PREFACE
A ^ o s s b a u e r spectroscopy has m a t u r e d to the p o i n t t h a t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l parameters c a n b e o b t a i n e d a n d f a i r l y w e l l u n d e r s t o o d , so the use fulness of the t e c h n i q u e to s t u d y p r o b l e m s i n a n u m b e r of areas is b e i n g e x p l o r e d v i g o r o u s l y . T h e great d i v e r s i t y of a p p l i c a t i o n s is e v i d e n t i m m e
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d i a t e l y u p o n s c a n n i n g the m a i n category h e a d i n g s i n this v o l u m e .
Valu
a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n is b e i n g o b t a i n e d , m u c h of w h i c h is c o n t a i n e d h e r e i n . M o s s b a u e r spectroscopy
has b e e n u s e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h other f o r m s
of spectroscopy to m a x i m i z e u n d e r s t a n d i n g of p a r t i c u l a r systems. S e v e r a l chapters, most of t h e m u s i n g v e r y specific
environments
5 7
F e , are d e m o n s t r a t i o n s of w a y s i n w h i c h
i n materials such
as catalysts,
biological
species, a n d surfaces c a n b e i n v e s t i g a t e d . T h e uses of the t e c h n i q u e as a n a n a l y t i c a l t o o l f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e studies a n d i n f a s t - t i m e studies are also c o v e r e d . S p e c i f i c a l l y , the b o o k is c o m p o s e d of seven e x t e n d e d p a p e r s m o r e t h a n t w e n t y short papers.
T h e s e w e r e selected f r o m a m o n g
and those
p r e s e n t e d at the s y m p o s i u m u p o n w h i c h this b o o k is b a s e d f o r e x p a n s i o n i n o r d e r to g i v e a g o o d o v e r v i e w of t h e w a y s i n w h i c h M o s s b a u e r effect is b e i n g u s e d i n r e s e a r c h i n g c h e m i c a l p r o b l e m s . T h e seven l o n g e r p a p e r s contain reviews a n d / o r useful detailed information on particular tech n i q u e s . T h e t o p i c s i n c l u d e n e w uses, s u c h as a p p l i c a t i o n s of for isotopes other t h a n
5 7
F e and
1 1 9
resonance
S n to i m p o r t a n t m a t e r i a l s l i k e c o a l ,
storage h y d r i d e s , steels, a n d catalysts, i n m o d e r n t e c h n o l o g y , a n d t o t h e studies of surfaces. bauer
spectroscopy
spectroscopic
A l s o i n c l u d e d are use of i n t e r n a l c o n v e r s i o n and
the
t h e o r e t i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of
Moss
Mossbauer
measurements.
T h e short p a p e r s d o not m e r e l y present n e w measurements or results, b u t p r o v i d e , as w e l l , i n t r o d u c t i o n to the subject of the r e p o r t , a n d g e n e r a l l y g i v e a c r i t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n of other r e l a t i v e studies. I n m a n y cases the experiments are q u i t e n o v e l .
C o l l e c t i v e l y these p a p e r s s h o w
b r e a d t h of n e w a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e M o s s b a u e r effect. r e p o r t e d i n this v o l u m e besides 1 5 1
Eu,
1 6 9
Tm,
1 9 7
A u , and
2 3 7
Np.
1 1 9
S n and
5 7
F e include
Other 6 7
the
isotopes
Zn, " R u ,
1 2 1
I,
T h e a p p l i c a t i o n s of m o l e c u l a r o r b i t a l
c a l c u l a t i o n s are s u r v e y e d a n d e v a l u a t e d a n d , b y c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h
the
Mossbauer data, give n e w insights into c h e m i c a l b o n d i n g .
Conversion
e l e c t r o n M o s s b a u e r spectroscopy
widespread
is finding m o r e a n d m o r e
use i n surface a n a l y s i s . S e v e r a l chapters d e a l w i t h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s of xi Stevens and Shenoy; Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Its Chemical Applications Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
M o s s b a u e r s p e c t r o s c o p y to t h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of c o a l a n d its u t i l i z a t i o n . E x a m p l e s of the m a n y k i n d s of materials t h a t c a n b e s t u d i e d are g i v e n : soils, i r o n - s u l f u r b i o l o g i c a l
clusters, catalysts, b a t t e r y
materials,
and
h y d r o g e n storage m a t e r i a l s , a m o n g others. S e r v i n g w i t h us o n the o r g a n i z i n g c o m m i t t e e ( N o r t h C a r o l i n a State U n i v e r s i t y ) , M . L . G o o d
were L . H .
Bowen
( L o u i s i a n a State U n i
v e r s i t y ) , R . H . H e r b e r ( T h e R u t g e r s U n i v e r s i t y ) , C . H . W . Jones
(Simon
F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y ) , G . L . L o n g ( U n i v e r s i t y of M i s s o u r i — R o l l a ) , L . M a y ( T h e C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y ) , a n d J . J . Z u c k e r m a n ( U n i v e r s i t y of O k l a h o m a ) . I n d u s t r i a l sponsors that m a d e t h e s y m p o s i u m a n d thus this v o l u m e possible include N e w E n g l a n d Nuclear, Spire Corporation, Downloaded by 80.82.77.83 on May 18, 2017 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: July 1, 1981 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1981-0194.pr001
Corporation Ranger
and
The
Radiochemical
Centre,
Engineering Corp., and WissEl.
symposium
Amersham
Harwell, Elscint,
D u r i n g every
Inc.,
stage of
a n d the p r e p a r a t i o n of the b o o k , assistance w a s
the
received
f r o m t h e staff of the M o s s b a u e r E f f e c t D a t a C e n t e r of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of N o r t h C a r o l i n a at A s h e v i l l e . Stevens, w h o
was
Special appreciation
is d u e
to
i n v o l v e d i n the i n t e r m i n a b l e details a n d
Virginia decisions
f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g to t h e e n d . F i n a l l y , w e w o u l d l i k e to d e d i c a t e this b o o k to the m e m o r y of J a n T r o o s t e r , a scientist a n d f r i e n d e x t r a o r d i n a i r e , w h o w a s to h a v e t r i b u t e d s p e c i f i c a l l y b u t , b e c a u s e of illness, was u n a b l e to d o so.
con How
ever, his s p i r i t of a d v e n t u r e , d e d i c a t i o n to c a r e f u l research, a n d a b o u n d ing good humor provided
those a r o u n d h i m w i t h the i n s p i r a t i o n a n d
e n e r g y necessary to do the k i n d of w o r k this b o o k represents. J O H N G. STEVENS
Mössbauer
Effect D a t a Center
U n i v e r s i t y of North Carolina at A s h e v i l l e A s h e v i l l e , NC 28814 G O P A L K. S H E N O Y
Solid
State P h y s i c s
Division
Argonne National Laboratory A r g o n n e , IL 60439 J u n e 27, 1981
xii Stevens and Shenoy; Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Its Chemical Applications Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS I a m p l e a s e d t o h a v e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y to r e v i e w t h e b r e a d t h a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e My
Mössbauer
of
effect which is r e p r e s e n t e d b y this b o o k .
r e m a r k s reflect m y t w o " h a t s " in t h a t I represent t h e A m e r i c a n
C h e m i c a l S o c i e t y t h r o u g h its B o a r d of D i r e c t o r s a n d I a m a m e m b e r of t h a t g r o u p of chemists w h o
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Mössbauer
recognized
e a r l y the p o t e n t i a l u t i l i t y
of
spectroscopy in s o l v i n g c h e m i c a l p r o b l e m s . F i r s t , I a m p l e a s e d
t o see a n i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y s y m p o s i u m s u c h as this one attract s u c h a d i v e r s i f i e d g r o u p of scientists for the e x t e n d e d exchange of b a s i c science and
t e c h n o l o g y i n a specific a r e a of interest.
It i l l u s t r a t e s the c e n t r a l
p l a c e of c h e m i s t r y i n the d i s c u s s i o n of m a j o r concepts in science a n d i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n of c u r r e n t t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m s . T h e A m e r i c a n
Chemi
c a l Society, t h r o u g h its D i v i s i o n s of I n o r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y a n d N u c l e a r C h e m i s t r y a n d T e c h n o l o g y , is t o b e c o n g r a t u l a t e d f o r p r o v i d i n g a f o r u m of this t y p e . A b r i e f r e v i e w of this v o l u m e reveals b o t h the b r e a d t h a n d d e p t h of the c u r r e n t state of the art of Mössbauer spectroscopy a n d its a p p l i c a tions to c u r r e n t p r o b l e m s of interest. T h e chapters r a n g e f r o m a p p l i c a tions in t h e o r e t i c a l c h e m i s t r y to the a n a l y s i s of the m i n e r a l c o n t e n t coal.
of
T h e o v e r a l l s y m p o s i u m p r o g r a m , o n w h i c h this b o o k is b a s e d ,
proves t h a t t h e e a r l y r e c o g n i z e d p o t e n t i a l of this t e c h n i q u e for s o l v i n g c h e m i c a l p r o b l e m s has b e e n r e a l i z e d . H o w e v e r , the o b v i o u s l i m i t a t i o n s are s t i l l with us. T h e o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y of the c h a p t e r s focus o n t h e Mössbauer
effect in
Fe; t h e extension to other isotopes is s t i l l not e x t e n
57
sive. P e r h a p s w h a t the s y m p o s i u m i n d i c a t e s best is o u r present a b i l i t y to a p p l y s o m e w h a t esoteric i n s t r u m e n t a l m e t h o d s b o t h to significant b a s i c scientific questions a n d to a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h p r o b l e m s of interest. ability
As our technological problems
will
become more
technological complex,
this
become more and more important.
T h e o r g a n i z e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y J o h n Stevens, V i r g i n i a
Stevens, a n d
G o p a l S h e n o y , are to b e c o n g r a t u l a t e d for t h e i r efforts to b r i n g this g r o u p t o g e t h e r a n d f o r c o a x i n g p a p e r s out of so m a n y of t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s . T h o s e w h o h a v e h e l p e d o r g a n i z e meetings of this t y p e k n o w t h e w o r k i n v o l v e d a n d c a n r e c o g n i z e t h e o u t s t a n d i n g job t h a t t h i s s m a l l g r o u p has accomplished. MARY L . GOOD
June 27,1980 xiii Stevens and Shenoy; Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Its Chemical Applications Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
