PROFESSIONAL WORKERS IN W A R A N D PEACE An Analysis of the Economic Status of the Members of the American Chemical Society, 1941 to 1943 (Continued from page 803, May 25 issue)
By Andrew
Fraser, Jr.,
Washington,
D. C
Based on a survey conducted by the
Committee
on Economic
Status
L. W . Bass, Chairman, Cecil L. Brown George Calingaert, Walter A . Schmidt, Frank C. Whitmore
Section 1 1 . Limitations of General Analyses of Income and Earnings Although the preceding analyses of annual incomes and earnings do indicate WHAT the members generally earned over the period 1941 to 1943 they have limited application because, except for years of professional experience, they give no indication regarding the extent to which earning capacity is affected by sex, educational level, general field of employment, geographical location, source of employment, occupational status, or field of specialization. That these attributes and factors do affect marked differentials in earning capacity has been demonstrated in the 1941 survey. Similar analyses of the 1944 data are therefore in order. These analyses, however, will be confined to the relationships that exist among the members' attributes and factors of employment and their monthly salary rates. The limiting factor as regards detail of analyses will, of course, be the number of responses. In this connection, for example, it is possible even now to state that from the earlier analyses of basic attributes monthly salary rates of female members can be presented in less detail than those of male members in chemistry and chemical engineering. The further possible limitation of the proposed analyses can only be derived from the data concerning the factors of geographical location and employment status. These analyses, covering as they do the WHERE and HOW of the members' economic status, are preceded by general comments regarding the extent to which members did transfer from their major field of education to some other field of activity. Section 12. Extent of Transfer amongs Fields of Activity This analysis of the extent of transfer among fields of activity has been made possible by the fact that in the 1944 survey 1084
the membership was asked to furnish information regarding both its major field of education and its general field of employment. In the 1941 survey only the former quest ion was included. This meant that the major field of education had to be assumed as synonymous with the members' field of employment. In the text, however, of the 1941 report, the comment was made that "it is generally known that a small proportion of professional workers transfer to a field of activity different from the one in which the basic training was obtained". In each of the years 1941, 1942, and 1943, Table 15 shows that as many as 5,247 civilian members reported some kind of transfer from their major field of educa-
tion to some other field of activity. Although these transfers appear alarmingly high in that they cover slightly over one fourth of the 20,241 civilian members who stated they were professionally active in 1941 or earlier, it is important to note that they comprise 3,163 members (16 per cent) who reported the same field of transfer for all three years and 2,084 (10 per cent) members who reported various arrangements of transfer over the same period. The presence of the category "Various fields" of transfer would seem to indicate that at any one moment in time a substantial number of the members resort to experimentation in determining the field to which they will eventually transfer.
Table 15. Distribution of Members Reporting Transfer from Major Field of Education (Without regard to any attribute) GENERAL. F I E L D OF EMPLOYMENIr OF TRANSFERt MAJOR F I E L D OF KDITATION
ALL FIELDS
Chemistry 0
Other Chemical field of engineering" science 0 or engineering
Any other field0
Various fields*
NUMBER ALL F I E L D S '
Chemistry Chemical engineering Other field of science or engineering Any other field
5.247 2.670 1.902
1.163
498 177
215 84
106 9
100 0 50 9 36.2
100.0
100.0 86 2
100.0 62 7 31.0
95 3 4
18 5 7.2
12 7 11
6.3
1O0.0 100.0 100.0
22.2
15.0 20.9
13.3 16.4 11.4
100.0 100.0
43.2 47.4
21.3 5.1
24.9
864
833 718
699 438 217
468
300 144
2.084 1.214 677
24
153 40
100.0 64.1 30.8 5 1
100.0 58.3 32.5
8 9 11.2 7.6
39 7 45.5 35 6
4.8
30 7 22 6
44
PERCENTAGE ALL F I E L D S '
Chemistry Chemical engineering Other field of science or engineering Any other field
74.3
7 3 1.9
PERCENTAGE ALL F I E L D S
e
Chemistry Chemical engineering Other field of science or engineering Any other field
45^4
0
Includes members who reported the designated field of employment in each of the three years 1941/ 1042. and 1943. *e Includes members who reported other different arrangements of transfer in period 1941 to 1943. Excludes responses from members in the Armed Forces and civilian members who reported they had entered the profession in 1942 and 1943.
CHEMICAL
A N D ENGINEERING
NEWS
This, in fact, is exemplified by noting that in the case of graduate chemists and graduate chemical engineers classified under "Various fields" of transfer they reported, respectively, no less than 81 and 73 other different arrangements of transfer. As regards the complete transfers, o n the other hand (Table 15), it appears that 718 or 5 per rent of the 14,455 graduate chemists transferred to chemical engineering, and virtually the same number, taken collectively, transferred to "other field of science or engineering" (438) and to "Any other field" (300). The loss noted above of graduate chemists to chemical engineering was, however, counterbalanced b y an inflow of 864 graduate chemical engineers to the general field of employment of chemistry. Relative t o the 4,515 civilian chemical engineers in the sample, the 864 who transferred t o chemistry represent
Table 16.
19 per cent, whereas total transfers of chemical engineering graduates to the other two fields of employment combined was only 361 or approximately 7 per cent of all such graduates. A partial measurement of the incidence of the transfers with respect to years of professional experience can readily be obtained from Table 16. These data reveal that, among graduate chemists who effected complete transfer in the period 1941-43, those choosing chemical engineering and "other field of science or engineering" were distributed in approximately the same proportion at each experience level. Among those entering chemical engineering, for example, the proportions ranged from 1.8 per cent for members with 2.5 years of experience to 2.9 per cent for those with 6.5 years of professional experience. The proportions
increased sharply over the experience spans of 8.5 years and 28.5 years and ranged from 10.9 to 16.7 per cent. Beyond the 28.5 years experience level, however, there was a sharp decline. Among graduate chemists who reported transfer t o "Any other field" while a similar pattern is to be noted, the sharp rise and fall in proportions occurs between the experience levels of 14.5 and 38.5 years. A similar situation likewise exists among graduate chemical engineers who effected complete transfer to one o r another of the three separate general fields of employment. In general, however, the proportions of members classified within each experience level were greater than the corresponding proportions of graduate chemists who also reported transfer. The preceding comments clearly indicate that substantial numbers of the
Distribution of Members Reporting Transfer from Major Field of Education, by Years of Profession•al Experience
FROM M A J O R F I E L D OF EDLTATION OK
•
All trunsfera
Chemical e n g i n e0e r ing
Other field of s c i e n c e or engineering"
Any other field"
Various fields*
1.214 2 2 7 19 38 63 112 117 158 209 89 89 94 HI 104
1.902 3 7 22 53 100 162 273 149 211 311 112 102 HI 130 156
All transfers
Y E A R S OF P R O F E S S I O N A L EXPERIENCE A L L TRANSFERS'*
44 + • 42.5 38 5 33.5 28 5 23.5 18.5 14.5 11.5 8 5 6.5 5.5 4.5 3.5 2.5
ENOINEED
«
To G E N E R A L F I E L D OF EMPLOYMENT
~
Ci
Chemistry0
Other field of s c i e n c e or engineering"
Any other field*
Various fields*
144 2 1 2 12 20 29 26 7 11 19 3 1 5 5 1
677
100.0 1.4 0.7 1.4 8.3 13.9 20.0 18 1 4.9 7.6 13.2 2.1 0.7 3 5 3.5 0.7
100 0
7.6 66.7 14.3 9.1 22.6 20.0 17.9 9.5 4.7 5.2 6.1 2.7 1.0 4.5 3.8 0.6
35.6
< >THER F l E L D OF S C I E N C E OR KN
Not reported
Total 1943°
Mi iLEB Chemical All engiother fields* neering
All fields
Chemistry
21.506 7,294 3.037 2.147 2.110 5.098 1,709 1.516 1.873 2,063 1.495 1.606 1,367 239 1,061 1,138 716 549 272 48 2 164
840 262 128 65 69 187 73 37 77 84 83 49 42 7 53 38 27 29 13 3
13.633 4.824 1.979 1.466 1,379 3,232 f,109 916 1.207 1.328 949 1.004 845 159 695 667 407 350 175 20 2 oO
4,634 1,471 662 461 448 1.097 328 376 393 464 278 339 304 36 192 428 207 78 46 9
2.104 649 325 137 187 522 174 173 175 164 169 197 165 32 101 93 66 81 36 14
296 88 43 18 27 60 25 14 21 23 16 17 11 6 20 12 9 11 3 2
25
13
34
100.0 33.8 14.0 10.0 9.8 23.7 8.0 7.0 8.7 9.6 7.0 7.6 6.4 1.1 4.9 6.3 3 3 2.8 1.3 0.2
100.0 31.2 15.3 7.7 8.2 22.3 8.7 4.4 9.2 10.0 9.9 6.8 6.0 0.8 6.3 4.6 3.2 3.6 1.5 0.4
100.0 35.3 14.4 10.8 10.1 23.7 8.1 6.7 8.9 9 7 7.0 7.4 6.2 1.2 5.1 4.2 3 0 2.6 1.3 0.1 d 0.6
100.0 31.8 12.2 9.9 9.7 23.7 7.1 8.1 8.5 10 0 6.0 7.3 8.6 0.8 4.1 9.2 4.7 1.7 1.0 0.2
100.0 30.9 15.5 6.6 8.9 24.8 8.3 8.2 8.3 7.8 8.0 9.4 7.9 1.6 4.8 4.4 3.1 3.8 1.7 0.7
...
0.6
Not reported
NUMBER A L L LOCATIONS
Middle Atlantic N e w York N e w Jersey Pennsylvania E a s t N o r t h Central Illinois Ohio Other states South Atlantic N e w England Pacific California Other states W e s t S o u t h Central E a s t S o u t h Central D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a Mountain U . S. terr. 4 possession* Foreign countries N o t reported'
128
3.718 1.277 489 410 378 922 289 299 334 370 249 262 237 25 139 290 110 32 36 9
1.977 623 331 99 193 505 176 163 166 141 139 177 147 30 120 81 56 70 37 13
22
15
634 161
8f
30 50 106 36 28 41 36 26 27 19 8 31 25 12 10 3 1 197
12
PERCENTAGE A L L LOCATIONS
M i d d l e Atlantic N e w York N e w Jersey Pennsylvania E a s t N o r t h Central Illinois Ohio Other states South Atlantic New England Pacific California Other states W e s t N o r t h Central W e s t S o u t h Central East South Central D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a Mountain U . 8 . terr. & p o s s e s s i o n s Foreign countries N o t reported*
WO 0 34 3 15 5 9 2 9.6 23 6 8.4 6 7 8 5 9 7 7 5 7 3 6.2 1.1 5.5 4.5 2.9 2.7 1.5 0.3 0 2
100.0 33.7 14.9 9.1 9.7 24.1 8.1 7.0 9.0 9.2 7.2 7.3 6.0 1.3 5.8 4.6 2.6 2.1 1.3 0.2
100.0 24 8 13.9 3.4 7.5 20.3 8.9 4 7 6.7 7.5 10.3 6.1 4.4 0.7 6 7 3.0 2.2 2.8 1.7 0.2
100 0 34.2 13.1 10.9 10.2 24.8 7.8 8.0 9.0 10.0 6.7 7.1 6.4 0.7 3.7 7.8 3 0 0.9 1.0 0 2
100.0 31.6 16.8 5.0 9.8 25.6 8.9 8.2 8.4 7.1 7.0 8.9 7.4 1.5 6.1 4.1 2.8 3.6 19 0 7
100 0 25.3 12.7 4.7 7.9 16 6 6.7 4.4 6.5 6.7 4.1 4.3 3.0 1.3 4.9 3.9 1.9 1.6 0.6 0.2
d
d
d
2 0
100.0 34.9 15.3 9.8 9.8 24.2 8.1 6.8 9.3 9.6 7.3 7.6 6.4 1.4 6.3 3.8 2.6 2 2 1.3 0.1
16.4
0 3
6.6
0.8
31.6
0.8
...
1.4
0.6
.. •
100.0 29.8 14.6 6.1 9.2 20.3 8.6 4.7 7.1 7.8 5.4 6.8 3.7 2.0 6.8 4.1 3.1 3.7 1.0 0.7 11.6
° E x c l u d e s responses from m e m b e r s in> t h e Armed F o r c e s . be I n c l u d e s m e m b e r s in " o t h e r field of iscience or e n g i n e e r i ml" a n d "ia n y o t h e r field". E x c l u d e d from t o t a l i n 1941 f r o m 1941 survey, b u t i n c l u d e d in t o t a l s for 1 9 4 1 and 1 9 4 3 from 1944 s u r v e y . d L e s s t h a n 0.05 per c e n t .
membership effect transfer, from their major field of education. Whether these transfers stem from defects in the curricula of schools and universities, or whether they merely reflect personal proclivities or nomenclature appears to be worthy of further investigation by those primarily concerned with the task of educating the members of the profession. Section 13. General Analyses of Responses to Geographical Location Since Table 17 reveals no significant differences among the over-all distribution of the membership with respect to their geographical location in 1941 and 1943, it is necessary only to consider the data reported for the latter year. In passing, it also may be noted that the distribution reported for 1941 in the 1941 Survey are virtually the same as those reported for 1941 in the 1944 Survey. Considered as a whole 7,294 or 33.8 per cent of the 21,506 members reporting in 1943 were employed in the Middle Atlantic States and as many as 5,098 or 23.7 per 1086
cent in the East North Central Region. The remaining 9,114 members, comprising 42.5 per cent of the total sample, were distributed among the other eight geographical regions within the limits of Continental United States in proportions that ranged from 1.3 per cent (272 members) in the Mountain Region to 9.6 per cent (2,063 members) in the South Atlantic Region. Negligible proportions of the membership reported themselves as being located in either U. S. territories and possessions or foreign countries. From the preceding it is apparent that on a regional basis employment opportunities for the membership are concentrated in the Middle Atlantic Region and the East North Centra) Region. Among the three states in the former region the proportions employed therein as reported for 1943 ranged from 9.8 per cent for the State of Pennsylvania to 14.8 per cent in the State of New York, with New Jersey holding the intermediate position and giving employment to 10.0 per cent of the membership. Among the states in the East North Central Region, on the other CHEMICAL
hand, opportunities for employment in Illinois and Ohio covered, respectively, 8.0 and 7.0 per cent of the 21,506 members reporting as against 8.7 per cent who reported they were employed in all other states of this region. The sharpest contrast in state employment occurred in the Pacific Region where 6.4 per cent of the members reported location as being the State of California and only 1.1 per cent reported location as being either Oregon or Washington. Among male members classified as being employed in the general fields of employment of chemistry, chemical engineering, and "All other fields" their distribution among the several geographical divisions paralleled in every respect those just noted for the membership as a whole in both 1941 and 1943. The table, however, does reveal differences in geographical location among female members as between 1941 and 1943. It is questionable, however, if these differences are real because in 1941 as much as 15.4 per cent of female members did not furnish information regarding geographical location, whereas in 1943 the AND
ENGINEERING
NEWS
corresponding figure was as low as 0.8 per cent. In 1943, however, female members were distributed geographically in proportions similar to those noted to exist among the three groups of male members.
Section 14. General Analyses of Responses to Source of Employment The analyses of the members' sources of employment comprise two parts in each of which the data are considered without regard to years of professional experience as reported for the years 1941 and 1943. In Part (a) the data have been compiled in such a manner as to permit of direct comparison with similar information reported for 1941 in the 1941 Survey (Table 18). In the 1944 Survey, however, at the request of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, a more detailed breakdown of the subclassifications of private firm employment was obtained. These data are dealt with in Part (6) of this section (Table 19).
Table 18.
(a) All Sources of Employment. Table 18 makes clear that the membership is predominantly dependent for employment upon nonpublic sources. In 1943 no less than 17,569 or 81.8 per cent of the 21,501) members responding were so classified, in contrast to 3,657 or 17.0 per cent employed by all public sources combined. Less then 0.05 per cent of all members combined reported they were unemployed in 1943 and retirements covered but 0.1 per cent. Only 1.1 per cent of all members in the sample failed to furnish information on their source of employment in 1943. Over the period 1941 to 1943 the number of members in the sample increased by 1,348 from 20,158 to 21,506. This absolute increase is also reflected by the fact that among the several categories of employment the number of members involved in those showing increases was 3,042, as against 1,694 who were involved in those showing decreases. Percentagewise, however, this net change with respect to all
sources of employment was of the order of 9.5 per cent. On the negative side the 9.5 per cent change for the period 1941 t o 1943 comprises a 2.6 per cent decrease in members " N o t reported" and a decrease of 0.2 per cent among unemployed members. The remainder of the net decrease, 6.7 per cent, includes decreases in employment among state, municipal, and county government authorities of respectively 2.3, 0.6, and 0.1 per cent and net decreases of 3.5 and 0.2 per cent for members employed by educational institutions and other nonpublic sources, respectively. The greater part of the equivalent net increase of 9.5 per cent is accounted for by a 6.4 per cent increase in private firm employment. Of the remaining 3.1 per crent, 2.6 per cent is the result of a net increase in federal government employment. Other public and nonpublic authorities absorbed in approximately the same proportions the other 0.5 per cent of the net increase.
Distribution in 1941 and 1943 of All Civilian Members Reporting Source of Employment, by Sex and General Field of Employment TOTAL
SODRCKOF EMPLOYMENT
1941
Total 1941°
FROM
1941
TOTALS IN 1941 MALES
FEMALES
All fields
StfBVEY
Chemistry
Chemical engineering
All other fields 6
AND
1943 PROU 1944
Not reported
Total 1943°
...
SURVEY FEMALES
...
Mi*LEB
All fields
Chemistry
Chemical engineering
All other fields *
Not reported
NUMBEU
18.637
20.158
831
12.998
3.718
1.977
634
21.506
840
13.633
4.634
2.104
205
All public sources
3.372
3.444
186
2.493
268
468
29
3.657
212
2.509
431
482
23
State government Federal government Municipal government Other public authority County government W.P.A. or work relief All nonpublic sources Private firme Educational 1
# ALL F I E L D S
"21.506" 1.945" 1.878 1.160 1.335 1.461 1.246 1.342 793 1.081 1.104 1.061 619
V
0.6 0.1 0.1 1.1
0 0
3 3
67.8
6.1 4*2
... ... 43.7
• E x c l u d e s r e s p o n s e s from m e m b e r s in t h e A r m e d Forces. & I n c l u d e s m e m b e r s in " o t h e r field of s c i e n c e or e n g i n e e r i n g " a n d " a n y o t h e r field". e I n c l u d e s a n a l y t i c a l and i n o r g a n i c c h e m i s t r y (basic s c i e n c e ) . d Basic science. * I n c l u d e s p h y s i o l o g i c a l c h e m i s t r y (basic s c i e n c e ) . / I n c l u d e s b i o l o g i c a l and v i t a m i n s . ft I n c l u d e s p l a s t i c s . A Includes lacquers. » Includes heavy chemicals. ; Includes n a v a l stores. k A n d t h e i r p r o d u c t s , e x c l u s i v e of s y n t h e t i c fiber t e c h n o l o g y . t Includes water, sewage, and sanitation. "•Nonferrous. •» I n c l u d e s n a t u r a l a n d m a n u f a c t u r e d , a n d p o w e r g e n e r a t i o n . o I n c l u d e s g l a s s and c e m e n t t e c h n o l o g y . p Ferrous. Q I n c l u d e s clinical. r Includes insecticides. * Includes mechanical and electrical equipment. « Other than motor vehicles. u E x c l u d e d f r o m t o t a l in 1941 f r o m 1941 s u r v e y , but i n c l u d e d i n t o t a l s for 1941 and 1 9 4 3 f r o m 1944 s u r v e y . • L e s s t h a n 0 . 0 5 per cent.
1090
C H E M I C A L
A N D
ENGINEERING
NEWS
year. In manufacturing, these three groups of members reported proportions that ranged from 94.5 to 96.8 per cent, but, for males in "All other fields" this category of private firm employment e m braced only 87.4 per cent. A similar situation exists among the miscellaneous chemical industries and petroleum and coal products. In the former group only 16.0 per cent of all males in "All other fields" were classified as against proportions that ranged from 35.1 per cent of all female members to 39.5 per cent of male chemists. Also in 1943 the lattci group of i n dustries included only 8.5 per cent of males in "All other fields" as against a range i n proportions of from 12.6 per cent for all males in chemistry to 20.0 per cent for all males in chemical engineering. I n general the order of numerical importance of private firm employment for the membership runs as follows: miscellaneous chemical industries, petroleum and coal products, other manufacturing industries, rubber products, and food. These industries included approximately 75 per cent of all females and all males in chemistry and chemical engineering and 57.0 per cent o f males in "All other fields". Over the period 1941 to 1943 the net change in employment among the c a t e gories of private firm employment were 4.5 and 5.6 per cent, respectively, for male chemists and male chemical engineers. I t was, however, 7.3 per cent for males i n "All other fields" and a s high as 13.0 per cent for all females. The greatest shift among females, a net increase of 4.0 per cent, was reported for petroleum and i t s products, in which industry the proportion of females increased over the period 1941 to 1943 from 11.5 t o 15.5 per cent. Among the other categories of private firm e m ployment, the net increases and decreases rarely exceeded 1.0 per cent. This situation also prevailed among t h e distribution in private firm employment as reported b y the three groups of male members. E v e n in relation to all other sources of employment, the percentage distributions shown also in Table 19, the same relative standing and movements among the categories of private firm employment persisted.
Section 15. General Analyses of Responses to Occupational Status According t o Table 20, the principal occupational statuses of the membership when considered a s a whole in both 1941 and 1943 were industrial research, technical administration, college or university teaching, analysis and testing, research in basic science, development, and production. In 1943 these 7 statuses embraced 86.7 per cent of the 21,506 members in the sample. Among the other 2 0 statuses the
VOLUME
proportions ranged from less than 0.05 per cent for members classified a s unemployed t o 2.4 per cent for those engaged in technical service. Also for the membership as a whole the shifts from, one occupational status to another over the period 1941 to 1943 represented a net change of 13.0 per cent. Among the four groups of members, however, the net changes over the same period ranged from 9.0 per cent for male chemical engineers t o 24.6 per cent of all. female members. As regards females, no less than 11.5 per cent of the positive part of the net change of 24.6 per cent is accounted for by the increase in proportions from 4.8 to 16.3 per cent classified as engaged in industrial research. Employment in analysis and testing also increased sharply by 6.1 per cent for females from 10.6 per cent in 1941 to 16.7 per cent in 1943. Eight other statuses were reported as having been increased by the addition of females and among these the net increases ranged from 0.1 per cent for technical service to 2.7 per cent for technical administration. Among the three groups of male members, the patterns of movement from one status to another were somewhat similar. In the case of chemists, for example, the net change over the period 1941 to 1943 was 12.7 per cent. With a net decrease of 5.2 per cent in postgraduate study reported by this group, as well as decreases of 4.1 and 2.8 per cent, respectively, in analysis and testing and college and university teaching, virtually all of the negative net decrease is explained. The positive net increase of 12.7 per cent is confined almost t o industrial research (5.6 per cent) and technical administration (5.2 per cent) when considered as a whole. These shifts were paralleled b y those reported by males in "All other fields". I n t h e case of chemical engineers, however, industrial research declined b y 2.6 per cent over the period 1941 to 1943. Decreases also occurred in college and university teaching (1.3 per cent), analysis and testing (1.5 per cent), and postgraduate study (1.8 per cent) t o account for 7.2 per cent of the total net change of 9.0 per cent. On the positive side, however, a 3.7 per cent net increase occurred in technical administration, and in development and production there were net increases of the order of 1.9 and 2.0 per cent, respectively. Table 2 0 also demonstrates that industrial research is relatively more important to chemists as regards employment than i t is t o females and males i n the other two fields. This status in 1943 covered 35.3 per cent of all chemists reporting, whereas the range in proportions among the other three groups was from 12.0 to 16.3 per cent. Opportunitfes for
* * , Kio. i 3 i ! v . A i V V i 6, 1 944
females as technical administrators ar much fewer than for males. In 1943, only 5.8 per cent of all females were so classified as against 37.2 per cent among chemists, 24.8 per cent for males in "All other fields", and 28.7 per cent for all chemical engineers in the sample. Relatively, females predominate in the occupational status of college or university teaching; also in the statuses of analysis and testing and research in basic science. In the occupational statuses of development and production, on the other hand, the proportions of chemical engineers were respectively 18.7 and 14.9 per cent. These percentages were relatively much greater than for the other three groups of members similarly classified.
Section 16. General Analyses of Responses to Field of Specialization It is evident from Table 21 that among the 34 fields of specialization the membership when considered as a whole is fairly evenly distributed. In 1943, for example, the highest proportion of the membership (9.1 per cent) covered physical chemistry. On the other hand, no less than 7 of the fields of specialization each included less than 1 per cent of the membership. Among the remaining fields the proportions ranged from 1.1 to 8.8 per cent. Among the four separate, groups of members the net increases seem to indicate less change over the period 1941 to 1943 among chemical engineers. This group actually reported a net change of 5.4 per cent, which is in marked contrast to net changes of 7.7, 9.7, and 19.3 per cent, respectively, for male chemists, males in "All other fields", and all females. In terms o f the number of fields of specialization affected b y these changes, it is of interest to note, however; that in the case of females while 4 fields showed net decreases, as many a s 23 showed n e t increases. Among the three groups of male members, on the other hand, both net increases and net decreases affected approximately the same number of fields of specialization. Consideration of the separate fields shows that both females (11.9 per cent) and male chemists (12.8 per cent) find greater opportunities in physical chemistry than do chemical engineers (0.6 per cent) and males in "All other fields". Petroleum and its products is predominated, however, by chemical engineers as is also, of course, the field of general chemical e n gineering. In general, the fields of specialization chosen are closely allied to t h e basic training reported by the membership. (TO BE CONTINUED]
1091
