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Preface SlNCE ANCIENT TIMES, PEOPLE HAVE RECOGNIZED that plants contained substances that could promote health and cure illnesses, and they observed that some plants resisted pests better than others. Through trial and error, people discovered the use of these substances and developed procedures for their extraction and use. With the advent of modern chemistry, the structures of many of these biologically active agents became known, and the systematic studies of natural products that protected plants from pests became a recognized activity within the field of chemistry. For a period of time, the use of natural products for the protection of plants waned with the increased use of large-scale synthesis and production of synthetic chemical compounds. During recent years, there has been a growing recognition that many of these compounds display a variety of adverse effects, and their use is often circumscribed. The need to control pests is even greater today, and attention is being refocused on natural products because they often have a reduced impact on the host and the environment, they may have desired specificity, and they may serve as prototype models. We have had a continuing interest in biologically active agents that protect plants from pests. Following this interest, we organized three special conferences on these topics in 1984, 1987, and 1992. Books based on the presentations at all three meetings have been compiled and published. This book is based on presentations given at the 1992 conference. The organization of the book follows that of the conference and includes sections on natural product pesticides, peptides and neuropeptides, natural and engineered viral agents, evolving approaches to pesticide discovery emphasizing biochemistry and computer-aided design, and registration of biopesticides. We are moving into a new era in which crops will be protected from a broad spectrum of pests, including plants, insects, and diseases, by more selective technologies. This book will contribute to the understanding and the subsequent adoption of additional criteria and research strategies for the control of pests based on natural products and will be of interest to industry, the academic and federal research sectors, and the agencies responsible for regulation of natural products.
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Acknowledgments We thank the participants of the conference and the contributors to this book, without whom the project would not have been possible. We acknowledgefinancialaid received from the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Competitive Research Initiative Grants Program and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Office of Technology Transfer that was used for organization of the conference. Finally, we thank the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture for support associated with organization of the conference and compilation of the book. P A U L A. H E D I N
U.S. Department of Agriculture Mississippi State, MS 39762 JULIUS J . M E N N
U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville, MD 20705 R O B E R T M. H O L L I N G W O R T H
Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 September 28, 1993
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Innovation in Discovery
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The Career of Toshio Fujita A special award recognizing Toshio Fujita's contribution to biological, computational, and synthetic chemistry was presented to him at the 1992 conference by the Division of Agrochemicals of the American Chemical Society. The award was presented at a session held in Fujita's honor enti tled "Evolving Approaches to Pesticide Discovery". Toshio Fujita is held in such high regard by his colleagues for numerous reasons. His career is typified by innovative research and creative teaching in his laboratory. Fujita provided novel ways of looking at biological activity to generations of biological chemists, many of whom view the world in terms of π, σ, and other physical-chemical parameters developed by Fujita, Hansch, and others. Fujita is Professor Emeritus of Bioregulation and Pesticide Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. He earned his B.S. degree in the Department of Agricultural Chemistry of Kyoto University in 1951 and was appointed as an instructor of that department the same year, serving until 1964. On the basis on his research from 1951 to 1961, he received a D.Sc. from the university in 1962. He was promoted to lecturer in 1964, associate professor in 1966, and professor in 1981. Fujita is a member of the Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnol ogy, and Agrochemistry (formerly the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan), the Chemical Society of Japan, the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, and the Pesticide Science Society of Japan, as well as the Ameri can Chemical Society. He served as President of the Pesticide Science Society of Japan in 1985 and 1986. He received Agricultural Chemical Society Awards in 1967 for promoting research activity and in 1989 for his research performance. In addition, he received the Pesticide Science Society Award in 1979, and, as recently announced, the American Chemi cal Society International Award in Pesticide Chemistry Research for 1993. Since his undergraduate years, his research career has focused on the structure-activity relationships of bioactive compounds, starting with the auxin-type plant-growth regulators and herbicides. In 1961, he joined Corwin Hansch at Pomona College in Claremont, California, as a Post doctoral Research Fellow. From 1961 to 1963, he and Hansch developed a novel procedure to quantitatively analyze structure-activity relation ships of agrochemicals and medicines (QSAR). QSAR is regarded as a forerunner to the development of a number of recent computer-aided xv Hedin et al.; Natural and Engineered Pest Management Agents ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1993.
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Toshio Fujita drug design methodologies. Two early seminal papers (Fujita, Hansch, and Muir ), introducing QSAR, were selected as Citation Classics in 1982 and 1986 by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Fujita is the author of more than 250 papers and has been the editor or co-editor of five books on QSAR methodologies and applications to structure-activity optimization. His major interests are QSAR and SAR and their applications to a wide variety of agrochemicals and medicines. Upon retirement from Kyoto University in 1992, he began working at the Fujitsu Kansai Systems Laboratory to construct a knowledge-based system named EMIL. This system uses the rapidly expanding power of computer systems to analyze databases of biologically active agrochemicals and medicines as a creative tool in compound design. His chapter in this book provides ample illustration that Toshio Fujita is still making innovative contributions. 1
BRUCE D. HAMMOCK University of California Davis, CA 95616 July 6, 1993 hansch, C.; Fujita, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 1616-1626. Fujita, T.; Iwasa, J.; Hansch, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 5175-5180.
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