Now in beacf form for chromatography of biologic substances...
Sephadex Ion Exchangers Because of its advantages —sta bility and inertness —Sephadex has been used to produce a new class of ion exchangers: QAE-, DEAE-, C M - and SE-Sephadex. Since their introduction they have been used extensively, particu larly in the biochemical and clin ical field. In the new bead form they will be more useful both for laboratory and m a n u f a c t u r i n g s c a l e p r o c esses. Their spherical shape gives increased mechanical s t r e n g t h and leads to e a s i e r column packing. More uniform p a r t i c l e s r e s u l t in i m p r o v e d hydrodynamic properties. All Sephadex Ion Exchangers have a high capacity and low nonspecific adsorption. They are available in two types that differ in porosity, thus offering flexibility f o r y o u r specific requirements. Sephadex Ion Ex changers are of analytic grade purity and ,are produced under rigorous quality con t r o l , t h u s e n s u r i n g u n i f o r m p r o d u c t s to give accurate and reproducible results.
Report for Analytical Chemists
usefulness in slowing down heart action as, for example, during open heart surgery. Some starfish and some sea urchins have yielded ste roids which are chemically similar to digitalis, a potent cardiac drug. A substance derived from clams has exhibited some antitumor properties on mice. It would seem that virtually all types of chemical, analytical, and bioanalytical techniques could prof itably be employed in further re search and development in the area of bioactive marine natural prod ucts, from fish and other types of marine organisms. One of the spe cific desiderata worthy of particular stress is that it would be highly desirable to study the various sub stances close to where they are found, rather than storing and ship ping them to central research cen ters far from the sea and thus run ning the risk of change in their chemical and biological character istics. Kelp and other forms of marine algae, as well as fish, are possible sources of biologically active sub stances. One of the present author's colleagues, Professor Solomon Marmor, is currently heading an active research effort in this direction. Education and Personnel
Model experiment with glycogen, glucose, sugar phosphates and adenosine phosphates on a column of DEAE-Sephadex A-25. (From Biochim. Biophys. Acta 7 4 (1963) 5 8 8 , by permission of the author)
Anion Exchangers Type
Grade
QAESephadex QAESephadex DEAESephadex DEAESephadex
Ionic Form
Capacity (meq/g)
Bed Volume 1 (ml/g)
A-25 40-120/-
CI
-
3 0 ± 0.4
5-8
A-50 40-120(1
Cl~
3 0 ± 04
30-40
A-25
CI "
3 5 ± 0.5
5-9
3.5 ± 0.5
25-33
40-120μ
A-50 40-120ίΐ
Cl
-
Cation Exch angers Type
Grade
lonic Form
Capacity (meq/g)
Bed Volume 2 (ml/g)
4 5+0.5
6 10
CMSephadex C 25
40-120^
Na*
CMSephadex C-50
40-120u
Na*
45+0 5
32 40
SESephadex C-25
40-120M
Na»
23±03
5-9
SESephadex C-50
40- 120μ
Na*
23±03
30-38
1. In Tris — HCl buffer, pH = 8.3, ionic strength = 0.05. 2. In sodium phosphate buffer pH = 6, ionic strength = 0.06.
For additional technical information, booklet on Sephadex Ion Exchangers,
including write to:
PHARMACIA FINE CHEMICALS INC. 800 Centennial Avenue, Piscataway, N. J. 08854 Pharmacia (Canada) Ltd., 110 Place C r é m a z i e , Suite 412, Montreal 11, P.Ç). (Inquiries outside U.S.A. and Canada should be to PHARMACIA FINE CHEMICALS A S . Uoosala,
directed Sweden.)
Circle No. 10 on Readers' Service Card See ACS Laboratory Guide for All Products/Sales Office
36 A
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Academic curricula directly in the marine sciences invariably include regular course work in analytical chemistry. One goverment publica tion lists "typical requirements for undergraduate preparation leading to graduate study" in four sub-spe cialties—marine biology, oceanog raphy, fisheries, and marine geology (18). In every one of these cur ricula, courses in qualitative analy sis and in quantitative analysis are listed either as required or as rec ommended. Furthermore, it is not unusual to find that the laboratory work in some of the more advanced courses offered in marine science curricula bears much in common with courses in instrumental meth ods of analysis as offered in regular chemistry curricula. It must be recognized and stressed that curricula and degrees directly in marine science are by no means the only educational avenues into careers in the marine sciences. In fact, a 1964 NSF survey of 2,650
persons in marine science and tech nology revealed that 616 held de grees in marine science ; the remain der had degrees in the various basic disciplines. Other more recent es timates are generally consistent on a percentage basis. In brief, vir tually every kind of science and technology which is ocean-based has its counterpart which is land-based ; in other words, every "oceanology" field has a counterpart in "landology." The first recommendation result ing from a California state study is that, "Education programs. . . stress the fundamental sciences and engineering in the education of ma rine scientists and engineers, who must first of all be competent in a basic academic discipline, secon darily in applications to oceans and to oceanic problems" (19). The same report, in projecting future manpower needs for that state, in cluded a prediction that probably not more than 5% of the future manpower needs for industrial ocean-related scientists and tech nologists would be for persons whose major training is in ocean science and technology, the balance of the needs being for persons with heavy training in the basic fields of science and engineering. In fact, the im portance of mathematics, physics, and chemistry is stressed heavily even for the education of fisheries biologists. One of the main points of this entire paper is that analytical chem istry and analytical chemists are al most ideally suited for playing key roles in the future exploitation of marine resources, not only because of the central significance of the use of chemical analyses and instru mentation in gathering necessary data, but even more important be cause of the analytical chemist's expertise in such areas as sampling, measurement, separation of chemi cal species, concentration of trace components, processing and assimi lating masses of data, and also be cause of his wide theoretical and practical scientific knowledge and interests. The Complex Legal Situation
There are worldwide legal com plications which underlie virtually all practical considerations relating
