REPORT
BETHLEHEM BENCH BURNER THE GENERAL PURPOSE G A S - O X Y G E N BENCH BURNER
FOR LABORATORIES AND GLASS SHOPS •
Works Hard Glass, Quartz Hard Glass Range — 3 m m . — 1 0 0 m m .
•
Operates on City Gas, Natural Gas, Propane, Hydrogen
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For Heat Treating Metal Parts
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Ideal Flame Annealer
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2 in 1 Burner with Pre cision Needle Valves -— Accurate, Stable Adjust ment — No Sticking
KNOB ACTUATED selflocking gear and friction swivel — quick positive ad justment
T W O INLETS ONLY No Hose Tangle
SPECIFICATIONS
Height 9* Base dia. 6 Net wt. 4^4 lbs. Shipping wt. 5 Recommended fuel pressures Gas—less than 1 lb. psi Oxygen—2 to 3 lbs. psi
BETHLEHEM Apparatus Company, Inc. HELLERTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA
For further information, circle number 2β Α-1 on Readers' Service Card, page 101 A
New... AUTOMATIC PROCESS REFRACTOMETER provides end-poinf control through continuous stream analysis l· •—!«•' lilfBsau For laboratory, pilot plant, or process — where refractive index of process yield is an indication of product analysis. The new PHOENIX Automatic Process Refractometer pro vides accurate quality control of chemical and petroleum yields. A small quantity of the desired fluid (liquid or gas), placed in a comparison cell, acts as the reference for a zero-po/nf determination of refractive index between the reference and process fluid. Refined, self-nulling opticalservo system requires no electrical feedback from the process. The small, continuous flow of process fluid through one half of the reference cell provides all control stimuli. Output signal is essentially linear, simplifying integration into present or proposed systems. W i l l actuate most re cording and data processing equipment. • FREE BULLETIN R1000 . . . describes six different models available. A functional block diagram and a technical de scription of the optical-servo system are included. Yours on request.
PHOENIX PRECISION INSTRUMENT C O . 3805
N.
5th
STREET
DEPT.
A
P E N N S Y L V A N I A For further information, circle number 28 A-2 on Readers' Service Card, page 101 A
28 A
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
per sq. cm. per second). Evidence is being collected that point to these solar x-rays as the mechanism responsible for producing the increased ionization in the lower ionosphere (D region) which in turn prevents long distance radio communication. Optical observations of solar flares have been correlated with radio blackouts, but it was not until a series of Rockoons, fired during such an event, discovered hard x-rays in the lowest part of the ionosphere that the connection was understood. Normal solar coronal x-rays are generally re stricted to wave lengths greater than 10 Α., whereas those detected during flares are apparently much shorter. The x-ray detector itself is a gas filled Geiger counter with a special window for admitting the radiation. The range of spectral sensitivity is determined at the short wave length end by the gas in the counter and at the long wave length end by the cutoff characteristic of the window. Various combinations of window material and fill gases have resulted in a number of sensitive narrow band detectors for both the x-ray and ultraviolet spectrum. Such rocket-borne detectors have measured not only the intensity of the solar ultra\dolet (hydrogen Lyman a, 1216 A.) radiation but have dis covered distinct celestial sources (about 1300 A.) from which we receive energy at the rate of about 10 4 erg per sq. cm. per second. By making intensity versus altitude profiles of ultraviolet radiation, the amount of absorption per unit altitude is computed. In this way, the density of ultraviolet absorbers such as water vapor and molecular oxygen have been determined at high altitudes. Other types of photometers have measured the altitude distribution of the night glow emissions of sodium, OH, and atomic oxygen. Ionospheric Electron Density. The left side of Figure 1 is concerned with ionospheric parameters. The graph of electrons per cubic cm. vs. altitude has been obtained with rocket-borne equipment. Until recently, all our elec trical knowledge of the ionosphere was gathered by bouncing radio signals off the ionosphere from below and examin ing the reflections. From the maximum frequency which sustains reflection, and from the time delays between trans mission and receipt of the return signal, the heights and electronic densities of the reflecting ionized "layers" were in ferred. The connotations E, F 1 ; and F 2 were given to these layers. A rocket experiment has changed a number of these concepts. The appara tus consists of a radio transmitter which radiates simultaneously two har-
