FACTS & FIGURES 118.7, while output of pharmaceuticals rose 2.6% to 209.1. For Europe, where it is getting more and more difficult to obtain timely data, the European Chemical Industry Council provides only indexes for total chemical production. The data show that Germany had the greatest growth in 2005, with output of all chemicals rising 4.0% to an index of 113.4. This was followed by Belgium, with 2.8% HEMICAL COMPANIES GENERALLY tives suffered greatly in the U.S., according growth to 135.0, and Spain, where the procontinued to enjoy increases in to data from the National Petrochemical & duction index increased 2.5% to 119.0. In Japan, overall chemical production, output last year. Production of Refiners Association. Ethylene output fell most chemicals rose, accord- 6.7%, ethylene dichloride dropped 7.0%, which excludes pharmaceuticals, rose just ing to statistics from various ethylbenzene was down 9.1%, and ethylene 0.6% to an index of 99.3. Output of petrochemicals increased 1.0% to 102.0, while government agencies and trade associations, oxide plunged 16.1%. and so did the fortunes of major chemiClosely related to organic chemicals, plas- that for aromatics, which posted the best cal-producing countries. If there was any tics also had a tough time, dropping 5-5% growth among the country's chemical categories, rose 4.6% to 115.0. problem anywhere, it was in the U.S., and to an index of 100.9. it had more to do with hurricanes than On the downside,Japanese production of In Canada, which provides data only market forces. for overall chemicals, basic chemicals, and cyclic intermediates and dyes fell 3.0% to an The Gulf Coast hurricanes in August pharmaceuticals, production growth was index of 96.0; fertilizer production, which and September disrupted chemical pro- slow or nonexistent. The production index has been slipping for years, declined 1.8% duction as they knocked out chemical for all chemicals was 134.3, up nominally to an index of 68.5. Still, this result is much better than the 10-year average decline for plants and hampered transportation. In from the 2004 index of 132.2. some cases, plants were down for three or Basic chemicals and pharmaceuticals fertilizers of 4.1%. In South Korea, chemical production inmore months, during which production almost canceled each other. Production creased 3.1% to an index of 138.6, while outwas curtailed. of basic chemicals fell 2.8% to an index of put of rubber and plastics products, The U.S. Federal Reserve Board's the country's only reported chemical index of industrial production shows U.S. PRODUCTION subgroup, rose 2.0% to 117.3. that overall chemical output declined Output slipped for all chemical sectors Taiwan saw output of all chemi0.2% in 2005 from the prior year. cals rise 0.4% to an index of 1474. As a result, the U.S. is the only maProduction index, 1997 = 100 The best growth was in petrochemijor country surveyed that had lower 150 cals and fertilizers. Petrochemical total chemical production last year production increased 5.1% to 224.5, than in 2004. while fertilizer output improved The chief culprit for the decline 120 7.2% to 76.6. The worst performamong the U.S. chemical sectors was ing sector was fibers, production basic chemicals, which includes both of which dropped 11.1% to 103.9. basic inorganic and organic chemiFibers was followed by plastics, cals. With many plants sited in the 90 which declined 2.9% to 133.1, and paths of Hurricanes Katrina and synthetic rubber, which slipped Rita, this sector suffered heavily. Ac1.1% to 1277 cording to the government figures, Mill I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 iffl 1 60 production of basic chemicals fell China does not provide produc2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 6.9% to an index of 90.9 (all indexes tion indexes, but it does report out• All manufacturing H Organic chemicals are 1997 = 100). • Chemicals • Basic inorganic chemicals put of individual chemical prod• Basic chemicals • Synthetic materials ucts. As might be expected of the Organic chemicals were the NOTE: Seasonally adjusted. SOURCE: Federal Reserve Board fast-expanding country, growth was main drag on the basic chemicals very good. sector. Inorganics did pretty well, Within organic chemicals, the all things considered, with only a U.S. PLANT USE Chinese National Chemical In1.7% decline to an index of 101.6. Year-end chemical manufacturing capacity use formation Council reports that But production of organic chemislowed, largely because of hurricanes the country produced about 7.56 cals, which had already been showmillion metric tons of ethylene last ing signs of weakness in the first Production, % of capacity 85 I year, up 20.6% from 2004. Produceight months of the year, fell 10.1% All manufacturing tion of methanol rose 21.6% to 5.36 to an index of 83.9. If production million metric tons. For the other had continued at the levels seen two products the council reports, before the storms, organic chemical benzene output rose 19.8% to 3.06 production would have been down Chemical manufacturing 70! million metric tons, while caproonly about 3%. 04 05 1995 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 lactam output fell 6.1% to 214,000 The largest volume organic chemNOTE: As of December. SOURCE: Federal Reserve Board metric tons. ical, ethylene, and its major deriva-
PRODUCTION: GROWTH IS THE NORM
Output of chemicals increased across most products and in most countries
C
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59
PRODUCTIONU.S. PRODUCTION INDEX Only two major chemical categories saw production increases last year PRODUCTION INDEX,
ANNUAL CHANGE
1997 = 100
1995
Totalindex Manufacturing, total Nondurable manufacturing Chemicals Basic Chemicals Basic inorganic chemicals Alkalies & chlorine Synthetic dyes & pigments Other basic inorganic chemicals
1997
89.4 87.9 96.2 92.5 93.1
93.2 92.2 96.5 94.4 93.0
97.5 104.0 95.7 93.8
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2004-05 1995-05
100.0 105.8 100.0 106.7 100.0 101.5 100.0 101.7 100.0 96.7
110.6 115.4 111.3 111.5 112.2 116.8 120.6 3.3% 3.0% 112.4 117.7 112.9 113.3 114.1 119.8 124.6 4.0 3.6 102.2 102.8 99.4 100.4 99.3 101.4 102.2 0.8 0.6 103.7 105.3 103.4 109.6 109.3 112.7 112.5 -0.2 2.0 101.4 97.9 88.1 94.1 92.7 97.6 90.9 -6.9 -0.2
98.0 109.3 95.5 96.5
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
104.1 99.9 98.6 104.0
105.8 129.7 95.2 109.7
98.3 119.4 98.1 99.7
90.4
89.9
100.0
91.5
98.4
97.2
83.9
96.1 93.9 105.5
94.1 90.9 105.8
100.0 100.0 100.0
104.3 108.2 100.7
105.3 112.2 90.8
103.3 111.5 84.8
90.9 89.6
95.0 94.9
100.0 100.0
105.3 108.8
108.7 113.2
91.8 99.5
94.5 99.3
100.0 100.0
98.5 100.2
94.5
96.3
100.0
102.1
Organic chemicals Synthetic materials3 Plastic material & resin Artificial & synthetic fibers
1996
Chemical products Pharmaceuticals & medicines Soap, cleaning compounds & toiletries Paint & coatings Pesticides, fertilizers & other agricultural chemicals
94.2 102.7 100.4 156.0 91.0 105.6 95.5 99.7
101.3 165.0 104.6 96.0
103.4 173.5 112.0 96.8
101.6 -1.7 166.7-3.9 105.5 -5.8 96.9 0.1
0.4 4.8 1.0 0.3
88.2
86.8
93.3
83.9-10.1
-0.7
93.3 101.0 79.0
95.7 106.0 70.7
93.0 100.6 72.9
98.5 106.8 75.1
92.7 -5.9 100.9 -5.5 72.4 -3.6
-0.4 0.7 -3.7
111.4 117.6
116.4 126.6
124.0 134.8
128.8 137.7
130.2 141.6
133.1 143.0
2.2 1.0
3.9 4.8
94.6 98.3
97.7 98.0
99.3 95.8
111.1 97.0
105.3 93.5
103.4 98.3
110.0 99.8
6.4 1.5
1.8 0.0
92.0
86.8
79.9
82.2
85.5
88.1
89.2
1.2
-0.6
.
a Includes synthetic rubber. SOURCE: Federal Reserve Boar
CANADA PRODUCTION INDEX Chemicals lagged behind other manufacturing in 2005 PRODUCTION INDEX,
ANNUAL CHANGE
1997 = 100
1995
All manufacturing Chemicals Basic chemicals Pharmaceuticals & medicines
1996
92.9 99.3 97.6 96.8
93.9 99.8 93.0 96.6
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
105.0 100.9 98.2 95.3
113.5 105.1 97.8 111.2
126.2 116.8 112.5 133.8
120.0 119.5 112.4 174.4
121.4 123.4 112.8 193.4
121.5 125.8 113.4 201.0
127.1 134.2 122.1 203.9
130.1 2.4% 3.4% 134.3 0.0 3.1 118.7 -2.8 2.0 209.1 2.6 8.0
2004-05 1995-05
SOURCE: Statistics Canada
EUROPE PRODUCTION INDEX Production growth perked up in major European countries CHEMICAL PRODUCTION INDEX,
ANNUAL CHANGE
1997 = 100
1995
Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Spain U.K.
87.9 93.8 89.8 94.6 100.0 93.4 97.7
1996
90.2 96.2 94.4 96.6 95.6 93.5 98.2
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
101.2 105.1 100.2 100.2 100.0 103.6 101.6
108.1 107.5 104.5 100.4 107.0 107.7 104.9
119.9 112.5 107.5 101.8 116.0 106.2 109.3
116.5 109.9 104.9 99.2 117.0 107.1 113.2
127.2 108.7 107.5 100.5 124.0 110.3 112.3
127.0 107.5 107.5 104.9 124.0 113.5 112.9
131.3 108.1 109.0 107.1 124.0 116.1 117.8
135.0 109.9 113.4 108.4 126.1 119.0 118.6
2004-05
2.8% 1.7 4.0 1.2 1.7 2.5 0.7
1995-05
4.4% 1.6 2.4 1.4 2.3 2.5 2.0
SOURCE: European Chemistry Industry Council
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ASIA PRODUCTION INDEX Chemical industry output mostly grew, but man-made fibers shrank in Taiwan PRODUCTION INDEX, 1997=100
ANNUALCHANGE 1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2005
2004
2003
2004-05
1995-05
1.1%
0.5%
0.6 1.0 4.6 0.8 1.2 1.4
0.5 0.9 2.6
JAPAN Mining & manufacturing All chemicals3 Petrochemicals Aromatics Industrial sodium chemicals Inorganic chemicals & dyes Organic chemicals Cyclic intermediates & dyes Plastics
94.3
Synthetic rubber Fertilizers
94.5 92.9
96.5 95.7 94.5
89.0 97.3 98.5 90.4 96.9 92.6
92.9
85.5 95.7 96.8 93.2 96.8
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
92.2 95.5
94.8
94.1
89.8 95.5
99.1
96.4 99.9
104.2
101.8
100.0
90.9
88.1
94.9 94.5 93.9 95.7 97.7 96.6 95.1
93.6 98.3 99.3 100.9 97.2 103.3 101.9 98.2
99.1 98.9 99.1 100.1 98.2 106.8 100.6 97.7
91.3
91.0
93.0
98.1
95.8 94.5 97.7 91.0 101.8 94.3 93.9 91.0
95.9 95.7
97.3 98.4 106.5 93.8 106.3 100.0 96.6 91.4
98.7 101.0 109.9 93.8 108.8 100.7 98.9
101.0 92.6 103.8 94.8 95.1
99.2 99.3 102.0 115.0 94.6 110.1 102.1 96.0
-3.0
-0.1
99.6
94.3 102.1
94.3 102.7
0.0 0.6
0.2 0.9 -4.1
92.0
87.1
80.6
75.8
69.5
69.8
68.5
-1.8
6.3%
7.6%
3.1 2.0
5.7 2.4
3.9%
5.1%
0.4 0.5 5.1 7.2
5.2 5.5 9.7 -2.1
- 11.1 -2.9 -1.1
2.0 3.8 5.2
88.3
95.9
106.6 93.1
113.0 99.4
137.1 116.1 101.9
148.3 123.4 108.5
156.0
89.0 98.1
93.4 96.6 79.2
136.8
79.5 92.6
100.0 100.0 100.0
116.8
Chemicals & chemical products Rubber & plastic products
128.1 111.3
172.4 134.5 115.0
183.3 138.6 117.3
90.8 88.6 88.7 89.0 94.7 85.6 91.5 77.1
93.3 93.8 95.9 95.5 96.5 91.1 95.1 80.3
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
103.2 102.9 98.9 101.2 92.3 105.5 103.3 103.3
111.2 112.6 107.5 118.5 85.0 107.6 113.2 109.0
120.2 120.5 120.9 133.4 83.0 111.8 117.8 102.4
110.1 129.4 123.5 163.8 77.5 107.7 118.0 105.5
120.4 137.1 125.4 175.4 74.2 112.2 125.3 115.8
129.4 145.8 133.5 197.8 73.8 111.8 129.0 120.8
143.2 146.8 150.1 213.6 71.4 116.8 137.0 129.1
148.7 147.4 150.9 224.5 76.6 103.9 133.1 127.7
Man-made fibers Plastics & resins Synthetic rubber
1.1 1.2
91.0 96.1
SOUTH KOREA All manufacturing
TAIWAN All manufacturing Chemicals Basic chemicals Petrochemicals Fertilizers
-0.3
a Excludes pharmaceuticals. SOURCES: Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry; National Statistical Office, Republic of Korea; Taiwan's Ministry of Economic Affairs, Department of Statistics
U.S. ORGANICS Only urea eked out an increase as all others declined THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED
Acrylonitrile Aniline 3 Benzeneb,c (thousands of liters) 1,3-Butadiened Cumene Ethylbenzene3 Ethylene
ANNUALCHANGE 1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1,455
1,530
1,493
1,415
1,415
1,551
1,343
1,239
1,501
631
489
607
701
719
846
865
921
969
8,206 1,670 2,552
8,009 1,744 2,667
8,865 1,863 2,776
8,467 1,844 3,045
9,088 1,942 3,162
9,156 2,009 3,741
7,271 1,721 3,187
8,130 1,869 3,503
7,926 1,902 3,397
2004-05 1995-05
2004
2005
1,598 1,034 8,781 2,204 3,736
1,323 -17.2% 964 -6.8 7,574 -13.8 2,046 -7.1 3,509 -6.1
Ethylene dichloride 3 Ethylene oxide
6,194 4,699 5,432 5,743 5,945 21,303 22,270 23,169 23,615 25,300 7,830 5,142 11,927 11,140 10,358 3,457 3,284 3,738 4,030 3,692
5,251 -9.1 4,642 5,578 5,779 5,412 5,968 25,113 22,513 23,644 22,976 25,682 23,974 -6.7 9,336 9,994 12,163 11,308 -7.0 9,328 9,911 3,166 -16.1 3,660 3,772 3,343 3,447 3,867
Propylene e Sty re ne Urea Vinyl acetate
11,653 5,165 7,366 1,312
14,457 5,405 6,969 1,497
11,390 5,386 7,755 1,322
12,489 5,156 7,533 1,331
13,014 5,166 8,042 1,333
13,202 5,397 8,080 1,378
13,176 4,214 6,080 1,188
14,425 4,899 7,038 1,349
13,939 5,167 5,783 1,306
15,345 5,394 5,757 1,431
15,333 5,042 5,801 1,327
-0.1 -6.5
-0.9%
4.3 -0.8
2.1 3.2 -1.6
1.2 3.7 -0.9
2.8
0.8
-0.2 -2.4
-7.3
0.1
a Reporting method changed in 1996; data may not be comparable with 1995. b Tar distillers and coke-oven operators not included, c Specification grades, d Rubber grade, e All grades. SOURCES: National Petroleum Refiners Association, Bureau of the Census
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C & E N / JULY 10, 2006
61
— PRODUCTION CANADA ORGANICS Several products posted declines in 2005 ANNUAL CHANGE
THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
1995
Benzene Butadiene Ethylene 3 Formaldehyde13 Propylene Urea Xylenes3
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2004
2003
2002
2001
2005
2004-05
1995-05
798 -12.8% 245 -15.2 — na — na 737 -21.5
0.2%
781 205
758 212
715 219
718 236
805 230
859 252
751 245
849 276
843 276
915 289
3,130
3,202
3,244
3,557
3,881
4,069
4,261
4,734
4,729
5,095
na 822
195 822
210 859
228
211
212 956
245 938
269 939
3,281
3,470
1,000 3,783
179 882
3,331
1,038 3,714
194 934 3,887
3,363
3,436
3,311
3,654
3,549
434
384
362
308
253
312
271
294
336
351
na
1.8
— — -1.1
0.6
-2.9
—
—
a Data for 2005 not available due to insufficient reporting, b Data for 1995 and 2005 not available due to insufficient reporting. na = not available. SOURCE: Statistics Canada
EUROPE ORGANICS Production showed mixed picture in 2005 ANNUAL CHANGE
THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
1995
Acetic acid Acetone Benzene Butadiene 1-Butanol Ethylbenzene Ethylene Ethylene dichloride Ethylene glycol Ethylene oxide Formaldehyde Methanol Phenol Phthalic anhydride Propylene Propylene glycol Propylene oxide Styrene Toluene Vinyl acetate Xylenes
1996
703 874
589 992
3,257 1,939
141
1997
1998
1999
2000
2003
2004
716
676
6,670 1,992
1,011 6,817 2,024
67
531
575
1,180 19,674 2,759
268 934
239 717
857 792
1,148
2,463 2,030
3,299 1,844
3,295 2,009
na 488
689 371
797 442
724 430
781
584
593
754
3,617 1,906
1,173 3,561 1,939
1,254 3,345 1,971
1,307 3,705 2,027
1,325 4,565 2,097
140
164
188
44
na
na
679
684
937
149
17,707
17,748
18,537
18,980
251 351 148
413 365 190
902 506 634
1,171
19,362 1,056 1,177
19,444 1,122 1,195
644
592
637
446
947 869 na 446
860
2002 a
2001
495 404
2005b
1,235 6,535 2,131
1,451 1,567 7,931 2,222
1,500 1,336 7,089 2,233
542
788
816
769
911
20,159 3,358
20,686 3,374
4,262 21,408 6,044 1,404 2,311
4,276 21,600 6,646 1,637 2,397
4,017 2,878 2,059
4,057 3,248 2,005
2004-05
1995-05
3.4% -14.7 -10.6
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
0.5 3.6 0.3 0.9 10.0 16.6
3.7 1.0
889
735
808
824
2,625
1,046
2,365
909 213
951 182
na 414
2,242 1,391
848
852
11,884
12,037
12,624
12,885
13,153
13,330
13,352
14,107
14,708
15,123
15,406
323 410 na
328 398 na
361 819
351 727
429 845
443 908
305 777
329 861
1,987
2,179
9.7
666
950
3,025
2,989 1,172
3,215 1,155
3,078
3,215
1,161
3,152 1,130
na 129
469
718
644
881
800
2,514
2,497
2,602
848 502 626
4,963 2,014
na 240
919 667
6,220 1,913
42.6 -20.2
1,329
316 735 958 886 457 579
4,382
4,282
209 391 1,368
954
1,122
12.9 -2.6
0.5 1.9
5.3 -9.2 -2.3
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
a Data for 2002 are restated to reflect expansion of the European Union to 25 countries; previous years' data are for EU15. b C&EN estimates based on partial reporting, na = not available, nm = not meaningful because of EU expansion. SOURCES: European Union and national government statistics offices, Association of Petrochemicals Producers in Europe
CHINA ORGANICS Ethylene output exceeded 7 million metric tons, a record THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
1997
Benzene (pure) Caprolactam Ethylene Methanol (refined)
1998
1999
2000
1,358
1,341
1,535
1,850
100
120
109
164
3,585 1,743
3,772 1,581
4,348 1,794
4,743 1,967
2001
1,988 152 4,807 2,065
2002
2,131 170 5,414 2,110
2003
2004
2005
2,408
2,556
3,061
201
228
214
6,118 2,989
6,266 4,406
7,555 5,356
ANNUAL CHANGE 2004-05 1997-05
19.8% -6.1 20.6 21.6
12.3% 11.5 11.2 17.4
SOURCE: China National Chemical Information Center
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ASIAORGANICS Production increased for most chemicals, particularly benzene THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
JAPAN Acetic acid Acetone Acrylonitrile Benzene 3 Butadiene
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
ANNUALCHANGE 2004-05 1995-05
574 396 663
599 417 675
620 458 730
654 459 667
644 507 738
675 508 732
594 476 738
569 472 708
592 492 780
589 539 711
599 546 742
4,013
4,177 1,025
4,502 1,052
4,203
4,425 1,044
4,313
977
4,459 1,035
4,261
991
976
993
4,551 1,062
4,758 1,041
4,980 1,040
424 545 681
415 555 639
447 556 721
424 519 652
495 581 688
461 599 673
472 531 598
476 508 607
519 530 685
506 503 676
513 458 722
6,944 2,932
7,138 3,116
7,416 3,491
7,076 3,491
7,687 3,503
7,614 3,431
7,361 3,275
7,152 3,352
7,367 3,463
7,570 3,594
7,618 3,687
Ethylene glycol Ethylene oxide Octanol Phenol Phthalate plasticizers
709 803 321 771 462
751 840 331 768 484
886 952 321 833 481
920 953 285 851 398
922 976 315 888 417
930 990 278 396
787 891 262 884 369
733 868 302 891 377
814 939 306 926 382
786 941 307 966 357
Phthalic anhydride Polypropylene glycol Propylene Purified terephthalic acid Styrene
316 304
342 296
330 295
301 274
301 302
290 304
259 294
262 299
262 314
257 346
239 339
-7.0 -2.0
4,956 1,681 2,939
5,143 1,561 3,085
5,409 1,663 3,035
5,101 1,616 2,770
5,520 1,547 3,055
5,453 1,527 2,968
5,342 1,496 3,004
5,309 1,624 3,016
5,610 1,443 3,201
5,767 1,531 3,345
6,030 1,472 3,392
4.6
1.1 2.0
-3.9
-1.3
1.4
1.4
1,374
1,370
1,419
1,349
1,488
1,489
1,423
1,548
1,584
1,634
160
166
192
192
192
214
214
223
230
245
4,154 2,476
3,931 2,329
4,634 2,921
4,340 2,754
4,641 2,969
4,681 2,920
4,798 2,814
4,900 2,920
5,213 3,097
5,395 3,164
2.6 216 -11.8 3.2 5,570 6.1 3,358
2.0 3.1 3.0 3.1
1,285
1,407
1,819
2,412
2,572
2,834
2,650
2,852
3,246
3,462
3,594
555
601
658
731
764
808
777
816
860
917
939
3,721 2,131
3,968 2,244
4,450 2,760
5,110 3,247
675
709
911
984
5,216 3,282 1,017
5,439 3,409 1,133
5,398 3,273 1,392
5,636 3,557 1,416
5,872 3,753 1,441
5,945 3,892 1,498
6,058 3,945 1,501
156 489 121 108 140 874
180 511 129 104 193 906
180 506 130 114 274 959
167 415 122 123 270 935
175 605 190 119 269
186 690 220 171 198
292 349 184 280
339 931 346 186 257
352 998 390 216 243
1,296
1,592
2,584
2,393
2,679
2,864
1.8% 10.7 387 -6.1 247 14.4 204 -14.6 0.9 2,890
192 474
194 514
193 553
206 545
301 765
612 930
939
2,140
2,210
2,345
2,433
2,769
3,140
425 20 802
411 13
464 43 927
386 23
806 18
956 26
1,036 1,410 3,217 1,146
1,462 3,705 1,249
1,169 1,752 4,079 1,274
1,459 1,995 4,620 1,247
1,413 2,012 4,597 1,248
1,018
1,288
1,410
Butanol Caprolactam Cyclohexane Ethylene Ethylene dichloride
Toluene 3 Toluene diisocyanate Xylene3 p-Xylene SOUTH KOREA Benzene Butadiene Ethylene Propylene Vinyl chloride TAIWAN Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Caprolactam Dioctyl phthalate Ethylene Ethylene glycol Propylene Purified terephthalic acid Styrene Toluene Vinyl chloride
1,013
, 916
1,070
379 1,088
412 216 239
54
42
64
140
1,452
1,557
1,718
1,763
1.7%
0.4%
1.3 4.4 4.7
3.3 1.1 2.2 0.5
-0.1
1.4
1.9
-8.9
-1.7
6.8 0.6 2.6
0.6 0.9 2.3
7.0 6.8
1.7 2.3
279 -9.1 938 -2.9 315 -11.8
-1.4
841 1,005
1,676
3.8%
2.4 1.9 1.4 0.2
386
1,204
-3.2
0.9
2.0 -3.8 -2.8
10.8%
5.4 5.0 6.4 8.3
9.5%
9.4 12.3
8.6 3.8 12.7 22.1 15.6
-0.5
7.9
0.1
11.4 15.7
86 -38.6 1.1
1,783
8.3
a Petroleum and nonpetroleum sources. SOURCES: Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry; National Statistical Office, Republic of Korea, Petrochemical Industry Association of Taiwan, Taiwan Ministry of Economic Affairs
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63
PRODUCTION U.S. INORGANICS Phosphoric acid increased marginally, but others were flat or took a dive THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
ANNUALCHANGE 2004-05 1995-05
2003
1,020 11,090 5,833 2,347
1,053 12,574 6,436 2,671
961
991
14,339 7,237 2,547
10,466 5,733 2,604
10,937 6,558 2,726
12,698 4,278 7,898 11,330
11,487 3,969 6,416 10,472
11,681 4,037 6,940 11,146
10,359 4,180 6,747 11,324
12,326 5,301 6,466 11,511
10,175 -17.5 4,406 -16.9 6,328 -2.1 11,599 0.8
618 -8.7 8,384 -12.8
1997
1998
1999
2000
Aluminum sulfate b Ammonia 0 Ammonium nitrate d Ammonium sulfate e
1,038 15,785 7,700 2,401
1,086 16,256 7,708 2,414
1,053 16,227 7,804 2,451
1,058 16,757 8,235 2,528
1,085 15,725 6,920 2,357
Chlorine f Hydrochloric acid 9 Nitric acid, 100%h Phosphoric acid, P205
11,242 3,541 8,018 11,913
11,301 3,733 8,349 11,982
11,720 4,145 8,556 11,935
11,647 4,226 8,422 12,599
12,111 4,081 8,113 12,433
chlorate hydroxide sulfate 1 acidJ
2005 a
2002
1996
Sodium Sodium Sodium Sulfuric
2004
2001
1995
976
560
600
568
707
742
853
792
721
669
677
10,347
10,488
9,953
11,894
11,972
10,451
9,811
9,459
8,793
9,618
927 -6.5% 9,775 -10.6 6,353 -3.1 2,578 -5.5
645
602
640
571
599
462
513
500
466
467
467
0.0
43,100
43,327
43,472
44,000
40,594
39,584
36,338
36,062
37,373
38,021
36,520
-3.9
-1.1% -4.7 -1.9
0.7 -1.0
2.2 -2.3 -0.3
1.0 -2.1 -3.2 -1.6
a Preliminary data, b Commercial, 17% Al 2 0 3 ; includes municipalities, c Synthetic anhydrous; excludes by-product ammonia liquor and ammonium sulfate, d Original solution, e Synthetic and noncoke by-product, f Includes quantities liquefied for use, storage, or shipment, g Includes anhydrous hydrochloric acid production, h Includes unspecified amounts produced but not withdrawn from the system, i Anhydrous, high and low purity, and Glauber's salt, j Gross (new and fortified). SOURCES: Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census
CANADA INORGANICS Most key products saw decreased production in 2005 THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
Aluminum sulfate Ammonia Ammonium nitrate Carbon black Chlorine Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen peroxide Nitric acid Sodium chlorate Sodium hydroxide Sulfuric acid
ANNUAL CHANGE 1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2003
2002
2004
2005
2004-05 1995-05
171
172
162
191
205
167
170
176
171
167
175
4,655 1,031
4,682 1,059
4,768
4,889 1,052
4,888 1,110
4,297 1,174
4,501 1,152
4,455 1,031
4,996 1,096
4,607 1,206
176
185
979 205
4,737 1,000
218
229
215
215
235
5.4
1.6 2.9
1,119
1,067
1,065
1,079
1,054
1,095
205 994
223
1,131
217 989
1,057
1,004
-5.0
-1.2
138 U5 991
147 156
142 179
157 228
155 237
143 203
151 222
153 226
149 244
142 244
-4.7
1,039
1,002 1,038 1,099 4,088
1,007 1,048 1,082 4,194
1,074 1,107 1,094 3,804
1,054 1,082 1,074 3,846
1,143 1,055 1,111 3,887
1,105 1,129 1,059 3,465
1,219 1,183 1,146 3,933
1,147 1,169 1,117 3,755
-5.9 -1.2 -2.5 -4.5
0.3 5.3 1.5 1.4
1,020 1,182 4,220
926 1,154 4,278
149 199 935 1,012 1,015 4,333
4.8% -7.8 10.0
0.0
0.2% -0.1
-0.6 -1.2
SOURCE: Statistics Canada
GOT A THING FOR DATA? If you're itching to do your own calculations with all these numbers, let yourself go... to www.cen-online.org, that is, where you can access downloadable versions of these tables.
64
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EUROPE INORGANICS Hydrochloric acid posted the highest growth THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED
Carbon black Chlorine Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen (mem) Hydrogen peroxide Nitrogen (mem) Oxygen (mem) Phosphoric acid c Sodium carbonate Sodium hydroxide Sodium sulfate Sulfuric acid d Titanium oxides
ANNUAL CHANGE 1995
1996
775
687
9,093 1,248 2,043
8,959 1,540 1,904
2002 a
2003
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1,243 9,386 1,907 1,883
1,386 9,190 1,830 2,124
1,322 9,219 2,098 2,252
1,342 9,697 2,050 2,196
1,059
1,025
1,009
9,265 2,608 5,553
9,222 4,142 7,519
9,525 3,784 8,962
847
372
227
143
133
248
438
7,457 5,814
11,398 7,044
11,950 10,610
10,490 4,674
7,422 5,592
2004
2005b
1,468 10,396 5,165 10,690
1,173 10,381 6,300 10,433
-20.1% -0.1 22.0 -2.4
6.9
1,160 736 1,085 655 13,942 17,807 22,326 21,893 19,026 22,554 27,112 26,128 3,730 4,304 3,921 3,574 6,609 7,665 3,874 1,493
-1.9 -3.6 -13.3 16.0
548
615
599
526
995
1,526
1,592
1,589
4,998
4,567
12,829 12,678 692 2,463 1,451 4,401
5,656 1,506 4,918
5,785 1,930 5,795
6,197 2,718 6,586
6,090 2,748 6,832
5,418 2,237 7,109
5,780 2,314 6,598
6,756 1,806 8,157
9,114 2,951 13,835
7,937 3,082 12,746
9,994 3,406 16,584
10,588 3,075 19,024
-9.7 14.7
na
na
na
415
433
538
na
440
419
588
641
9.0
8,091 5,965
1995-05
2004-05
5.9
nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm nm
a Data for 2002 are restated to reflect expansion of the European Union to 25 countries; previous years' data are for EU15. b C&EN estimates based on partial reporting, c As P205. d As S03. mem = millions of cubic meters, na = not available, nm = not meaningful because of EL) expansion. SOURCES: European Union and national government statistics offices, EuroChlor
JAPAN INORGANICS Production of hydrogen and oxygen rose to record levels THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED
Ammonia Ammonium sulfate 3 Carbon black Chlorine, liquid Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen peroxide Nitrogen (mem) Oxygen (mem) Sodium hydroxide Sodium silicate Sulfuric acid Titanium dioxide
ANNUALCHANGE 1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2005
2004
2003
2004-05 1995-05
-1.6% -4.5
1,831 1,771
1,811 1,756
1,836 1,780
1,689 1,618
1,685 1,716
1,715 1,749
1,604 1,585
1,450 1,564
1,291 1,570
1,340 1,526
1,318 1,458
757 942
757 894
776 928
723 881
761 875
788 847
742 777
755 754
788 723
804 619
805 601
2,469
2,416
2,539
2,408
2,448
2,494
2,342
2,317
2,363
2,324
143
143
141
140
145
151
159
167
176
196
9,130 8,598 4,004
9,314 8,904 4,062
9,676 9,795 4,391
9,716 9,188 4,252
9,855 9,534 4,345
10,290 10,655 4,471
10,296 10,373 4,291
10,455 10,720 4,271
10,835 11,250 4,369
11,281 11,278 4,493
-3.2% -1.9
0.1
0.6
2,308
-2.9 -0.7
-4.4 -0.7
197
0.5
3.3
11,435 11,371 4,552
1.4 0.8 1.3
2.3 2.8 1.3 -4.2 -0.5
836
800
795
765
769
720
679
622
596
577
546
-5.4
6,888
6,851
6,828
6,739
6,943
7,059
6,727
6,763
6,534
6,444
6,546
249
238
241
251
269
270
257
240
253
253
259
1.6 2.4
0.4
a Agricultural and nonagricultural use. mem = millions of cubic meters. SOURCE: Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry
CHINA INORGANICS Growth shows no sign of slowing down ANNUAL CHANGE
THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
1997
Hydrochloric acid (31%) Sodium carbonate Sodium hydroxide Sulfuric acid
3,843 7,285 5,483 19,460
1998
3,801 7,368 5,184 20,519
1999
2000
2001
2003
2003
2004
2005
3,960 7,486 5,495 21,589
4,454 9,199 7,123 23,888
4,705 9,144 7,880 26,963
4,926 10,189 8,227 29,674
5,276 11,075 9,399 33,191
6,007 12,668 10,603 38,249
6,582 14,211 12,400 44,621
2004-05
9.6% 12.2 16.9 16.7
1997-05
7.0%
8.7 10.7 10.9
SOURCE: China National Chemical Information Center
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65
PRODUCTION U.S. PLASTICS Phenolics and urea and melamine grew just a tad over 1%, while all others slipped ANNUAL CHANGE
THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS3
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
THERMOPLASTIC RESINS Polyethylene Low-density b,c Linear low-density biC High-density c,d Polypropylenee
3,467 2,378 5,085 4,940
3,531 2,885 5,612 5,439
3,489 3,124 5,696 6,042
3,437 3,278 5,862 6,271
3,493 3,677 6,289 7,028
3,436 3,607 6,336 7,139
3,491 4,659 6,933 7,228
3,647 5,139 7,243 7,691
3,540 5,052 7,126 8,013
3,763 5,640 7,960 8,415
3,558 5,395 7,328 8,149
-5.4% -4.4 -7.9 -3.2
8.5 3.7 5.1
Styrene polymers Polystyrene f
-6.8
1.1 0.3 2.1 2.2
2004-05 1995-05
2,566
2,751
2,894
2,829
2,935
3,104
2,773
3,025
2,900
3,062
2,855
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene & other styrene polymers e,g Polyamine, nylon type
1,378
1,402
1,403
1,503
1,462
1,473
1,294
1,382
1,351
1,466
1,413
-3.6
463
500
554
583
612
581
517
578
580
608
568
Polyvinyl chloride & copolymers6
5,577
5,997
6,388
6,578
6,764
6,551
6,467
6,939
6,669
7,251
6,921
-6.6 -4.5
297. 1,460 2,013
262
293
276
1,440 2,015
1,504 2,102
1,524 2,127
THERMOSETTING RESINS Epoxyh Urea & melamine Phenolic
287 955 1,543
300
297
290
298
314
273
1,104 1,577
1,197 1,694
1,302 1,787
1,354 1,990
1,437 1,974
1,379 1,979
0.3%
-5.6%
-0.4%
1.3 1.2
4.8 3.3
NOTE: Totals are for those products listed and exclude some small-volume plastics, a Dry-weight basis unless otherwise specified, b Density equal to 0.940 and below, c Data include Canadian production from 2001 on. d Density greater than 0.940. e Data include Canadian production, f Data include Canadian production from 2000 on. g Includes styrenebutadiene copolymers, styrene acrylonitrile, and other styrene-based polymers, h Unmodified. SOURCE: American Plastics Council
CANADA PLASTICS Volumes dropped in 2005, bucking long-term trend THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
Polyesters, unsaturated Polyethylene 3 Polystyrene13
ANNUAL CHANGE 1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2004-05 1995-05
90 -10.0%
58
61
71
82
108
120
115
113
139
100
2,073
2,194
2,195
2,283
2,485
2,751
3,035
3,330
3,083
3,587
3,366
189
209
181
180
200
203
186
195
183
207
198
-6.2 -4.3
4.5%
5.0 0.5
a Includes high-, low-, and linear low-density polyethylene, b Includes acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. SOURCE: Statistics Canada
EUROPE PLASTICS Output of most large-volume plastics declined or grew only slightly THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
Polyethylene Polystyrene Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Polyvinyl chloride Epoxy resins Polypropylene Polyamides Synthetic rubber
ANNUALCHANGE 1995
1996
1997
1998
2,832
3,000 1,044
8,508 1,117
9,731 1,090
891 643
1999
2000
2001
2002 a
2003
2004
2005b
10,223
10,579
331
11,487 2,410
11,599 2,550
11,942 2,540
13,859 1,790
13,900 1,684
1,038 4,893
466
793
495
811
775
5,681
6,531
6,694
6,485
6,050
604
762
859
675 971
3,905
4,322
4,792
2,651
3,209
340 na 441
282 na 843
373 na
1,753
1,946
1,652 2,419
334
393
419
215
464
356
633
635
4,158 1,494 2,245
6,524
6,984 1,412 2,342
7,526 1,209 2,691
8,113 1,833 3,250
8,638 1,769 3,713
6,597 2,052 4,415
6,866 2,100 4,465
766 2,239
2004-05 1995-05
0.3% -5.9 -4.4 -6.7
nm nm nm nm
0.3 4.1 2.3 1.1
nm nm nm nm
a Data for 2002 are restated to reflect expansion of European Union to 25 countries; previous years' data are for EU15. b C&EN estimates based on partial reporting, na = not available, nm = not meaningful because of EU expansion. SOURCES: European Union and national government statistics offices, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
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ASIA PLASTICS Production of most plastics leveled off or 'fell THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
JAPAN Polyethylene Polyethylene terephthalate Polypropylene Polyvinyl chloride Polystyrene Epoxy Phenolic resins Polycarbonate Synthetic rubber
ANNUAL CHANGE 1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
3,193 1,377 2,502 2,274
3,366 1,398 2,854 2,626
3,369 1,281 2,626 2,460 2,037
3,342 1,308 2,721 2,410 2,024
3,176 1,211 2,641 2,225
3,165 1,076 2,751 2,164
3,238 1,195 2,908 2,153
3,240
2,201
3,143 1,300 2,520 2,457 1,975
3,294 1,243
2.U9
3,313 1,360 2,730 2,511 2,178
1,837
1,801
1,824
1,126 3,063 2,151 1,734
194 327 227
201 294 251
222 303 292
204 259 317
225 250 351
243 262 354
192 232 370
201 242 386
195 261 409
215 287 411
211 280 431
1,498
1,520
1,592
1,520
1,577
1,590
1,466
1,522
1,577
1,616
1,627
1,120 1,871 1,624 2,622 1,361 1,244
1,143 1,925 1,627 2,811 1,427 1,278
1,105 1,882 1,706 2,930 1,176 1,306
1,949 1,744 3,013 1,093 1,184
1078
1105
1166
1,215
507 492 219 830 848 189 78 52
547 536 212 937 858 193 69 54
537 609 185
515 663 168
1020
1,098
817 214 108 56
830 195 96 53
2,696 2,195 1,810
2004-05
1995-05
0.1% -5.8
0.1% -2.0
5.3
2.0
-0.1 -4.9 -1.9 -2.4
-0.6
4.9 0.7
6.6 0.8
-2.1
0.8 -1.5
SOUTH KOREA Acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene Polyethylene, high-density Polyethylene, low-density Polypropylene Polystyrene Polyvinyl chloride
491
560
596
636
784
777
932
1,232
905 914
1,340 1,256 1,738 1,000 1,005
1,549 1,394 2,056 1,104 1,087
1,615 1,518 2,355 1,038 1,013
1,756 1,642 2,440 1,105 1,170
1,706 1,576 2,413 1,212 1,191
1,839 1,614 2,485 1,354 1,238
759 212 208 134 417 671 111 95 51
911 241 233 146 448 808 127 98 51
979 243 235 171 420 780 151 103 55
899 273 224 175 418 764 145 107 56
1016
1067
395 236 204 517 765 157 104 54
306 273 198 564 711 185 83 50
985 510 477 204 773 866 170 81 52
970 1,619
980
-11.3%
3.6 2.2 2.8 -7.1 -9.3
7.2%
4.7 6.0 6.4 1.9 2.6
TAIWAN Acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene High-density polyethylene Low-density polyethylene Polyester resin Polypropylene Polystyrene Polyurethane resin Styrene-butadiene rubber Polybutadiene rubber
4.2% -4.1
8.9
4.8%
9.3 12.3
-9.2
2.3
7.6 1.6
10.2
-8.9 -11.1 -5.4
2.1 5.8 0.1 0.4
SOURCES: Japan Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry; National Statistical Office, Republic of Korea; Petrochemical Industry Association of Taiwan; Taiwan Ministry of Economic Affairs
U.S. PAINTS & COATINGS Shipments of architectural and special-purpose coatings expanded last year ANNUAL CHANGE 2004-05
1995-05
5.9%
3.3%
MILLIONS OF LITERS
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Architectural Product 3 Special purpose
2,351 1,423
2,422 1,510
2,483 1,609
2,392 1,620
2,498 1,665
2,464 1,715
2,525 1,541
2,687 1,548
2,884 1,510
3,062 1,620
3,244 1,563
-3.5
0.9
738
791
689
655
659
689
609
651
625
655
659
0.6
-1.1
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
a For original equipment manufacturers. SOURCE: Department of Commerce
U.S. SYNTHETIC FIBERS Olefin growth continued, but all other categories declined ANNUAL CHANGE
THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
1995
NONCELLULOSIC FIBERS Acrylic 3 Nylon Olefin Polyester
196
211
209
157
143
154
141
154
123
109
1,226 1,085 1,763
1,270 1,095 1,736
1,286 1,216 1,855
1,218 1,326 1,768
1,217 1,395 1,736
1,215 1,461 1,775
1,019 1,342 1,464
1,112 1,354 1,482
1,115 1,348 1,374
1,142 1,373 1,466
226
216
208
166
134
158
103
81
75
67
CELLULOSIC FIBERS Acetate*3 & rayon
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2004-05
1995-05
64 -41.7% -10.7% 1,082 1,400 1,368
-5.2
-1.2
2.0
2.6
-6.7
-2.5
60 -10.2% -12.4%
I
a Includes modacrylic. b Includes diacetate and triacetate; excludes production for cigarette filters. SOURCE: Fiber Economics Bureau
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67
PRODUCTION EUROPE SYNTHETIC FIBERS Only cellulosics showed growth, and that was slight THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
1995
1996
623 973 632 736
Acrylic Polyester Polyamide Cellulosics
1997
677 895 632 766
1998
705 995 673 722
650 959 641 715
2001
2000
1999
614 909 595 651
623 968 636 627
2003
2002
607 924 555 607
620 909 549 585
2004
2005
856
862
777
1,423
1,473
1,367
670 609
682 636
644 639
ANNUAL CHANGE 2004-05 1995-2005
-9.9% -7.2 -5.6
0.5
nm nm nm nm
NOTE: Database was revised in 2001 and again in 2003. Data now represent "greater Europe," including the enlarged European Union and Turkey, nm = not meaningful. SOURCE: International Rayon & Synthetic Fibers Committee
JAPAN SYNTHETIC FIBERS Polypropylene fiber continued to buck the downward trend ANNUAL CHANGE
THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
Man-made a Acrylic b Nylon c Polyester 3 Polypropylene 3
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1,804
1P802
1,822
1,724
1,634
1,643
1,564
1,416
1,316
1,279
1,249
370 201 743 92
388 201 724 100
417 198 731 110
418 180 684 109
372 174 665 109
377 176 665 112
365 163 628 117
358 126 564 114
298 121 528 116
267 121 520 120
261 118 496 125
2004
2005
2004-05
1995-05
-2.4% -2.1 -2.3 -4.6
-3.6% -3.4 -5.5 -3.4
4.9
4.3
a Staple and filament, b Staple only, c Filament only. SOURCE: Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry
U.S. FERTILIZERS Ammonium nitrate grew strongly, followed by potassium chloride and nitrogen solutions ANNUAL CHANGE
THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
2004-05
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
NITROGEN PRODUCTS Ammonia Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Urea Nitrogen solutions
14,509 2,648 2,351 4,808 7,856
14,671 2,431 2,330 4,822 8,178
15,160 3,012 2,424 4,989 8,994
15,032 3,183 2,453 4,850 8,980
14,484 3,165 2,517 5,066 10,136
13,438 2,873 2,595 4,742 9,038
10,455 2,192 2,353 3,678 9,144
11,306 ,2,246 2,405 4,477 7,985
10,475 2,142 2,595 4,443 8,863
9,164 2,165 2,669 3,095 7,781
8,945 2,473 2,676 3,086 8,062
-2.4% 14.2
PHOSPHATE PRODUCTS Diammonium phosphate Monoammonium phosphate Phosphate rock Phosphoric acid (P205)
14,010 2,541 38,303 11,263
14,155 2,529 40,911 11,073
14,325 3,170 40,890 11,494
14,088 3,624 37,814 11,264
14,528 3,511 38,353 11,470
12,670 4,106 36,088 10,751
10,049 4,087 34,219 9,406
10,825 4,175 29,183 10,125
9,991 4,734 32,327 10,253
10,404 5,328 35,338 10,530
1,654
1,612
1,635
1,586
1,491
1,430
1,339
1,391
1,361
1,311
POTASH PRODUCTS Potassium chloride
1995-05
-4.7% -0.7
0.2
1.3
-0.3
-4.3
3.6
0.3
9,988 5,213 35,183 10,533
-4.0% -2.2 -0.4
-3.3%
1,467
11.9%
2005b
2004-05
0.0
7.5 -0.8 -0.7
-1.2%
NOTE: Years ending June 30. Figures are based on Fertilizer Institute surveys and may not represent the entire industry. SOURCE: Fertilizer Institute
EUROPE FERTILIZERS Urea output plunged in 2005 ANNUAL CHANGE
THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS
Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Anhydrous ammonia Nitric acid Urea
1995
1996
1997
1,344
1,460
1,171
802
475
1,955
192 89
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002 a
687
1,505
769
2,078
1,442 2,362
9,394
153 725
600 214
612 947
478
631 585
897 566
721 675
2,246
2,291
2,295
2,213
263 113
266 368
290 na
264 600
2003
2004
6,656 832 1,735 4,752 12,364 6,581 2,378 767 2,407 1,168
6,700 1,605 13,000 6,540 1,453
0.7% -7.5
5.1 -0.6 -39.6
1995-05
nm nm nm nm nm
a Data for 2002 are restated to reflect expansion of the European Union to 25 countries; previous years' data for EU15. b C&EN estimates based on partial reporting, na = not available. nm= not meaningful because of EU expansion. SOURCES: European Union and national government statistics offices
68
C&EN / J U L Y
10, 2006
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