Plant Proteins - American Chemical Society

17 Winged Bean as a Source of Protein: Recent Advances Sachi. Sri Kantha and John W. Erdman, Jr.

Downloaded by CORNELL UNIV on July 27, 2016 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: June 18, 1986 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1986-0312.ch017

Department of Food Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801

Protein quality studies evaluating various edible portions of the winged bean plant and the results of recent International Field Trials are reviewed. Research efforts have been focused upon the mature seed (protein content 20.7-45.9% in 240 accessions), which is occasionally eaten in parts of Indonesia and Papua, New Guinea. Autoclaved seed meal and wet heat treated seed meal provided a corrected PER value of 1.76 and 1.72 respectively, in comparison to casein control of 2.50. Of the 190 accessions evaluated after one year's growth in Florida, 38 showed tuber formation. Tender leaves are incorporated in the food preparations in the South Asian region. Leaf protein concentrate (crude protein 51.9%) prepared from leaves yielded a PER value of 2.2 in comparison to 2.7 for corn-soy control. International Winged Bean Trials conducted in 19 countries recommend 5 varieties as having the best yield potential under varying environmental conditions.

The winged bean (Psophocarpus t e t r a g o n o l o b u s L.DC) is a t w i n i n g , p e r e n n i a l herbaceous legume which c a n c l i m b t o 3-4 m e t e r s . B o t a n i c a l l y i t is c l a s s i f i e d as b e l o n g i n g t o F a m i l y Leguminoseae, subf a m i l y Papl i o n o i d e a e , t r i b e Phaseoleae and s u b t r i b e P h a s e o l i n e ( 1 , 2 ) . Of t h e 9 r e c o g n i z e d s p e c i e s o f P s o p h o c a r p u s , f o u r a r e p r e s e n t l y c u l t i v a t e d as a home garden c r o p in t h e humid t r o p i c s o f South and South East A s i a . Three s p e c i e s ( P . s c a n d e n s , P . p a l u s t r i s and P . g r a n d i f l o r u s ) a r e now b e i n g c u l t i v a t e d on e x p e r i m e n t a l b a s i s as f o r a g e and c o v e r c r o p s {3). Though i t has y e t t o a t t a i n the s t a t u s o f a c o m m e r c i a l l y p r o d u c t i v e legume, t h e n u t r i t i o n a l a s p e c t s o f winged bean have been s t u d i e d in USA, I n d i a , J a p a n , M a l a y s i a , P h i l i p p i n e s , Papua New G u i n e a , C z e c h o s l o v a k i a , A u s t r a l i a and S r i Lanka. The a c t i v e l y i n v e s t i g a t e d a r e a s and t h e l o c a t i o n s where winged bean s t u d i e s have been conducted a r e shown in Table I. S i n c e 1975, on a c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 150 r e s e a r c h r e p o r t s c o v e r i n g areas such as m i c r o s t r u c t u r e o f winged bean p r o t e i n , n u 0097-6156/86/0312-0206S06.00/0 © 1986 American Chemical Society

Ory; Plant Proteins: Applications, Biological Effects, and Chemistry ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

Ory; Plant Proteins: Applications, Biological Effects, and Chemistry ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986. (33) (34) (35-37) (38) (39)

USA S r i Lanka Japan India Japan

(c)

3. Storage s t u d i e s on seeds

( C o n t i n u e d on next

page)

(21-24) (25) (26-30) (31,32)

USA S r i Lanka Austral i a Malaysia

(b) P r o t e a s e i n h i b i t o r s , t a n n i n s

Phytohgaemagglutinins(lectins)

(11-16) (iZ) (18,19) (20)

(4z7) (8-10)

References o f reported studies

USA S r i Lanka India Philippines

Australia Japan

location

(a) N u t r i e n t a n a l y s i s , b i o a v a i l a b i l i t y studies, functional properties of protein

2. N u t r i e n t , a n t i - n u t r i e n t c o m p o s i t i o n and i s o l a t i o n

1. M i c r o s t r u c t u r e o f winged bean protein

Research a r e a

S t u d i e s on t h e n u t r i t i o n a l a s p e c t s o f winged bean

Table I


Ory; Plant Proteins: Applications, Biological Effects, and Chemistry ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986. (51) (52) (53) (54,55) (56.57) (58)

Japan Japan USA S r i Lanka Papua New G u i n e a

( c ) mi so

(d)

7. Consuner a c c e p t a b i l i t y s t u d i e s

tofu

tempeh

Indonesia

(b)

(48-50)

USA

6. P r e p a r a t i o n o f (a) bread

foods

(46,47)

(51)

(18.40) (41) (42)

Czechosl ovakia

India Czechosl o v a k i a Japan Peru

5. Hunan e x p e r i m e n t s and t r i a l s

animals

References o f reported studies

(44) («)

chicken

(b)

in

location

Malaysia USA

rats

(a)

4. N u t r i t i v e v a l u e

Research a r e a

(cont.)

S t u d i e s on t h e n u t r i t i o n a l a s p e c t s o f winged bean

Table I


17. KANTHA AND ERDMAN

Winged Bean as a Source of Protein

209

t r i e n t and a n t i - n u t r i e n t c o m p o s i t i o n , e f f e c t o f s t o r a g e on seed components, p r o t e i n q u a l i t y e s t i m a t i o n o f seed f l o u r f o r c h i c k e n s and r a t s , human f e e d i n g t r i a l s , p r e p a r a t i o n o f foods from processed winged bean f l o u r and consumer a c c e p t a b i l i t y s t u d i e s have been publ i s h e d . A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e l i s t o f about one t h i r d o f t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s (4-58) a r e noted in Table I. P r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d reviews (59-61) have a n a l y z e d in d e t a i l t h e emergence o f winged bean as a legume o f s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l . T h i s paper summarizes r e c e n t r e p o r t s on p r o t e i n q u a l i t y e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e e d i b l e p o r t i o n s o f t h i s legume.


Seeds N u t r i t i o n r e s e a r c h on winged bean has m a i n l y f o c u s e d upon t h e t o u g h , mature s e e d , which is r i c h in p r o t e i n and oil. The seeds a r e o c c a s i o n a l l y consumed in I n d o n e s i a and Papua New Guinea (59, 60). A s u r v e y o f 240 winged bean a c c e s s i o n s from 16 c o u n t r i e s showed t h a t the p r o t e i n and oil c o n t e n t s range between 2 0 . 7 - 4 5 . 9 % and 7.2-21.5% r e s p e c t i v e l y ( 1 3 ) . S t u d i e s on t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f seed f l o u r as an a l t e r n a t i v e feed s o u r c e f o r l i v e s t o c k has o n l y r e c e n t l y begun. The two most commonly used p l a n t p r o t e i n sources in b r o i l e r ( c h i c k e n ) d i e t s t o d a t e have been soybean and peanut cake ( 6 2 ) . The e f f e c t o f r e p l a c i n g soybean meal w i t h winged bean meal a t 0, 19, 44, 74 and 95% on a p r o t e i n b a s i s was s t u d i e d by de Lumen e t a l . (45). No s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s were observed among d i f f e r e n t r a t i o n s in m e t a b o l i z a b l e e n e r g y , n i t r o g e n r e t e n t i o n and b r o i l e r performance. However, t h e r e was an i n d i c a t i o n o f a d v e r s e e f f e c t s a t 95% r e p l a c e m e n t . In another experiment u s i n g more b i r d s per t r e a t m e n t , t h e same r e s e a r c h e r s r e p o r t e d t h a t replacement a t 75% and 100% l e v e l d e c r e a s e d the metabol i z a b l e energy and l e d t o poor b r o i l e r performance. Though d e f a t t e d winged bean meal p r e p a r ed by a u t o c l a v i n g a t 121°C f o r 30 min was used in t h i s s t u d y , i t was i n f e r r e d t h a t h u l l s in t h e seeds may have caused t h e d e c r e a s e in metabol i z a b l e energy t h a t l e d t o t h e poor performance o f b r o i l ers. Two s t u d i e s (44,63) had shown t h a t growth performance and n i t r o g e n r e t e n t i o n e f f i c i e n c y o f c h i c k s were s e v e r e l y reduced by t h e i n c l u s i o n o f raw f u l l f a t winged bean seeds a t r a t e s o f up t o 400g/kg in s e m i - p u r i f i e d d i e t s . Heat t r e a t m e n t o f winged beans p r i o r t o d i e t a r y i n c o r p o r a t i o n r e s u l t s in r e v e r s a l o f t h e growth d e p r e s s i o n and i n c r e a s e s t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f food u t i l i z a t i o n . In a r e c e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n performed in N i g e r i a (62.), f a r m p r o c e s s e d winged bean was f e d t o b r o i l e r s in p a r t i a l o r c o m p l e t e r e placement f o r e i t h e r soybean meal o r peanut c a k e . The feed g a i n r a t i o o b t a i n e d f o r b i r d s f e d on winged b e a n , soybean and peanut cake d i e t s were 3.0, 2.8 and 2.7 r e s p e c t i v e l y . However, t h e study r e v e a l e d t h a t m o r t a l i t y o f b r o i l e r s f e d on winged bean-based d i e t was h i g h ( 1 4 % ) , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e bean cake was not e f f e c t i v e l y processed t o remove t h e a n t i - n u t r i e n t s . R e s u l t s o f another study (64) showed t h a t i t was f e a s i b l e t o f e e d a u t o c l a v e d winged beans t o Japanese q u a i l c h i c k s . However, t h e a u t h o r s suggest t h a t p r i o r t o f e e d i n g q u a i l o r o t h e r m o n o g a s t r i c a n i m a l s , t h e t y p e o f heat p r o c e s s i n g t r e a t m e n t must be c a r e f u l l y m o n i t o r e d . Beans heated f o r 30



210

PLANT PROTEINS

min a t 118°C produced e x c e l l e n t growth r e s p o n s e . The a d d i t i o n o f O.8% m e t h i o n i n e t o winged bean meal was suggested t o be n e c e s s a r y f o r e q u i v a l e n t growth compared w i t h an a d d i t i o n l e v e l o f O.3% in soybean meal d i e t s ( 6 4 ) . These i n v e s t i g a t i o n s show t h e p o t e n t i a l v a l u e o f f u l l f a t winged bean as a b r o i l e r f e e d . However, f u r t h e r s t u d i e s t h a t d e f i n e c o n d i t i o n s f o r d e s t r u c t i o n o f a n t i - n u t r i e n t s which cause r e duced growth performance s h o u l d be performed. Q u i t e a nunber o f s t u d i e s ( 1 8 , 4 0 - 4 3 , 6 5 , 6 6 ) p u b l i s h e d in t h e l a s t few y e a r s have i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e growth performance o f l a b o r a t o r y r a t s f e d raw o r a u t o c l a v e d winged been. In a g e n e r a l c o n t e x t , r a t s t u d i e s p r o v i d e a good model t o e v a l u a t e adequate p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n i q u e s needed f o r e l i m i n a t i o n o f a n t i - n u t r i e n t s . There is u n i f o r m i t y among t h e r e p o r t e d s t u d i e s r e g a r d i n g t h e l e t h a l e f f e c t o f f e e d i n g raw winged beans t o r a t s . W h i l e raw bean meal r e s u l t s in poor o r no g r o w t h , a u t o c l a v e d meal r e s u l t s in adequate growth and no t o x i c s i d e e f f e c t s in t h e r a t . Table II p r o v i d e s a comparison o f f o u r p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o (PER) s t u d i e s o f h e a t - p r o c e s s e d winged bean seed f l o u r . In t h e s e s t u d i e s r a t s were f e d 10% p r o t e i n l e v e l o f c a s e i n on t e s t p r o t e i n f o r 28 d a y s . PER was d e t e r m i n e d by e v a l u a t i n g grams growth per grams p r o t e i n i n t a k e ( t i m e s 1 0 0 ) . The seeds used in t h e f o u r s t u d i e s were s u b j e c t e d t o v a r y i n g t i m e and t e m p e r a t u r e heat t r e a t ments. However i t can be seen t h a t t h e PER v a l u e s o b t a i n e d f o r winged bean compare f a v o r a b l y w i t h t h a t o f c a s e i n c o n t r o l . In a study from o u r l a b o r a t o r y (66) i t was found t h a t d e h u l l i n g f o l l o w e d by m o i s t heat t r e a t m e n t f o r 30 min c o u l d be u t i l i z e d as a good p r o c e d u r e o f heat t r e a t m e n t in p l a c e o f a u t o c l a v i n g . If these data a r e c o n f i r m e d w i t h human t r i a l s , i t c o u l d enhance t h e use o f seeds s i n c e in t h e t r o p i c a l d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s where o t h e r p o r t i o n s o f winged bean a r e a l r e a d y consumed and f a c i l i t i e s f o r a u t o c l a v i n g a r e unavailable f o r r u r a l peasants. Tubers: Tubers a r e q u i t e commonly consumed by v i l l a g e r s in Burma. Other t r o p i c a l c o u n t r i e s a l s o r e p o r t s p o r a d i c use o f winged bean tubers (59). However, in comparison t o t h e a v a i l a b l e d a t a on t h e n u t r i e n t , a n t i - n u t r i e n t c o m p o s i t i o n and t h e p r o t e i n q u a l i t y o f t h e seed f l o u r , p u b l i s h e d d a t a on t h e n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e o f winged bean t u b e r is somewhat l i m i t e d . The few r e p o r t e d s t u d i e s d e a l i n g w i t h a l a r g e r number o f v a r i e t i e s grown in d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s (25,67-71) show t h a t t u b e r s a r e m a i n l y composed o f p r o t e i n and c a r b o h y d r a t e s . F r e s h t u b e r s c o n t a i n a m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f 55.5-65.8% and a r a t h e r h i g h crude p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f 5.5-5.6%. A i r - d r y i n g o r f r e e z e d r y i n g o f t u b e r s r e s u l t s in an i n c r e a s e o f p r o t e i n c o n t e n t t o 13.1-16.5% ( T a b l e I I I ) . However, d r y weight o f t u b e r per p l a n t was l o w , v a r y i n g from l e s s t h a n 25g t o about 50g in d i f f e r e n t w i n g ed bean c u l t i v a r s ( 7 2 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , o f t h e 190 a c c e s s i o n s e v a l u ated a f t e r one y e a r ! ; growth in F l o r i d a , o n l y 38 showed t u b e r f o r mation (72). A c c o r d i n g t o M a s e f i e l d ( 7 3 J t h e winged bean n o d u l a t e d w e l l wherever t h e c r o p has been grown, i r r e s p e c t i v e o f whether t h e seed was i n o c u l a t e d o r n o t . The mean p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s ( d r y w t . b a s i s + S.D.) o f i n o c u l a t e d and u n i n o c u l a t e d t u b e r s o f s i x s t r a i n s o r i g i n a t i n g from S r i L a n k a , N i g e r i a , I n d o n e s i a , Papua, New Guinea and T h a i l a n d a r e r e p o r t e d as 20.0(+3.7) and 1 7 . 3 ( + 6 . 2 ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y 1


Ory; Plant Proteins: Applications, Biological Effects, and Chemistry ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986. II

1.73

2.17

S r i Lanka: soaked, d e h u l l e d c o t y l e d o n , b o i l e d f o r 30 m i n . 3.16

1.60

2.14

3.09

3.00

Papua New G u i n e a : a n t o c l a v e d heterogeneous s a m p l e , 118°C f o r 20 m i n .

P e r u : soaked s e e d s , b o i l e d f o r 60 m i n .

3.04

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.50

values

1.72

1.44

1.33

1.76

winged bean

casein

casein

winged bean

C o r r e c t e d PER

R e p o r t e d PER v a l u e s

Ghana: s o a k e d , d e h u l l e d c o t y l e d o n , a n t o c l a v e d 100°C f o r 30 m i n .

Sample d e s c r i p t i o n and p r e p a r a t i o n f o r 10% p r o t e i n d i e t

Comparison o f PER s t u d i e s on h e a t - p r o c e s s e d winged bean seeds in r a t s ( f e d a t 10% p r o t e i n l e v e l )

Table


(66)

(43)

(65.)

(41J

Reference


(%)

(%)

(%)

{%)

(%)

e

(%)

a. b. c. d.

Fresh 0

-

-

-

-

-

57.7

16.6

2.9

1.0

16.5

5.3

9

0

Philippines (26 v a r i e t i e s )

Dried (12 9.6

Indian varieties)

71.0

108.6

-

70.1

2.7

2.0

-

13.1

Tubers

e. c a l c u l a t e d by d i f f e r e n c e f . not d e t e r m i n e d g. c a l c u l a t e d by d i f f e r e n c e

-

-

-

26.1

-

-

-

5.6

65.8

Sri Lanka (19 v a r i e t i e s )

Tubers

-

-

5.5

55.5

Thailand varieties)

s u g a r s (mg/100g)

(3

r e f . (69) r e f . (25) r e f . ( 6 7 ) ; f r e e z e - d r i e d sample r e f . ( 6 8 ) ; a i r - d r i e d sample

non-reducing

r e d u c i n g s u g a r s (mg/100g)

starch

carbohydrate

fiber

ash

crude f a t

crude p r o t e i n

Moisture

III

Chemical c o m p o s i t i o n o f winged bean t u b e r s grown in d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s (Mean v a l u e s )

Table



17.

Κ ANTH A AND ERDM AN


213

(71 ). There was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between t h e amino a c i d contents o f the inoculated or uninoculated tubers. The R h i z o b i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e winged bean n o d u l e s were r e p o r t e d by Ikram and Broughton in a s e r i e s o f s t u d i e s ( 7 4 - 7 6 ) . Of t h e R h i z o b i a i s o l a t e d from 14 d i f f e r e n t genera o f legumes when tested f o r t h e i r nitrogen f i x i n g effectiveness with £ . tetragonol o b u s , a l l but one i s o l a t e was a b l e t o form nodules w i t h winged bean. Thus, Ikram and Broughton (74) suggested t h a t t h e winged bean may be c o n s i d e r e d as promiscuous w i t h r e s p e c t t o i t s R h i z o b i a l requirements. From a study o f 6 v a r i e t i e s o f t u b e r s from d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s o f A s i a and grown a t two l o c a t i o n s (Western A u s t r a l i a and M a l a y s i a ) , K o r t t and C a l d w e l l (70) c o n c l u d e d t h a t , 1. t h e r e p o r t e d v a r i a t i o n s in t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t u b e r c r u d e p r o t e i n a r e p r o b a b l y due t o v a r i a t i o n s in t h e c o n t e n t o f f r e e amino a c i d s and l o w m o l e c u l a r weight p e p t i d e s accumulated by t h e t u b e r under d i f f e r e n t n u t r i e n t growth c o n d i t i o n s . 2. t h e development o f t h e t u b e r a s a food c r o p is dependent more on agronomic f a c t o r s such as v a r i e t y s e l e c t i o n s , y i e l d s , ease o f h a r v e s t and s t o r a g e o f t u b e r s , t h a n on n u t r i t i o n a l l i m i tations. W e l l designed s t u d i e s on n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y o f t u b e r p r o t e i n w i t h hunans, p o u l t r y o r o t h e r farm a n i m a l s have y e t t o be r e p o r t e d . Leaves: Among t h e v a r i e t y o f g r e e n , l e a f y f o o d s , winged bean l e a v e s a r e one o f t h e r i c h e s t s o u r c e s o f p r o t e i n and c a r o t e n o i d s (59). In S r i Lanka and e l s e w h e r e , t h e y a r e consumed a f t e r steaming o r by d i r e c t i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o s a l a d s ( 6 0 ) . Leaf p r o t e i n c o n c e n t r a t e s (LPC) prepared from winged bean l e a v e s grown a t t h e e x p e r i mental p l o t s in P u e r t o R i c o were r e p o r t e d t o c o n t a i n 51.9% c r u d e p r o t e i n and an e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d p r o f i l e s i m i l a r t o t h e r e p o r t e d v a l u e s o f a l f a l f a L P C . Winged bean LPC was r i c h in l e u c i n e , l y s i n e , p h e n y l a l a n i n e and v a l i n e . The o n l y growth performance study conducted in r a t s y i e l d e d a PER v a l u e o f 2.2 f o r winged bean l e a v e s in comparison t o 2.7 f o r a c o r n - s o y c o n t r o l ( 7 7 ) . C l e a r l y more s t u d i e s a r e needed on l e a f p r o t e i n . Haulm ( s t e m ) : The p o s s i b i l i t y o f u s i n g winged bean haulm as a po t e n t i a l raw m a t e r i a l f o r s i n g l e c e l l p r o t e i n p r o d u c t i o n in t h e t r o p i c s has been i n v e s t i g a t e d by Zomer e t a l . ( 7 8 ) . Semi-sol i d f e r m e n t a t i o n o f haulm, u s i n g v a r i o u s f u n g i , y i e l d e d a p r o d u c t c o n t a i n i n g 20% t r u e p r o t e i n , a 30% i n c r e a s e o v e r t h e n a t i v e m a t e r i a l . The f e r m e n t a t i o n a l s o i n c r e a s e d t h e s u l f u r amino a c i d c o n t e n t by 1.5 t o 6 f o l d . I n t e r n a t i o n a l Winged Bean T r i a l s A f t e r t h e F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Winged Bean Symposium h e l d a t Los Banos, P h i l i p p i n e s in 1978, t h e f i r s t i n t e r n a t i o n a l winaed bean t r i a l s were l a u n c h e d . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e p o r t o f Khan ( 7 9 ) , who served as t h e c o o r d i n a t o r o f t h e t r i a l s , t h e aims o f t h e t r i a l s were t o : i ) t e s t a d a p t a t i o n o f s e l e c t e d winged bean v a r i e t i e s o v e r a wide range o f environmental c o n d i t i o n s ; i i ) p r o v i d e s o u r c e s o f germ plasm o f a new c r o p which c o o p e r a t o r s may use d i r e c t l y ; i i i ) i d e n t i f y a r e a s o f t h e w o r l d which have p o t e n t i a l f o r winged bean p r o d u c t i o n ; and Ory; Plant Proteins: Applications, Biological Effects, and Chemistry ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

PLANT PROTEINS


214

i v ) t e s t t h e response o f winged bean t o d i f f e r e n t e n v i r o n m e n t s . A l t o g e t h e r 31 r e s e a r c h e r s from 19 c o u n t r i e s p a r t i c i p a t e d in t h e t r i a l s in r e g i o n s as d i v e r s e as B a n g l a d e s h , I n d o n e s i a , K o r e a , T a i wan, I v o r y C o a s t , Guatemala and USA. Through most o f t h e t r i a l s s i t e s were l o c a t e d in t r o p i c a l c l i m a t i c r e g i o n s , a few were h e l d in t h e s u b t r o p i c s as w e l l w i t h t h r e e a d d i t i o n a l r e g i o n s ( A u s t r a l i a , K o r e a and P a k i s t a n ) a t l a t i t u d e s 3 1 ° - 3 7 ° . Of t h e 14 v a r i e t i e s used in t h e t r i a l , f i v e v a r i e t i e s were s e l e c t e d t o have t h e b e s t p o t e n t i a l . T a b l e IV shows t h e d e t a i l s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e s e 5 v a r i e t i e s and t h e recommendations made by t h e e v a l u a t o r s . The T h a i l a n d v a r i e t y (Nakhan Sawan) produced t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d in seeds and d r y pods. Indonesian v a r i e t i e s (LBNC1 and LBNC3) produced h i g h e r y i e l d s o f f r e s h t u b e r s . However, t h e s e t h r e e Southeast A s i a n v a r i e t i e s were l a t e m a t u r i n g t y p e s and were a l s o so s e n s i t i v e t o l o n g day l e n g t h s t h a t in some t r i a l s f l o w e r i n g d i d not o c c u r . Two Papua, New Guinean v a r i e t i e s (UPS 121 and UPS 122) were i d e n t i f i e d as h a v i n g medium v i g o r . Though winged bean genotypes from v a r i o u s r e g i o n s o f Southeast A s i a e x h i b i t c o n s i d e r a b l e g e n e t i c d i v e r s i t y , K o r t t (3(D) r e p o r t e d no d i f f e r e n c e s in p r o t e i n s u b u n i t c o m p o s i t i o n . Thus i t seems a t t h i s j u n c t u r e , t h a t v a r i a t i o n in p r o t e i n s u b u n i t c o m p o s i t i o n cannot be e x p l o i t e d by p l a n t b r e e d e r s t o improve t h e n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e o f t h e seed. T h i s a r e a needs further confirmatory research. F u t u r e areas o f

research

The winged bean was a b l e t o r i s e from c o m p a r a t i v e o b s c u r i t y t o some degree o f prominence in t h e past d e c a d e , m a i n l y because i t was p r o moted as a legume in which a l l p o r t i o n s o f t h e p l a n t were e d i b l e and o f h i g h n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e . Some c a u t i o n must be e x e r c i s e d a t t h i s p o i n t s i n c e a l l p o r t i o n s cannot be e x p l o i t e d from the same p l a n t (80). Pod and seed p r o d u c t i o n is i n f l u e n c e d by p l u c k i n g t h e l e a v e s and/or f l o w e r s . A l s o , h i g h t u b e r - y i e l d i n g v a r i e t i e s do not produce high seed y i e l d s . F u r t h e r m o r e , a nunber o f problems must be overcome b e f o r e the winged bean becomes an i m p o r t a n t cash c r o p f o r the t r o p i c s . P r e s e n t l y , t h e e x p a n s i o n o f winged bean p r o d u c t i o n and comm e r c i a l development is i n h i b i t e d by t h e l a c k o f dwarf m o r p h o l o g i c a l v a r i a n t s and e c o l o g i c a l u n c e r t a i n t i e s ( 8 0 ) . A p r e l i m i n a r y note on t h e development o f bush t y p e mutant in I n d i a has appeared ( 8 1 J , though s c i e n t i f i c d e t a i l s have not been r e p o r t e d y e t . Another area which needs a d d i t i o n a l r e s e a r c h is t h e n a t u r e o f p h o t o p e r i o d s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e p l a n t . M o s t , i f not a l l , winged bean genotypes are p h o t o p e r i o d - s e n s i t i v e and do not f l o w e r in l o n g days. F o r example, in a f i e l d t r i a l conducted in Southwestern L o u i s i a n a in 1982, 25 c u l t i v a r s o f P . t e t r a g o n o l o b u s , one o f P.. scandens and two o f P . p a l u s t r i s were sown in May. F l o w e r i n g was observed t o be s t r o n g l y d a y l e n g t h - d e p e n d e n t w i t h o n l y 2 c u l t i v a r s o f P . t e t r a g o n o l o b u s f l o w e r i n g in August; most c u l t i v a r s d i d not f l o w e r u n t i l m i d - t o l a t e September and some not u n t i l e a r l y Novemb e r , t h u s l i m i t i n g seed p r o d u c t i o n ( 8 2 ) . G e n e t i c b r e e d i n g f o r a s u c c e s s f u l search f o r d a y - n e u t r a l genotypes from germplasm c o l l e c t i o n s is r e q u i r e d ( 8 0 ) .



IV

179

77 87

T h a i ! and

Indonesia

Indonesia

LBNC1

LBNC3

121

122

UPS

UPS

Β Β

2151 2773 3001

4363 881 1202

1282 1349 1386

193 165 162

86 76 68

Papua New Guinea

Papua New G u i n e a

Ref.

(79).

Β - as seed p r o d u c e r f o r a l l a r e a s ; may be used f o r green pod p r o d u c t i o n .

A - as s e e d , green pod and t u b e r c r o p .

A

2678

2854

1322

190

A

3193

1229

A

Y i e l d (kg/ha) Recommendation seed f r e s h dry tuber pod

1623

Nakhon Sawan

Days t o maturity

Origin

Variety

Days t o f1owering

Winged bean v a r i e t i e s w i t h g r e a t e s t y i e l d p o t e n t i a l

Table


PLANT PROTEINS


216

A number o f problems r e l a t e d t o u t i l i z a t i o n o f v a r i o u s p o r t i o n s o f t h e p l a n t f o r food and f e e d were r e c e n t l y reviewed by us (61 ). N o t a b l y t h e hard seed c o a t , poor h y d r a t i o n c a p a c i t y and h a r d - t o - c o o k phenomena needs t o be overcome. P r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s on t h e p o t e n t i a l o f winged bean as a m u l t i - p u r p o s e legume c o v e r c r o p in I n d i a (83) and P h i l i p p i n e s (84) have been r e p o r t e d . Data o b t a i n e d on t h e s e f i e l d t r i a l s seem e n c o u r a g i n g though t h e y need f u r t h e r c o n f i r m a t i o n based on l a r g e s c a l e c r o p p l a n t i n g . One o p t i m i s t i c f e a t u r e in winged bean r e s e a r c h is t h a t d u r i n g t h e l a s t few y e a r s , agronomical s t u d i e s a r e b e i n g conducted in c o u n t r i e s such as C z e c h o s l o v a k i a ( 8 5 J , Belgium ( 8 6 , 8 7 ) . I t a l y ( 8 8 ) , B r a z i l ( 8 9 ) , Guatemala (90) and USA ( 9 1 , 9 2 ) , where winged bean has not been grown t r a d i t i o n a l l y , even as a home garden c r o p . Such a pooled e f f o r t is b a d l y needed t o f i l l t h e gaps o f knowledge which e x i s t in t h e g e n e t i c s , p h y s i o l o g y and agronomy o f winged b e a n . In c o n c l u s i o n , winged bean is a legume c r o p w i t h g r e a t pot e n t i a l b u t a combined r e s e a r c h e f f o r t by a g r o n o m i s t s , p l a n t b r e e d e r s , p h y s i o l o g i s t s and n u t r i t i o n i s t s is needed t o e l i m i n a t e t h e obs t a c l e s which stand in t h e way o f i t s r e a l i z a t i o n . Large s c a l e n u t r i t i o n a l b e n e f i t from t h i s legume a w a i t s f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h d e v e l o p ments. Acknowledgments F i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e p r o v i d e d by t h e N e s t l e F o u n d a t i o n ( S w i t z e r l a n d ) as a s c h o l a r s h i p g r a n t t o t h e s e n i o r a u t h o r is g r a t e f u l l y a p preciated. Literature cited 1. Verdcourt, B.; Halliday, P.A. Kew Bull. 1978, 33, 191-227. 2. Allen, O.N.; Allen, E.K. "The Leguminosae: A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses and Nodulation"; University of Wisconsin Press, 1981, p. 556-58. 3. Smartt, J. Econ. Botany. 1984, 38, 24-35. 4. Blagrove, R.J.; Gillespie, J.M. Austr. J. Plant Physiol. 1978, 5, 371-75. 5. Blagrove, R.J.; Gillespie, J.M. Trop. Grain Legume Bull. 1978, 13, 40-44. 6. Blagrove, R.J.; Gillespie, J.M. Food Technol. in Austr. 1979, 31, 149-50. 7. Gillespie, J.M.; Blagrove, R.J. Austr. J. Plant Physiol. 1978. 5, 357-69. 8. Saio, K.; Nakano, Y.; Uemoto, S. Food Microstructure. 1983, 2, 175-81. 9. Yanagi, S.O.; Yoshida, N.; Saio, K. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1983, 47, 2267-71. 10. Yanagi, S.O. Agric. B i o l . Chem. 1983, 47, 2273-80. 11. Okezie, B.O.; Martin, F.W. J. Food Sci. 1980, 45, 1045-51. 12. Garcia, V.V.; Palmer, J.K. J. Food Technol. 1980, 15, 469-76. 13. Hildebrand, D.F.; Chaven, C.; Hymowitz, T.; Bryan, H.H.; Duncan, A.A. Agronomy J. 1981, 73, 623-25. 14. Sathe, S.K.; Salunkhe, D.K. J. Food Sci. 1981, 46, 1389-93.



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15. Sathe, S.K.; Deshpande, S.S.; Salunkhe, D.K. J. Food Sci. 1982, 47, 503-9. 16. Hettiarachchy, N.S.; Erdman, J.W. J. Food Sci. 1984, 49, 1132-35. 17. Sri Kantha, S. M.Sc.Thesis, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 1980; Field Crop Abstr. 1983, 36, 383. 18. Udayasekhara Rao, P.; Belavady, B. J. Plant Foods. 1979, 3, 169-74. 19. Narayana, K.; Narasinga Rao, M.S. J. Food Sci. 1982, 47, 1534-38. 20. Del Rosario, R.R.; Loxana, Y.; Noel, M.G.; Flores, D.M. Phil. Agric. 1981, 64, 143-53. 21. de Lumen, B.O.; Salamat, L.A. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1980, 28, 533-36. 22. de Lumen, B.O.; Belo, P.S. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1981, 29, 884-86. 23. Chan, J.; de Lumen, B.O. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1982, 30, 42-46. 24. Chan, J.; de Lumen, B.O. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1982, 30, 46-50. 25. Hettiarachchy, N.S.; Sri Kantha,S. Nutrisyon(Philippines), 1982, 7, 40-51. 26. Kortt, A.A. Trop. Grain Legume Bull. 1978, 13/14, 44-46. 27. Kortt, A.A. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1979, 577, 371-82. 28. Kortt, A.A. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1980, 624, 237-48. 29. Kortt, A.A. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1981, 657, 212-21. 30. Kortt, A.A. Qualitas Plantarum. 1983, 33, 29-40. 31. Tan, N.H.; Lowe, E.S.H.; Iskander, M. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1982, 33, 1327-30. 32. Tan, N.H.; Wong, K.C. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1982, 30, 1140-43. 33. Pueppke, S.G. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1979, 581, 63-70. 34. Sri Kantha, S.; Hettiarachchy, N.S. J. Natl. Sci. Council Sri Lanka, 1981, 9, 223-28. 35. Higuchi, M.; Suga, M.; Iwai, K. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1983, 47, 1879-86. 36. Higuchi, M.; Tsuchiya, I.; Iwai, K. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1984, 48, 695-701. 37. Higuchi, M.; Iwai, K. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1985, 49, 391-98. 38. Appukuthan, P.S.; Basu, D. Anal. Biochem. 1981, 113, 253-55. 39. Ikura, K.; Sasaki, R.; Chiba, H. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1983, 29, 161-67. 40. Raghunath, M.; Belavady, B. Nutr. Rep. Internat. 1979, 20, 701-7. 41. Cerny, K.; Kordylas, M.; Pospisil, F.; Svabensky, O.; Zajic, B. Brit. J. Nutr. 1971, 26, 293-99. 42. Kimura, T.; Satanachote, C.; Yoshida, A. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1982, 28, 27-33. 43. Gross, R. Qualitas Plantarum. 1983, 32, 117-24. 44. Wong, K.C. Proc.Malaysian Food Self Sufficiency 1975 Conference, 1976, pp. 103-16. 45. de Lumen, B.O.; Gerpacio, A.L.; Vohra, P. Poultry Sci. 1982, 61, 1099-106.


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46. Cerny, Κ.; Addy, Η.A. Brit. J . Nutr. 1973, 29, 105-7. 47. Cerny, K.; Hoa, D.Q.; Dinh, N.L.; Zelena, Η. Ρroc.2nd


Internat. Winged Bean Seminar, 1981, Columbo, Sri Lanka. (in press).

48. Blaise, D.S.; Okezie, B.O. Bakers Digest. 1980, 54, 22-24 & 33-35. 49. Okezie, B.O.; Dobo, S.B. Bakers Digest. 1980, 54, 35-41. 50. Nmorka, G.N.; Okezie, B.O. Cereal Chem. 1983, 60, 198-202. 51. Gandjar, I. Proc. 1st Internat. Winged Bean Seminar, 1978, Manila, Philippines, 1980, pp. 330-34. 52. Saio, K.; Suzuki, H.; Kobayashi, T.; Namikawa, M. Food Microstructure, 1984, 3, 65-71. 53. Omachi, M.; Ishak, E.; Homma, S.; Fujimaki, M. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi. 1983, 30, 216-20. 54. Jensen, M.W. Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue University, Indiana, 1980. 55. Sri Kantha, S.; Hettiarachchy, N.S.; Erdman, J.W. J. Food Sci. 1983, 48, 441-444. 56. Axelson, M.I.; Cassidy, C.M.; de Colon, M.M.; Hacklander, E.H.; Neruda, G.S.; Rawling, K.A. Ecol. Food and Nutr. 1981, 12, 127-37. 57. Hacklander, E.H. J. Home Econ. 1984, 76, 14-17. 58. Claydon, A. Qualitas Plantarum. 1983, 32, 167-77. 59. "The Winged Bean: A High Protein Crop for the Tropics", National Academy of Sciences, 1981, 2nd ed. 60. Khan, T.N. "Winged Bean Production in the Tropics", FAO, Rome, 1982. 61. Sri Kantha, S.; Erdman, J.W. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 1984, 61, 515-25. 62. Smith, O.B.; Ilori, J.O.; Onesirosan, P. Animal Feed Sci. and Technol. 1984, 11, 231-37. 63. D'Mello, J.P.F.; Acamovic, T.; Walker, A.G. Trop. Agric.(Trinidad), 1983, 60, 290-93. 64. Wyckoff, S.; Mak, T.K.; Vohra, P. Poultry Sci. 1983, 62, 359-64. 65. Jaffe, W.G.; Korte, R. Nutr. Rep. Internat. 1976, 14, 449-55. 66. Sri Kantha, S.; Erdman, J.W. unpublished data, 1985. 67. de Lumen, B.O.; Reyes, P.S. J. Food Sci. 1982, 47, 821-24. 68. Vaidehi, M.P.; Annapurna, M.L.; Gururaja Rao, M.R.; Uma, C.N. J. Food Sci. and Technol.(India). 1982, 19, 136-39. 69. Poulter, N.H. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1982, 33, 107-14. 70. Kortt, Α.Α.; Caldwell, J.B. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1984, 35, 304-13. 71. Hafez, Y.S.; Mohamed, A.I.; Herath, W. Nutr. Rep. Internat. 1984, 29, 253-61. 72. Hildebrand, D.F.; Chaven, C.; Hymowitz, T.; Bryan H.H. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad). 1982, 59, 59-61. 73. Masefield, G.B. Field Crop Abstr. 1973, 26, 157-60. 74. Ikram, Α.; Broughton, W.J. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1980, 12, 77-82. 75. Ikram, Α.; Broughton, W.J. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1980, 12, 83-87. 76. Ikram, Α.; Broughton, W.J. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1980, 12, 203-9. 77. Cheeke, P.R.; Telek, L.; Carlsson, R.; Evans, J.J. Nutr. Rep. Internat. 1980, 22, 717-21. Ory; Plant Proteins: Applications, Biological Effects, and Chemistry ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.


17.


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219

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Plant Proteins - American Chemical Society

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