Article Cite This: Energy Fuels XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
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Production of Biodiesel from Broiler Chicken Rendering Fat and Investigation of Its Effects on Combustion, Performance, and Emissions of a Diesel Engine M. Şen,† A. Osman Emiroğlu,*,‡ and A. Keskin† †
Department of Automotive Technology and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 14100 Bolu, Turkey ABSTRACT: This study is interested in two-step biodiesel production meeting compatibility requirements in the biodiesel fuel standards by use of broiler chicken rendering fat extracted from a slaughterhouse as feedstock. Broiler rendering fat biodiesel (BRFB) was mixed with petroleum-based diesel fuel (DF) at the ratios of 10%, 20%, and 50%, respectively, so that the fuel blends named BRFB10, BRFB20, and BRFB50 were obtained successfully. The effects of BRFB blends on the performance, exhaust emissions, and combustion behaviors of single cylinder diesel engine with a direct injection were systematically investigated at different engine speeds in the case of full engine load. The values of CPmax and HRRmax of BRFB blends were observed to be higher as compared to those of DF. This is attributed to both the low cetane number of BRFB and rapid combustion of accumulated fuel in the combustion chamber throughout the long ID. The torque values of BRFB blends were observed to be higher as compared to those of DF. Moreover, the NOx emissions were obtained to enhance slightly whereas the quantities of smoke opacity, CO, HC, and CO2 emissions were noted to decrease by using the BRFB blends. The engine performance and emission test results showed that the ideal fuel mixture ratio is achieved with the BRFB20 blend.
1. INTRODUCTION Both decrement in oil reserves and rise in oil costs are seriously increasing the interest in alternative fuels. Similarly, the increase in air pollution is another challenging cause for the requirement of alternative fuels. Biodiesel, being one of the most intriguing and clean alternative fuels for the compression ignition engines, consists of approximately 10−15% oxygen by weight.1 Biodiesel with similar combustion behaviors as petroleum-based diesel fuel (DF) is known as a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel. In this respect, it can be used directly in the diesel engine or by blending with DF. Biodiesel is produced by the chemical reaction (referred to as esterification or transesterification requiring alkali or acid catalysts) of oils and alcohols (especially ethyl and methyl alcohol). It is to be underlined here that the process of transesterification is even faster than the acid catalyzed transesterification process in the presence of alkali catalysts such as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. Following transesterification, glycerin, a byproduct of the reaction, is removed from biodiesel using a precipitation tank. The main factors regarding the type and amount of alcohols and catalysts, reaction processes (temperature, pressure, and time), free fatty acid (FFA) content, and water content in the oil or fat influence significantly the transesterification reaction process.2 The other two vital factors of raw material capacity and low production cost should also be considered in the production of biodiesel. Different feedstock varieties in regard to the edible3 or nonedible4 vegetable oils, waste cooking oils,5 and animal fats6 can be used for the production of biodiesel. However, it is believed that the high production cost restricts the commercial applications of biodiesel. A total of 70−90% of the total biodiesel cost is resulted from the raw material price. Since the © XXXX American Chemical Society
biodiesel extracted from the edible oils cannot compete economically with DF, low cost fat raw materials are preferred to edible and expensive oils in the biodiesel production. The usage of nonedible oils, cheap waste cooking oils, and animal fats can reduce the production cost for the sustainable and ecologically acceptable biodiesel fuel. Animal fat-based biodiesel resembles biofuel-based biodiesel in terms of fuel properties and has a sustainable source of feedstocks.7,8 Today, the chicken meat is one of the most extensively promising food products in biodiesel fuel production all over the world arena. Broiler rendering fat is obtained after the procedures of pressing and squeezing the chicken flour as a consequence of boiling the wastes (for example, internal organs, meat particles, heads, feet, feathers, and blood) separated throughout the cutting process of chickens in the rendering facilities.9 The procedures are also even cheaper than those of high-quality vegetable oils. Besides, it is to be emphesized here that the lowcost raw materials are generally rich in a lot of free fatty acid content. In the transesterification of glycerides with alcohol, FFA and moisture content play an important role in the product yields. An FFA content higher than 1 wt % results in the formation of soap, and separation of the products becomes extremely difficult; consequently, biodiesel production occurs with low efficiency. For this reason, alternatively, the two-step process has been researched for feedstock with high FFA content.10 Recently, the biodiesel production from the different animal fats and their usage in diesel engines has been carried out widely in the latest studies.11−14 For instance, Behçet et al. Received: January 21, 2018 Revised: March 31, 2018 Published: April 6, 2018 A
DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b00278 Energy Fuels XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
Article
Energy & Fuels Table 1. Fuel Properties of the Broiler Rendering Fat Biodiesel property
unit
EN 14214
ASTM D6751-15
test method
BRFB test result
flash point density (at 15 °C) sulfur content phosphorus content water content acid number viscosity (at 40 °C) methanol content free glycerin ester content sulfated ash content total glycerin monoglycerides triglycerides diglycerides carbon residue iodine value copper corrosion test result (3 h, at 50 °C) total contamination Group I metals (Na + K) Group II metals (Ca + Mg) cold filter plug pointb pour point cetane number higher heating value
°C kg·m−3 mg·kg−1 mg·kg−1 mg·kg−1 mg KOH·g−1 mm2·s−1 % (mass) % (mass) % (mass) % (mass) % (mass) % (mass) % (mass) % (mass) % (mass) degree of corrosion mg·kg−1 mg·kg−1 mg·kg−1 °C °C MJ·kg−1
101 min. 860−900 10.0 max. 4 max. 500 max. 0.50 max. 3.5−5.0 0.20 max. 0.02 max. 96.5 min. 0.020 max 0.25 max 0.70 max. 0.20 max. 0.20 max. 0.30 max. (mass) 120 max. no 1 max. 24 max. 5 max. 5 max. 51 min. -
130 min. 15.0 max. 10 max. 0.50 max. 1.9−6.0 0.20 max. 0.02 max. 0.020 max. 0.24 max. 0.050 max (mass) no 3 max. 5 max. 5 max. 47 min. -
EN ISO 3679 EN ISO 12185 EN ISO 20846 EN 14107 EN ISO 12937 EN 14104 EN ISO 3104 EN 14110 EN 14105 EN 14103 ISO 3987 EN 14105 EN 14105 EN 14105 EN 14105 EN ISO 10370; ASTM D4530 EN 14111 EN ISO 2160 EN 126,62 EN 14108 EN 14538 EN 116 ISO 3016 EN 5165 ASTM D 240
182.5 882.1 6.2
