Editorial pubs.acs.org/IECR
Preface for the Special Issue on Sustainable Chemical Manufacturing
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synthesis and global optimization method to study biological and thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid transportation fuels. The designed processes were analyzed for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and economic impact on the biorefineries. In the paper by Almena and Martin,3 a new process was synthesized to produce epichlorohydrin from glycerol, which is the main byproduct in a biodiesel manufacturing plant. To evaluate and improve the sustainability performance of biofuel manufacturing, Moradi-Aliabadi and Huang4 introduced a novel vector-based sustainability assessment and decision making method, which can be used to conduct a comprehensive sustainability performance analysis of an existing process as well as technology candidates, and identify optimal technology sets for stage-wide implementation in plants. Handler et al.5 demonstrated a need for life cycle analysis (LCA) to quantify global warming in production of ethanol production from carbon-containing gases. Chen et al.6 reported an organic-Rankine-cycle integrated heat recovery technique to transfer waste heat to useful work in process systems, which is economically justifiable in application. In process unit design, CFD is a powerful technique to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Yang et al.7 investigated, through CFD simulation, the behavior a gas− liquid−solid three-phase stirred reactor that was used in an environmentally benign bioleaching process, while Salehi et al.8 improved the performance of an oxidative coupling of methane reactor via CFD analysis. Through extensive experimental study, Jiang et al.9 developed a ceramic-carbonate dual-phase membrane for CO2 capture. This type of membrane has a higher CO2 permeation flux, and is of a high thermalmechanical stability in thermal recycles. Recognizing that the oxidation of C−H bonds is an important chemical transformation in chemical manufacturing, Collom et al.10 reported a robust heterogeneous cobalt water oxidation catalyst, which is recyclable with minimal loss of activity. Process sustainability can be significantly enhanced if maximizing energy and material efficiency, minimizing waste, and ensuring process safety. In this context, advanced process modeling, control, and optimization are key techniques for characterizing process systems and establishing correlations of process behavior with operational sustainability. Diangelakis et al.11 introduced a decentralized multiparametric model predictive control method to optimize effectively the operation of a cogeneration plant powered by a natural gas, internal combustion engine. In a paper by Malek et al.,12 a model-based dynamic optimization approach is presented for improving the operation of an outdoor open pond for microalgae cultivation, where the supply of dissolved CO2 to the algal culture from a CO2 rich gas is modeled. Leperi et al.13 investigated a two-stage pressure/vacuum swing adsorption process for capturing postcombustion CO2. Their study provides insight into the optimal operating conditions for various adsorbents at the lowest costs
epletion of natural resources, increased air, water and soil pollution, climate change, scarcity of water for drinking and agriculture, economic and social welfare disparities, and excessive population growth, are major challenges facing global society. These have caused industries to re-evaluate their business practices and identify effective solutions for long-term sustainable development. Chemical and allied industries, like other manufacturing sectors, have been seeking pathways toward economic growth that are environmentally more friendly and socially more responsible. Over the past decade, new technologies for design and manufacture of highperformance products have placed a renewed focus on manufacturing sustainability. Sustainable manufacturing is the creation of manufactured products through economically sound processes that minimize negative environmental and social impacts while conserving energy and natural resources. This requires systematic and effective incorporation of sustainability principles into product and process design, manufacturing, and enterprise management activities and practice. The Sustainable Manufacturing Advances in Research and Technology (SMART) Coordination Network, which is funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation through its Science, Engineering, and Education for Sustainability (SEES) program, has conducted comprehensive and in-depth reviews of frontier research and technological development for sustainable manufacturing. SMART has defined a roadmap toward manufacturing sustainability and identified bottlenecks in several focused research areas via a number of workshops. The SMART Coordination Network shares relevant knowledge, resources, software, and results, establishing partnerships with industrial groups to expedite technology introduction, and conducting education and outreach to a wide range of stakeholders. This special issue contains 23 invited papers that demonstrate state-of-the-art research in the challenging areas of sustainable chemical manufacturing. The papers in this issue, contributed by active members of the SMART Coordination Network, studied various types of manufacturing problems through developing novel methodologies for sustainable design of products and processes, sustainable control and operation of manufacturing systems, and supply chain management, where sustainability assessment and decision-making and life cycle analysis are performed systematically. Design for Sustainability (DfS) aims at completely eliminating negative environmental impact in the design of product and process systems. Manifestations of sustainable design require renewable resources, impact the environment minimally, and connect industry with the natural environment. In this issue, Martin and Grossmann1 introduced a conceptual design method to optimally integrate processes for the production of dimethyl furfural (DMF) and furfural from biomass, switchgrass, and algae. They formulated mixed-integer nonlinear programming models for which simultaneous optimization and heat integration was performed for different raw materials. Matthews et al.2 developed a new process © 2016 American Chemical Society
Special Issue: Sustainable Manufacturing Published: March 30, 2016 3189
DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01040 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2016, 55, 3189−3191
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
Editorial
considerable value to readers in the field of sustainable manufacturing. Researchers in both academic and industrial organizations will benefit from this collection of papers, which is aimed at enhancing the impact of current research.
of dehydration and compression. Song et al.14 proposed a multiscale modeling and optimization technique to characterize the micro-meso-macro behavior of a nanocoating curing process and to identify an optimal operational strategy for quality assurance while energy efficiency was maximized. This issue also contains two interesting papers on process safety. In a paper by Shu and Zhao,15 an artificial immune system based approach was introduced for diagnosing faults in chemical processes without historical fault samples. Case studies on the Pensim process and laboratory-scale distillation columns illustrated the effectiveness of the approach. In the research by Bhavsar et al.,16 pupillometry was used for online performance monitoring of control room operators. They then introduced a method to monitor operator’s cognitive workload to prevent human error during abnormal situations. It is noted that the sustainable manufacturing study should be broadened to the issues encountered in large-scale systems, such as industrial complex, supply chain, and beyond. Yuan et al.17 investigated large-scale CO2 capture and chemical conversion problems, where process efficiency, cost/energy effectiveness, and environmental friendliness are keys concerns. Their paper highlighted ideas and perspectives for development of new techniques, opportunities, and challenges. Ng and Maravelias18 introduced the concept of a regional biomass processing depot, where biomass was pretreated and/or densified to a higher density intermediate. Their study shows that creation of regional depots could improve the performance of supply network, in terms of costs and emissions. Ingwersen et al.19 reported their work on sustainable product supply chain through integrating sustainability indicators in life cycle assessment. The analysis could point to GHG, air pollutants, land used for pulpwood, and fossil fuel use as important emissions and resources to manage in order to improve the sustainability of paper towel production. The paper by Gabriel et al.20 focused on water-energy nexus issues. They studied the interdependent relationship between water and energy and developed a general methodology based on a total site analysis. A case study was solved to evaluate scenarios for developing water and energy strategies for a gas-to-liquids process in a region with various demands, as well as power and water exportation restrictions. In the paper contributed by Tan et al.,21 the problem of the disruption in process capacity or resource availability was studied using a P-graph technique, which could help determine optimal adjustments to crisis conditions to minimize manufacturing losses in a large industrial complex. Mountraki et al.22 reported an optimization technique for integrating waste management in multi-product biorefineries, where a large number of central and distributed waste treatment technologies are evaluated. It shows that the treatment cost could be made profitable. For the sustainable ethylene manufacturing, Yao et al.23 introduced a bottom-up technology assessment model to evaluate potential changes in the cradle-to-gate primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of U.S. ethylene production in the future. The modeling framework can be further used by energy, policy, and environmental analysts for assessing the potential savings of different technologies, making decisions in research and development (R&D) investment, and strategic planning for meeting energy and emissions reduction goals. Manufacturing sustainability is a very active, promising area of research today. Taken collectively, the papers in this special issue are filled with closely knit and mutually interacting research of significant state-of-the-art work, which adds
Yinlun Huang* Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
Thomas F. Edgar*
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The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Authors
*E-mail:
[email protected]. *E-mail:
[email protected]. Funding
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the U.S. National Science Foundation through grants (Award No. 1140000 to the SMART Coordination Network, and No. 1421191 for organizing the U.S. NSF-China NSF Workshop on Sustainable Manufacturing in China, 2014). Notes
Views expressed in this editorial are those of the author and not necessarily the views of the ACS.
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REFERENCES
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