the types of additives that might be expected to be most successful. Weil, Mod, and Chapman (136)described coatings suitable for use on acoustical material, and Lasch (75)discussed the use of fire-retardant materials in aircraft. Murray, Liberti, and Allen (90) and Zola (142) covered the practical aspects, with some attention to the differences in results obtained withdifferenttests. Grubb and Cranmer (66) described a testing set-up intended to simulate service conditions on naval vessels. The problem of testing these products is a serious one, since different materials vary widely in merit depending upon the type of hazard t o which they are exposed, The problem of suitable test methods has been discussed by Steiner (120), Hubbard ( 6 6 ) , and the National Fire Protection Association ( 7 ) . Audige (16) has summarized the French view and D’Isabella (42) the Italian. Duggan ( 4 6 ) believes that fire-retardant paints of the insulating type have a definite place, not only on combustible surfaces but also in the protection of steel from damaging high temperature.
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Undoubtedly the surprising growth of water-thinned paints, based on butadiene-styrene latices, is one of the most important developments during the past 2 years. From a negligible production in 1948, latex paints have reached a volume which has been estimated by Wise (138) a t nearly 40,000,000 gallons in 1952. The subject was of sufficient interest to inspire a symposium a t the AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY meeting in the fall of 1952, a t which many of the theoretical and practical aspects were dealt with (22, 27,4O, 41,64,60,86,89,91,119,121,143). Parker (98) has also discussed the formulation and manufacture of these coatings. The relative merits of latex and oil-based paints and the proper place of each in the coating field have been the subjects of some controversy. The Baltimore Production Club (16) has reported a comparison of representative materials of each class, and the subject was debated a t length in an open forum put on before the Northwestern Production Club (11),and also the Federation (10). Jordan (69) has given the English point of view on these materials. The Northwestern Production Club (93) reported some investigations of the freeze-thaw stability of various latex compositions. Although most of the commercial products are made from butadiene-styrene copolymers of a limited range of composition, other products have been explored. D’Ianni, Hess, and Mast (37) reported on the properties of a wide range of butadienestyrene ratios. Fowler and Westerhoff (60) have reviewed a number of other types of material that might be used. Polyvinyl acetate emulsions, which are preferred in England because of the availability of the raw material, have been discussed by Bondy (as), while Wrigley, Schwartz, and Siciliano (140) have described emulsions of allyl starch. FIRE-RETARDANT COATINGS
The use of paint coatings to retard or prevent the spread of fire on combustible materials has attracted much interest and was
ANTICORROSIVE PAINTS
The problem of corrosion is always with us and continues to call for further investigation. Dorizzi (43) and Evans (48) have reviewed the theory of corrosion, as it is a t present developed, and Seymour ( 1 1 7 ) has discussed the place of coatings in a program for combating corrosion. Rudd (110), after a review of the performance of a number of types of coatings, took the position that a primer containing substantial quantities of zinc with a polystyrene vehicle was the most desirable for underwater exposure. Kittelberger and Elm ( 7 2 ) studied the diffusion of sodium chloride through paint systems and concluded that permeation of inorganic ions by a diffusion process was the principal method by which corrosion proceeds under films. Elm (46) enlarged on this point and emphasized the minor role played by discrete pores. Mayne (84) believes that the impermeability of films to ions must be accounted for by electric charges acquired after immersion. The selection of suitable paints has been dealt with by Oxley (96) who puts the principal emphasis on thick coatings, with less stress on composition, Thiede (126) has described some of the problems in a chemical plant. Lambert (74) has compared paints with alkyd and tung-linseed vehicles and demonstrated the superiority of the alkyd in the particular formulations used. The New England Club (92) has reported on a 5-year exposure of 56 metal primers. While the results on the primers, in single coats, show some trends, the systems with topcoats have not yet progressed t o the point where conclusions may be drawn. Diehlman and Beenfeldt (39) discuss the place of red lead in anticorrosive paints and recommend systems for various exposures. Davenport ( 3 4 ) discussed the tests carried on by the Ohio River Division of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, in which a wide variety of systems were tested and comparative costs were- determined. Sand in topcoats definitely gave im-
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
proved resistance t o abrasion. Among other general discussions of the finishing of metals are a paper by Sudrabin ( 1 2 2 )on supplementing conventional paint systems by cathodic protection and one by Lawrance (76)on the proper treatment of decorative lightgage steel and of wrought iron. SURFACE PREPARATION
The preparation of the surface t o be painted is one of the most important factors in getting satisfactory performance from the materials used. Liebman (80) has discussed the importance of this, both for research and for the development of the maximum service from coatings. Alexander ( 1 ) also reviewed the subject, with emphasis on current research. Cannegieter ( 2 9 ) attempte! t o relate the method of surface preparation t o the flexibility of the coatings and Bermane ( 2 1 )compared various methods of preparing sheet iron surfaces for painting. Flame cleaning (4)is very effective where it can be used, and Inskeep (68)has given some figures on the cost and rate of surface coverage for the method and discussed the necessary precautions. Phosphate coatings have a long history of use in the preparation of metal surfaces. Some of the aspects of these materials have been ), (94),and Thomassen (126). discussed by Crandell (E?Ostrander Gentieu ( 6 2 )reviews their application t o military items. SELECTION O F PAINTS FOR METALS
Although there is an obvious need for test methods that will evaluate the performance of coatings more rapidly than can be done in normal service, little work in this complicated field has been presented. A method (12) using resistance and capacitance measurements appears t o have some promise, and Britton and Sngles (24) have described a test method for adhesion by the use of cellulose adhesive tape. This allows the determination of areas where the adhesion is getting poor before the coating comes off entirely. A number of publications have dealt with the problems of particular types of exposure. The American Water Works Association (6) has prepared a tentative recommended practice for painting and repainting elevated steel water tanks, standpipes, and reservoirs. McClenahan (82) has described the specifications of the Sanitary District of Chicago for sewageworks structures. Coatings for underground pipes and cables have been discussed by Kulman ( 7 3 ) , Scott (115), and Spencer and Footner (119). Cook ( 3 2 ) has described the choice of paints for petroleum refineries in Corrosion, and also has given some case histories in the Oil and Gas Journal. hfunger ( 8 7 ) gives some examples of the use of vinyl coatings, generally on refinerles, and Resen (105)recommends the use of phenolic coatings for surfaces which can be baked. I n the marine field (other than antifouling paints), Promise1 and Mustin (103) have described some of the problems of preventing corrosion in naval aircraft, and Warnecke (133) has produced some suggestions for the use of aluminum paints for marine exposure. Veit (130) described the systems used for the protection of submersible transformers. The use of chlorinated rubber paints on air-conditioning equipment in textile mills has been described by Watson (135). Letsky ( 7 9 ) has described the finish used on refrigerators and mashing machines, with particular emphasis on melamine finishes. Real and Lancaster ( 1 9 ) tested a number of protective films for vegetable oil deodorizers, where even a trace of metal may reduce the stability of the oil being processed. None of the films tested was completely satisfactory, although several gave fairly satisfactory performance. The choice of the proper material for finishing bright chrome plate is still unsettled. McMaster (83) puts the principal emphasis on surface preparation, Fuller ( 6 1 )and Lim Poy (81) prefer melamine-alkyd finishes while Towner (128) prefers styrenated alkyds.
VOl. 45, No. 10
The finishing of the light metals is a special problem. Surface preparation is extremely important. Testro (124) has reviewed the suitable methods for aluminum, and Wray (1.39) compares various clear coatings, including acetobutyrate, ethyl cellulose, acrylic, and vinyl coatings. Zinc also gives trouble, particularly with adhesion, and methods of surface treatment and cleaning which have proved successful have been reviewed (5, 13). Britton ( 2 6 ) has described various methods for preparing tin plate. He prefers alcoholic hydrochloric acid or cathodic treatments. PAIYTS FOR WOOD
The painting of exterior wood is a n old problem but is always with us, since the evaluation of new products and formulations is a lengthy job. Russell (112) has summarized the methods of selecting a durable house paint, based on the work of the Forest Products Laboratory, while Browne and Laughnan ( 2 8 ) have shown the relation between film thickness and paint performance in a repainting program extending over 15 years. Hof ( 6 1 ) relates the properties of the wood t o the durability of the coating and emphasizes the importance of the wood being dry before it is painted. Verral (131) has discussed design factors in relation t o decay and recommended the use of lumber that has been given a preservative treatment. The blistering and subsequent peeling of paint brought about by moisture has been the subject of an extensive educational campaign by the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, and \‘annoy (129) has described a paint that showed better resistance t o blistering than is shown by most conventional paints, probably because of its higher permeability t o water. Actual field tests on this coating remain t o be performed. Moran (86) has described how plyxood with the proper coating treatment may be used in a number of special or unusual ways. Recent developments in the field of mildew- and fungusresisting paints have included a better understanding of the mechanism of mildew growth. Go11 and Hyde (53) discuss the influence of formulation on mildew growth and reemphasize the role of moisture. Vicklund and Manowitz (132) have compared eleven fungicides and have demonstrated that most of the infection comes from the surface, not through the film. Leonard and Pittman ( 7 7 ) present a statistical analysis of the performance of a large number of fungicides in insulating coatings under tropical conditions and show t h a t the vehicle, the fungicide, the concentration, and the time are all significant variables. Ruggeri (111) has reviewed the fungicidal requirements in government specifications. Ritchie (107) compared various fungicides, with particular emphasis on the derivatives of pentachlorophenol. Zinc pentachlorophenate has shown promise in some experimental applications. Richardson and Del Giudice (106) present a test method for fungicides and discuss the choice of fungicides for food processing plants; Owen ( 9 5 ) describes some tests with copper 8-quinolinolate. CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
The use of coatings of extreme chemical resistance has become a highly specialized field in which the line between coatings, mastics, and sheet materials has tended t o disappear. Tator (123) has written a comprehensive discussion of the relative merits of different materials for different types of exposure. Seymour (116) and Seymour and Steiner (118)have discussed the use of phenolic resins in such coatings, and Ijak ( 6 7 )has described the performance of a particular chlorinated polyvinyl chloride. Gusmer ( 6 7 ) and Rubin and Teeters (109) have described the use of trifluorochloroethylene polymers. Because of their extreme insolubility in all common solvents, these polymers must be applied as dispersions or as sheets and fused in place. The preparation of the surface and the methods of application are very critical. Williams (137) compares various coatings for plating racks.
Ootober 1953
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY NEWER RAW MATERIALS
METHODS OF APPLICATION
Manyof the newermaterials are just comingintotheEeldandour knowledge as t o their merits and limitations is still fragmentary. Numerous articles summarize the present state of this knowledge. The silicones are one group of these new products: Arntzen and Rowley ( 1 4 ) discuss their resistance t o common solvents, Hutchinson (66) emphasizes their heat resistance, and Cook and Kennedy (31) point out their exterior durability but also comment on rapid pigment settling and their tendency t o gel on standing. Hopper (64) has reviewed the newly developed epoxide resins, which appear t o have a wide variety of uses, but much more information is needed before their place among the raw materials is definitely established. Bromstead, Goldstein, and Glaser (86) have discussed the formulation of industrial coatings with vinyl resins, and Munger (88)has discussed the application of these resins t o refinery equipment. Hendricks and White (69)have compared 91 different stabiliaers for these resins. Among the other coating materials that are finding more uses dl the time are the amino resins, discussed by Parker (99),the cellulose acetate propionates, discussed by Roberts and Weissberg (108), and the acrylates, discussed by Dubay and Loomans (44). Grinsfelder (66)has examined the water resistance of nitrogenous resins and suggested methods of improving this weakness in these materials.
The application of coatings from the “bomb” type of aerosol dispenser is a recent, fascinating development in application methods, which has worked well for touch-up enamels and for clear coatings. Palmer and Morrow (97)have dealt with some of the formulating problems t h a t arise in making these materials. Pressure-fed brushes and rollers are another method of speeding the application of coatings, Dickinson (38) has described some of their industrial applications. Bardin ( 17 ) has discussed the advantages and drawbacks of automatic spray application. The obvious advantages of applying coatings at a high temperature have interested technologists for years, but only recently have safe and reliable sources of heat become available. One such piece of equipment is described by Bede ($0).
MISCELLANEOUS USES
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Coatings are used for such a wide variety of purposes t h a t no review could cover them all. A sampling of a few recent developmgnts is given. Some of these represent important future developments, others m e highly specialized, and some are probably curiosities only. The finishing of plastics is essentially a problem of obtaining adhesion without serious attack on the plastic or extraction of the plasticizer. Angelino ( 8 ) has compared the various methods in use. At the other extreme Pfleiderer and Machlowitz (100)describe strippable coatings for acrylic parts, where lack of adhesion is essential. Paints with highresistance t o extremes of heat have been tested by Rench (104),continuing work with the method developed by the Houston Production Club. A paint based on a silicone and zinc dust gave the best results. An aluminum paint, reported to be resistant up t o 1700’ F., has also been described (3). Hancock and Sidlow (68)describe paints based on butyl titanate and, preferably, aluminum; Warnecke ( 134) compares various organic binders with zinc or aluminum. The protection of ship bottoms, both from corrosion and from fouling, is a n important coating problem. Barnard (18) and Devoluy (36) describe the use of cathodic protection as a supplement t o paint coatings. The different approacBes t o the protection of aluminum from fouling used in the United States and in England are described by Kingcome (71). Ffield ( 4 9 ) d i 5 cussed ship bottom corrosion and has recommended t h e use of a wash primer. Deschamps (36)has described the protectian of wood from fouling and attack by borers. Among the other recent developments, Lesser (78) has described the use of ultraviolet absorbers in clear finishes for wood to prevent the darkening of the wood with time. Hoffmann (66) has suggested a number of uses t o which heat-reflecting paints may be put. Phillips (101) describes flock finishing, with emphasis on the technique, and Holm-Jensen (6‘3) describes a paint, made with zinc sulfide, which is capable of absorbing mercury vapor from the air. Threlkeld (187) has reviewed the trends in composition of traffic-marking paints. Pickett (108) justifies the severe requirements of the Army Ordnance paint specifications, describes the procurement methods, and discusses some of the tests used.
SELECTION OF COLORS
The choice of suitable colors for coatings is a problem for the psychologist, rather than the paint technologist, except as t h e color may make special demands on the formulator. Endres (47) has described the modern practices in the decoration of government offices, with reference t o efficient illumination and pleasant working conditions. The National Safety Council (8, 9) has outlined some of the uses of color in industrial plants for morale, safety, identification, and efficient operation. Finally, Ketcham (70) has reviewed the problems of design in the selection of colors for industrial products. LITERATURE CITED
(1) Alexander, A. L., Elec. Mfg., 49,112-15,258(1952). (2) Angelino, Luigi. Industria della vernice. L ’ ( M i l u n ) , 6, 65-8 (1952). (3) Anon., Foundry, 79, 251-2 (1951). (4) Anon., H a m a , 88, 1413 (1951). (5) Anon., Znd. Finishing (London), 3, 574-81 (1951). (6) Anon., J . Am. Water W o r k s Assoc., 44,747-64 (1952). (7) Anon., Natl. Fire Protect. Assoc. Quart., 45,218-24 (1952). (8) Anon., Natl. Safetz/ News, 63, No. 3, 16,30-2 (1951). (9) Zbid., 67, No. 3, 24,26-7 (1953). (10) Anon., Offc.Dig. Federation Paint & Vurnish Production Clubs, NO.335, 888-91 (1952). (11) Zbid., pp. 909-21. (12) Anon., Products Finishing, 15, No. 11, 82-90 (1951). (13) Anon., Prod. Finishing (London), 4, No. 10,40-50 (1951). (14) Arntzen, C. E., and Rowley, R. D., Materials & Methods, 35, No. 1, 82-4 (1952). (15) Audige, M.A., Peintures pigments vernis, 27, 345-51, 425-31 (1951). (16)Baltimore Paint & Varnish Production Club, Ofic.Dig., No. 334. 796-803 (1952). (17) Bardin, P. C., Znd. Finishing (Indianapolis), 27, No. 5, 36-8, 40, 42,44,46,48 (1951). (18) Barnard, K. N.,Research (London), 5, 117-25 (1952). (19) Beal, R.E., and Lancaster, E. B., J . Am. Oil Chemists’ Soc.. 28. 12-16 (1951). (20) Bede, James A., Wood Working Digest, 53, No. 3, 107;118 (1951). (21) Bermane, D., J. I r o n SteeZZnst. (London), 169,412 (1951). (22) Bixler, Dean A., IND.ENO.CHEM.,45, 73942 (1953). (23) Bondy, C., Paint, Oil & Colour J., 122,871-2 (1952). (24) Britton, C., and Angles, R. M., J . Iron Steel Inst. (London), 168,358-63 (1951). (25) Britton, S.C., Org. Finishing, 13,No. 12,9-12 (1952). (26) Bromstead, E. J., Goldstein, E. V., and Glaser, M. A.. Paint, OiZChem. Rev., 115, No. 23.22-4, 26,28,30,50-2 (1952) (27) Brown, George L.,and Scollin, James P., IND.ENG.CHEM., 45, 743-6 (1953). (28) Browne, F.L., and Laughnan, D. F., Ofic. Dig. Federation Paint & Varnish Production Clubs, No. 338, 13742 (1953). (29) Cannegieter, D.,Verfkroniek, 25, 326-9 (1952). (30) Cook, George S., presented before the Division of Paint, Plastics and Printing Ink Chemistry at the 123rd Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Los Angeles, Calif., 1953. (31) Cook, G.S., and Kennedy, G. W., O f f c . Dig. Federetion Paint & Varnish Production Clubs, 321, 629-35 (1951). (32) Cook, W.B.. Corrosion. 8. 93-9 (1952): Oil Gas J.. 50. No.45. 313-16 (1952). (33) Crandell. Melvin G.. Can. Chem. Processina. 35. 994-6. 998-9 (1951);
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY Davenport, J. A,, Corrosion, 7, 42-6 (1951). Deschamps, P., Peintures pigments vernis, 28, 607-10 (1952). Devoluy, R. P., Corrosion, 9, 2-8 (1953). D’Ianni, J. D., Hess, L. D., and Mast, W. C., IND.ENC. CHEM.,43, 319-24 (1951). Dickinson, Thomas A., Org. Finishing, 12, No. 4, 17-19 (1951). Diehlman, George, and Beenfeldt, E. L., Corrosion, 7, 88-92 (1951). Digioia, F. A., and Nelson, R. E., IND. ENG.CHEM.,45, 745-8 (1953). Dillon, R. E., Bradford, E. B., and Andrews, R. D., Jr., Ibid., 45, 728-35 (1953). D’Isabella, Vittorio, Industria vernice ( M i l a n ) , 5 , 82-4 (1951). Dorizzi, M., Peintures pigments vernis, 28, 377-82 (1952). Dubay, N., and Loomans, J., Chim. peintures, 14, 230-4 (1951). Duggan, James J., Factory Management and Maintenance, 109, NO, 11, 100-3 (1951). Elm, A. C., P a i n t Varnish Production, 41, No. 3, 14-16, 36-7 (1951). Endres, L. M., I l l u m . Eng., 46, 577-80 (1951). Evans, U. R., Chemistry & I n d u s t r y , 1951, No. 34,706-11. Ffield. Paul. Corrosion. 8. 29-48 (1952). Fuller, Goll, Milton, and Hyde, Robert, P a i n t , Oil Chem. Rev., 115, No. 9, 14 (1952). Green, Russel B., IND. EXG.CHEM.,45, 726-8 (1953). Grinsfelder, Henry, Ibid., 44, 563-8 (1952). Grubb, Robert, and Cranmer, Walter W., presented before the Division of Paint, Plastics, and Printing Ink Chemistry at the 123rd Meeting, AMERICANCHEMICALSOCIETY,Los Angeles, Calif., 1953. Gusmer, F. E., Corrosion, 8, No. 8 , 1-2 (1952). Hancock, A., and Sidlow, R., J . Oil & Colour Chemists’ Assoc., 35, 28-39 (1952) Hendricks, J. G., and White, E. L., IND. ENG.CHEM.,43,23358 (1951). Henson, W. A., Taber, D. A., and Bradford, E. B., Ibid., 45, 735-9 (1953). Hot, T., Verfkroniek, 25, 297-9 (1952). Hoffmann. F., Coke and Gas, 13, 441-3 (1951). Holm-Jensen, Ib, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol., 7,201-19 (1951). Hopper, T. R., Material and Methods, 36, No. 3, 90-3 (1952). Hubbard, R. C., Can. P a i n t & V a r n i s h Mag., 26, No. 2,7, 9-10, 12, 55 (1952). Hutchinson, I. W., Am. P a i n t J., 35, No. 20, 80, 82, 84, 86-7, 90, 92; NO. 21, pp. 62, 64, 66, 68-9 (1951). Ijak, F., Chim. peintures, 14, 261-4 (1951). Inskeep, H. V., Modern Sanit., 3, KO.1,28-30,64 (1951). Jordan, L. A., P a i n t Technol., 16, 521-4 (1951). Ketcham, Howard, Product Eng., 22, No. 8, 139-46 (1951). Kingcome, J. C., P a i n t M a n u f . , 23,5-10,29 (1953). and Elm, A. C., IND.ENG.CHEM.,44, Kittelberger, W. W., 326-9 (1952). Kulman, F. E., P a i n t V a r n i s h Production, 41, No. 8,8-14, 32-3 (1951). Lambert, M., Trav. peinture, 6, No. 3, 63-5 (1951). Lasch, Harold W., presented before the Division of Paint, Plastics, and Printing Ink Chemistry at the 123rd Meeting, AMERICAN CHEmcAL SOCIETY, Los Angeles, Calif., 1953. Lawrance, J., J . Decorative A r t , 71, Pt. 842, 79-80 (1951). Leonard, John M., and Pittman, A. L., IND.ENG.CHEM.,43, 2338-41 (1951). Lesser, M., Am. Paint J., 37, ATo. 29, 76-8 (1953). Letsky, B. M., Products Finishing, 5 , No. 12, 38-40 (1952). Liebman, A. J., Ofic. Dig. Federation P a i n t & V a r n i s h Production Clubs, No. 320, 558-72 (1951). Lim Poy, Geo., Precision Metal Molding, 10, No. 11, 38-42 (1952). McClenahan, W.T., Sewage and I n d . Wastes, 24, 1-23 (1952). McMaster, Wardley D., Plating, 38, 698-8 (1951). Mayne, J. E. O., Ofic. Dig. Federation P a i n t & V a r n i s h Production Clubs, NO. 325, 127-36 (1952). Melsheimer, Louis D., and Hoback, Waller H., IND.ENG. CHEhI., 45, 717-25 (1953). hloran, Thomas H., Western Industry, 16, No. 11, 35-7, 69 (1951). Munger, C. G., Mech. Eng., 73, 899-902 (1951). Munger, C. G., Oil Gas J., 5 0 , No. 24, 100, 103, 105-8 (1951). Murphy, E. A., IND. ENG.CHEM.,44, 756-62 (1952). Murray, T. NI., Liberti, Felix, and Allen, Austin, O., presented before the Division of Paint, Plastics, and Printing Ink Chemistry a t the 123rd Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIFITY, Los Angeles, Calif., 1953.
Vol. 45, No. 10
Naidus, Harold, IND.ENG.CHEM.,45, 712-17 (1953). New England Paint and Varnish Production Club, Am. Paint J . (Conv. D a i l y ) , 36, No. 6E, 28-9 (1951). Northwestern Paint and Varnish Production Club, 0 8 c . Dig., NO. 334, 783-8 (1952). Qstrander, C . W., Product Eng., 23, No. 9, 127-9 (1952). Owen, Lloyd A,, Modern Sanit., 5, No. 1, 33-5, 78 (1953). Oxley, G. W., Paint V a r n i s h Production, 41, No. 3, 10-13 (1951). Palmer, F. S., and Morrow, R. W., Soap Sanit. Chemicals, 28, NO. 12, 191-5, 203 (1952). Parker, Charles H., Ofic. Dig. Federation Paint & V a r n i s h Production Clubs, No. 333, 700-9 (1952). Parker, Charles H., Paint Varnish Production, 42, No. 4, 19-23, 61 (1952). Pfleidkrer, Howard G., and Machlowitz, Roy A,, A S T M Bull., NO. 178, 59-62 (1951). Phillips, A. L., Ora. Finishing, 13, No. 10, 11-4, 22 (1952). Pickett. C. F.. Offic. Dig. Federation Paint & V a r n i s h Production Clubs, No. 321, 609-14 (1951). Promisel, N. E., and Mustin, G.S.,Corrosion, 7,339-52; 377-89 (1951). Rench, Joe E., Ofic. Dig. Federation P a i n t & V a r n i s h Production Clubs, h’o. 334, 749-54 (1952). Resen, F. Lawrence, Oil Gas J , 51, No. 2, 124, 127 (1952). Richardson, J. H., and Del Giudice, V. J., Modern Sanit., 4, NO. 3, 32-7 (1952). Ritchie, W. H., P a i n t Technol., 16, 481-4 (1951). Roberts, A. G., and Weissberg, S. G., IND. ENC).CHEM.,43, 2088-98 (1951). Rubin, L. C., and Teeters, W. O., Corrosion, 9, 100-2 (1953). Rudd, H. W., P a i n t M a n u f . , 23, 41-4, 63 (1953). Ruggeri, Sam, Paint V a r n i s h Production, 41, No. 11, 16-23, 56 (1951). Russell, William, Housing and Home Finance Agency, Housing Research, 5, 17-31 (1953). Scholr, H. A., IND. ENG.CHEM.,45, 710-11 (1953). Schuyten, H. A., Weaver, J. W., and Reid, H. David, presented before the Division of Paint, Plastics, and Printing Ink Chemistry a t the 123rd Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Los Angeles, Calif., 1953. Scott, G. N.. Proc. Am. Petroleum Inst., 5 , No. 29, 19-30 (1949). Seymour, Raymond B., Corrosion, 7, 151-5 (1951). Seymour, Raymond B., Org. Finishing, 14, No. 3,9,11-15, 18 (1953). Seymour, Raymond B., and Steiner, Robert H., Corrosion, 8, 85-8 (1952). Spencer, K. A., and Footner, H. B., Chemistry & I n d u s t r y , 1953, NO, 19, 448-55. Steiner, A. J., A’atl. Fire Protect. Assoc., Quart., 45, Part 1, No. 2, 103-9 (1951). Stilbert, E. K., and Cummings, I. J., IND. ENG.CHEM.,45,74854 (1953). Sudrabin, L. P., P a i n t V a r n i s h Production, 41, No. 5, 8-11, 27 (1951). Tator, Kenneth, Chem. Eng., 59, No. 12, 144-90 (1952). Testro, H. J., P a i n t M a n u f . , 23, 86-9, 93 (1953). Thiede, R. C., Chem. Eng., 60, 344-5 (1953). Thomassen, A., Verfinstituut, Circ. No. 76 (March 1953). Threlkeld, D. S., Am. Paint J., 35, No. 49, 56-7, 60 (1951). Towner, J., Electroplating and Metal Finishing, 5,294-5 (1952). Vannoy, W. G., Am. Paint J., 36, No. 32, 82, 8.1-7 (1952). Veit, V. A., P a i n t Varnish Prod., 41, No. 3, 24-8 (1951). Verral, A. F., J . Forest Products Research SOC., 2, No. 1, 32-3 (1952). Vicklund, Richard E., and hIanowitz, Milton, P a i n t V a r n i s h Prod., 41, No. 2, 8-11, 26 (1951). Warnecke, Henning L., M a r i n e News, 38, 32 (1952). Warnecke, Henning L., P a i n t , Oil Chem. Rev., 114, No. 8,31, 33 (1951). Watson, W. T., Plant Eng., 7, 86-7 (March 1953). Weil, Alice C., Mod, George W., and Chapman, A. Watson, presented before the Division of Paint, Plastics, and Printing Ink Chemistry a t the 123rd Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, Los Angeles, Calif., 1953. Williams, J. A., Metal Finishing, 50, No. 1, 65-70 (1952). Wise, John K., IND. ENG.CHEM.,45,709 (1953). Wray, Robert I., Am. Paint J., 37, KO.12, 10, 11, 88 (1952). Wrigley, A. N., Schmartz, J. H., and Siciliano, James, Paint, oil, Chem. Rev., 114, No, 21, 40-1 (1951). Yockers, Joe R., presented before the Division of Paint, Plastics, and Printing Ink Chemistry a t the 123rd Meeting, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY,Los Angeles, Calif., 1953. Zola, John C., Ibid. Zwicker, B. hI. G., ISD.ENG.CHEM.,44, 774-86 (1952).
