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Polymer Durability
In Polymer Durability; Clough, R., et al.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
In Polymer Durability; Clough, R., et al.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
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ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES 249
Polymer Durability
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Degradation, Stabilization, and Lifetime Prediction Roger L. Clough, EDITOR Sandia National Laboratories Norman C . Billingham, EDITOR University of Sussex Kenneth T. Gillen, EDITOR Sandia National Laboratories
Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Polymer Chemistry, Inc., at the 206th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, August 22-27, 1993
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1996
In Polymer Durability; Clough, R., et al.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Polymer durability: degradation, stabilization, and lifetime prediction / Roger L . Clough, editor, Norman C . Billingham, editor, Kenneth T. Gillen, editor.
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p.
cm.—(Advances in chemistry series, ISSN 0065-2393; 249)
"Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Polymer Chemistry, Inc., at the 206th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, August 22-27, 1993." Includes bibliographical references and indexes. I S B N 0-8412-3134-6 (hardbound) 1. Polymers—Deterioration—Congresses 2. Stabilizing agents—Congresses I. Clough, Roger L . (Roger Lee), 1949. II. Billingham, N . C . III. Gillen, Kenneth T. IV. American Chemical Society. Division of Polymer Chemistry. V. American Chemical Society. Meeting (206th: 1993: Chicago, 111.). VI. Series. QD1.A355 no. 249 [QD381.9.D47] 540 s—dc20 [668.9]
95-12163 CIP
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In Polymer Durability; Clough, R., et al.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
1995 Advisory Board
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A d v a n c e s i n C h e m i s t r y Series
Robert J. Alaimo Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals
Mark Arnold
University of Iowa
David Baker
University of Tennessee
Arindam Bose Pfizer Central Research
Robert F. Brady, Jr.
Naval Research Laboratory
Mary E . Castellion
ChemEdit Company
Margaret A. Cavanaugh
National Science Foundation
Arthur B. Ellis University of Wisconsin at Madison
Gunda I. Georg
University of Kansas
Madeleine M . Joullie
Cynthia A. Maryanoff
R. W . Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute
Roger A. Minear
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Omkaram Nalamasu
A T & T Bell Laboratories
Vincent Pecoraro
University of Michigan
George W . Roberts North Carolina State University
R. Shapley John University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign
Douglas A. Smith
Concurrent Technologies Corporation
L. Somasundaram
DuPont
Michael D . Taylor
University of Pennsylvania
Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research
Lawrence P. Klemann
William C. Walker
Douglas R. Lloyd
Peter Willett
Nabisco Foods Group
The University of Texas at Austin
DuPont
University of Sheffield (England)
In Polymer Durability; Clough, R., et al.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
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FOREWORD ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES
The was founded in 1949 by the American Chemical Society as an outlet for symposia and collections of data in special areas of topical interest that could not be accommodated in the Society's journals. It provides a medium for symposia that would otherwise be frag mented because their papers would be distributed among several journals or not published at all. Papers are reviewed critically according to A C S editorial standards and receive the careful attention and processing characteristic of A C S publications. Volumes in the maintain the integrity of the symposia on which they are based; however, verbatim reproductions of previously published papers are not accepted. Papers may include reports of research as well as reviews, because symposia may embrace both types of presentation.
ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY SERIES
In Polymer Durability; Clough, R., et al.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
ABOUT THE EDITORS
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ROGER L . CLOUGH is Manager of the Organic
Materials Synthesis and Degradation Depart ment at Sandia National Laboratories. He re ceived his P h . D . degree in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology in 1975 un der the supervision of J. D . Roberts. He then spent a year as a North Atlantic Treaty Or ganization Postdoctoral Fellow at the Techni cal University in Munich, with E . O. Fischer. This fellowship was followed by a year as a National Science Foundation Fellow at the University of California at Los Angeles with Chris Foote. Clough has authored more than 100 research papers, holds five patents, has written numerous review articles on stability and stabilization of polymers to ionizing radiation, and has edited two books on the subject of radiation effects on polymers. His research activ ities include polymer oxidation mechanisms, lifetime prediction methodolo gies, oxygen diffusion effects in materials degradation, development of analytical techniques for monitoring materials degradation, and understanding changes in mechanical properties and color that occur as polymers undergo aging. The department that Clough manages has responsibility for developing a variety of high-performance materials and for investigating a wide range of polymer degradation problems involving environments of elevated tempera ture, U V light, or ionizing radiation.
NORMAN BILLINGHAM
C. is Reader in Chem istry in the School of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences at the University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom. H e received his B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Bir mingham. In 1967 he moved to Sussex as an ICI Research Fellow, and he has spent his re search career in Sussex, moving from Lecturer to Reader in 1988. His research interests in degradation and stabilization of polymers in clude development of new methods of study, especially chemiluminescence and optical mi croscopy. H e has worked on solubility, diffu sion, and loss of stabilizing additives and on application of U V and fluorescence microscopy to study additive location and migration. Other research interests are in polymer synthesis, with an emphasis on use of group-transfer and revii
In Polymer Durability; Clough, R., et al.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.
lated polymerization methods to prepare monodisperse block copolymers for evaluation as dispersants and binders in ceramics processing and in membrane applications. A particular interest is water-soluble and amphiphilic polymers and their solution behavior. Billingham has published more than 100 papers and reviews. H e was awarded the 1994 Royal Society of Chemistry Industrial Award in Maeromolecules and Polymers for his work in degradation and sta bilization of polymers. H e is editor of the Elsevier journal Polymer Degradation and Stability.
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KENNETH GILLEN
T. received his B.S. degree in chemistry from the University of California at Berkeley and his P h . D . degree in chemistry from the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1970. After a two-year postdoctorate at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, and a one-year position at J E O L , Ltd., he joined Sandia National Laboratories in 1974. Since 1991, Gillen has been a Distin guished Member of the Technical Staff in the Properties of Organic Materials Department. His research interests focus on aging effects of polymeric materials, where he develops ex perimental techniques and creates and verifies models for various aging en vironments. He has coauthored approximately 100 publications and eight invited book chapters. Gillen serves as the U.S. representative on the Inter national Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Radiation Effects Working Group, which creates and rewrites I E C radiation standards on endurance of insulating materials. For the past eight years, he has been the organizer of the Department of Energy Conferences on Compatibility, Aging, and Service Life.
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In Polymer Durability; Clough, R., et al.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996.