Letter Cite This: Org. Lett. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
pubs.acs.org/OrgLett
Pd-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Vinyl Triflates To Afford α,βUnsaturated Aldehydes, Esters, and Amides under Mild Conditions Shaoke Zhang, Helfried Neumann, and Matthias Beller* Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Rostock 18059, Germany
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ABSTRACT: An efficient and general protocol for the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, esters, and amides via carbonylation of vinyl triflates including derivatives of camphor, ketoisophorone, verbenone, and pulegone was developed. Crucial for these transformations is the use of a specific palladium catalyst containing a pyridyl-substituted dtbpx-type ligand. This procedure also allows for an easy access of dicarbonylated products from the corresponding ketones.
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synthesis gas. On the basis of this assumption, herein, we present a general palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of vinyl triflates to afford not only α,β-unsaturated aldehydes but also esters and amides under very mild conditions. At the start of this project, we studied the reductive carbonylation of cyclohexenyl triflate (1) as the benchmark reaction. Compared to previous carbonylations of aryl and vinyl triflates, various phosphine ligands were compared under significantly milder conditions [0.5 mol % Pd(OAc)2, 0.75 equiv of tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), 5 bar CO/ H2, 60 °C]. As shown in Scheme 1, previously known ligands for this transformation such as dppf L1, dtbpf L2, dtbpx L4, and dadpx L5 gave only low yields of the desired α,βunsaturated aldehyde 2, while decomposition of the substrate was mainly observed.
ontinuing to attract the interests of researchers from academia and industry, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, especially aldehydes, constitute versatile building blocks for organic synthesis.1 In recent years, they have been used more specifically for the synthesis of biologically2 and optically3 active compounds, agrochemicals,4 pharmaceuticals,5 fullerene-based materials,6 flavors,7 natural compounds,8 polymers,9 fragrances,10 and many more. Traditionally, α,βunsaturated aldehydes were produced by oxidation of the corresponding allylic alcohols,11 Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons12 and Peterson13 olefinations, aldol condensations,14 and Mannich reactions.15 Furthermore, dehydrogenation of corresponding saturated aldehydes,16 hydroformylation of alkynes17 or vinyl bromides,18 and other methods19 have also been described. Nevertheless, there is a need for improved and generally applicable synthetic routes to these important building blocks starting from easily available substrates. In this respect, ketones are “ideal” candidates, which can be readily transformed into more reactive vinyl triflates20 and related compounds. In the 1990s, the transformation of vinyl triflates to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes was first described as a three step reaction.21 Later on, a more straightforward and atom-economical approachthe reductive carbonylation of vinyl triflateswas disclosed using silyl hydrides.22 Obviously, the use of synthesis gas (CO/H2), which is the simplest and most environmentally benign formyl source, is more appealing. In this respect, we described the first palladium-catalyzed formylations of vinyl triflates.23 However, a comparably high temperature (80−120 °C), pressure (20 bar), and catalyst loading (1.5 mol % Pd) were necessary for successful transformations, and the procedure was limited to cyclic substrates. To improve this versatile methodology, the applied ligand is of crucial importance. In recent years, we introduced a series of pyridyl-substituted phosphine ligands for various types of carbonylation reactions.24 Here, the pyridyl nitrogen atom actively participates in the activation of the cosubstrate such as alcohols, amines, etc. Thus, we had the idea that such ligands might also improve the heterolytic activation of hydrogen in © XXXX American Chemical Society
Scheme 1. Pd-Catalyzed Synthesis of Cyclohex-1enecarbaldehyde in the Presence of Different Ligandsa
a
Reaction conditions: 0.5 mmol of 1, Ar. Yields and conversions were determined by GC with n-hexadecane as standard; the values given refer to the yields of 2.
Received: March 1, 2019
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DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00765 Org. Lett. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
Letter
Organic Letters However, following the proposal of vide supra replacement of the phenyl or t-butyl group on both ligand scaffolds by 2pyridyl (L3 and L6), the desired transformation took place, and 2 was obtained in good to very good yields (60% and 82%, respectively). Testing other standard mono- and bidentate phosphines as well as specifically available ones from our laboratory gave no positive results at all (see the SI, Scheme S1). Notably, in some cases (L1 and L4), high conversion was observed, and cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic anhydride was detected as a major side-product. Further optimization of the Pd(OAc)2/L6 system revealed a strong influence of base, ligand concentration, and temperature (Table 1). As expected, a control experiment without any
Scheme 2. Substrate Scope of the Pd-Catalyzed Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydesa
Table 1. Pd-Catalyzed Synthesis of Cyclohex-1enecarbaldehyde under Various Conditionsa
entry
Pd(OAc)2 (L6)/mol %
baseb
solvent
conversion (yield)/%
1 2 3 4c 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 (0) 0.5 (0.75) 0.5 (1.5) 0.5 (1.5) 0.5 (1.5) 0.5 (1.5) 0.5 (1.5) 0.5 (1.5) 0.5 (1.5) 0.5 (1.5)
TMEDA TMEDA TMEDA TMEDA NaOtBu Na2CO3 none TMEDA TMEDA TMEDA
toluene toluene toluene toluene toluene toluene toluene THF DMF DMSO
3 (0) 38 (5) 100 (82) 54 (44) 52 (0) 20 (2) 9 (1) 100 (76) 100 (88) 100 (24)
a
Reaction conditions: 0.5 mmol of 3, Ar. Yields of isolated products. GC yield. c1.5 mol % Pd(OAc)2, 4.5 mol % L6. dL5 was used instead of L6.
a
Reaction conditions: 0.5 mmol of 1, Ar. Yields and conversions were determined by GC with n-hexadecane as standard. b0.75 equiv for TMEDA; 1.5 equiv for other bases. cReaction performed at 40 °C.
b
the formylation of linear vinyl triflates (4m and 4n), which are described here to the best of our knowledge for the first time. To further demonstrate the superiority of the 2-pyridylsubstituted ligand, control experiments were made in the presence of the previous state-of-the-art ligand L5. However, 4k and 4m were detected in
