Properties of Lacquer-Type Cellulose Acetate Butyrates

Eustrnan Iiorlnk Company, Rochester, S. 1 I ... the film-forming agent in lacquers and protective coatings, ... cellulose esters in this class which R...
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Properties of Lacquer-Type Cellulose Acetate Butyrates J

CARL J. MALM AYD HAROLD L. S1\IITH, JK. Eustrnan Iiorlnk Company, Rochester, S.

Several 10% viscosit?- cellulose acetate but>-rate esters nre now coniniercially available. This paper describes the properties of these materials with particular reference to their application in t h e field of protective coatings. The properties discussed include soluhilities in single solvents, binary solvent mixtures, and more complex lacquer- type solvent mixtures; viscosity measurements i n the above types of solvents; dilution ratios in both single solvents and solvent mixtures; and compatibilities with plasticizers and synthetic resins. The variations and trends in properties among t h e various cellulose acetate but! rates are emphasized in this paper and the particular usefulness of each type pointed out. Some of the esters compare favorably with nitrocellulose for use as the film-forming agent in lacquers and protective coatings, are less flammable, and have good color retention and stabilitj- on aging. The cellulose acetate butyrates described offer definite possibilities in the formulation of lacquer-type protective coatings.

T

H E cellulose ester which ha. heretofore found most general use as a film-forming agent in commercial lacquers is cellulobe nitrate. I t has many c\ccllent properties for this use and has found wide acceptance in the field. It has, however, two disadvantages, flammability and a tendency to y e l l o ~and deteiiorate 011 aging. The organic acid esters of cellulose offer considerable improvement in these two properties. However, the cellulose esters in this class which R-ere first commercially available (cellulose acetate and, later, Ion butyryl acetate butyrate) suffered from limited solubilities and poor compatibilities with plasticizers and resins. There is now commercially available a series of low viscosity cellulose acetate butyrates covering a fairly wide range of proper-

60

60

Figure 1. Composition of Commercial Cellulose Acetate Butyrates

1

I

ties.

Those esterB \vith higher butyryl contents show rnuch iid compntibilities and :mitliereiore, witable for use in Iacyueia. They have ninny of the good propertiei of the n.ell-kno\vn RS-type nitrocellulose, art. lvss flamnl:~ble,:tiid have g00d color retention arid etnl,ility on nyiiiy. These properties iinve becw puiritcd out by Gloor ( 6 ) a n d by Reiiilinrt sild Kline (T !, Imtli invpstigntrjrs rcp~rtiiig results obtained witli lun- butyryl ccllulose ncer:ite hu!>-r:ttc. Iilitie arid co-\vorkci~C,); empliavize 1~1i~ticul:irlytiire w t ~ ~ i i t i uof~ iclxrity of trxnspxvnt cellulose acctntcs biityrate on exposure to ultmviolct light. Thr,sr good propcrriei a w carried tirrougli to the, liiplicr iautyryl c:ster*.

20.5 26.5 2.5

31.0 Acetyl, C; 16.0 Butyryl, ”/., 1.0 Hydroxyl, ,o N o . of groups per C6 unit Acetyl 2.18 0.67 Butyryl 0.15 Hydroxyl

TABLE11.

PHYsIC.4L

l l e l t i n n point, O C. Density, g./’cc. Moisture regain, YL 257, R H 5070 R H 75% R n 95% RI1

6.5 48.0 0.5

13.0 37.0 2.0

1.00 1 67 0.33

1 45 1.11 0.44 PROPERTIES

OF S O J f r

0.54 2.40 0.06 L.4CQCER-TYPE

C E L L ~ L OESTERS PE .1B-

0,s-Scc. A-48, RS-type A B - Cellulose S i t r o 1100-1 l c e t a t e cellulose

.in161-2 250 125

-4% 272-3

381-1

203 1.23

180 1.21

105

0.8 1.7 2.8 I 4

0.9

0.6 1.1 1.8 3.0

‘3.4

1.8 3.3 0.0

1.18 11.6 1.1 2.0

235 1.31 1.6 3.5 6.3 12.5

deo. l.5Y 0.8 1.8 2.7 5.1

Many properties of these cellulose acetate butyrates may be varied by changing the total amount of acyl and the ratio of acetyl to butyryl in the ester. Table I gives the commercial identificat,ion of those esters now on the market together with their composition both in per cent acetyl, butyryl, and hydroxyl, and in average numbers of these groups per anhydroglucose unit of cellulose. The compositions of these materials can be cornpared conveniently on a triangular diagrsm, Figure 1. The acetyl and butyryl contents can be read directly, while the distance from the line ,4B (representing fully esterified product.) i j an indication of the hydroxyl content. There may be corisiderablc differeiices in the various phy4cal properties as a result of these variations in cheinical composition. The general trend5 for melting point, density, and moisture regiiii have already been poiiited uut by 3Idni~Fordyce, anti T:xiw;i ( 5 ) for celluluse-mixed esters of niedium viscosity range. Tile particular values for typical batches of the low viscosity lacquertype cellulose acetate butyrates are reported in Table 11. This shows the vnriation of these properties wit11 change in coniposition, and also giv-c., for comparison, values fn? Iscqucr-type c.c:llulose acetate (-4-48) and 0.S-secutid IlS-typc ~ i i t r u c e l l u l u ~ e .111 the w r i w nf cellulose acetate butyrates, as the amount of butyryl 1325

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

2326

TABLE

111.

SOLUBILITY I S COMMON SOLTEXTS AND 10.5-Sec.

AB161-2

Soiventc Alethki alcohol E t h y l alcohol b o p r o p y l alcohol n-Butyl alcohol

I I

Methyl Cellosolve E t h y l Cellosolve Butyl Cellosolve Ethyl carbitol Butyl carbitol

I

1

T

I I

I

1

I

AB-

272-3 IS1 ISG I T

b S

ESP BSP

e

S S S

AB-

AH..

381-1 IS1 IS1

500-1

IS1 I b S

IS5 IBB BSF

a

ISG IBG ISG IBG 8 BSS BSS I B

8

?I B R

6

S

S

S

S S

I

S S

M e t h y l Ceilosolve acetate Cellosolve acetate E t h y l lactate

f R

Acetone Methylethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone Gyclohexanone Isophorone Methylene chloride Ethylene chloride propylene chloride

S

S S S

I

S

S

S

S

s

;i

S

*

S I I I

S S BSH d 8 BSb S I

Chloroform Carbon tetrachloride Trichloroethylene Tetrachloroet bane Nitromethane Nitroethane Nitropropane Benzene Toluene .\oetone:methyl alcohol (4: 1: 4cetone:methyl alcohol ( 1 : 1 1 kcetone:methyl alcohol (1 :4) E t h y l acetate:ethyl alcohol (4: 1 ) E t h y l 8cetate:ethyl alcohol (1 : I J E t h y l acetate:ethyl alcohol (1 :4)

I

F 5

S

BS5 I

I S

IBR I B I I 8

S

S 6 S S

p

8

S S

S

IBG

F b

8 P S 8

e b

P 8 S

S

8

P

P

S

P

IGG

BS8

I

S

s

S

I

S

5

F

E

d

I I

BSb IBG S

S

8

E S 8

s

S

S

s

E E

B

s

Uiacetone alcohol Dichloroethyl ether 1,4-Dioxane M e t h y l acetate E t h y l acetate Isopropyl acetate n-Butyl acetate n-Amyl acetate

BSb

A-48 cellunitrolose cellulose acetatr I I 1 I 1 1 BSS 5 I 8 I S I E I E

RS

S

S

6

B 8

P

DILUENTS

-.

161-1

ISG

I

I

I 1

a

f

F

I I

S

1

F

a 6

B I

a

8

S

S

6

S

S

S

B S S S S 8 S

S

S

6

S

I

B BB(.

S 5

B I 5

BBG Y

S

IBCT 8

E

*e a

; S

S

S

1 I

I 1

1 I

ES

S

BE(. I

ISG S

F F S 8

ESP

*

S S

a

5 I I S S

I

BSF I d I I

IBG BSS BSS BBG

IBB BSS

I

I I I I

S

I8F S

ISG

ISS

S

I 8

IBG

a

P

6

600-1 IBG

BSG BSG BSS

S 8 8

P

s

I

AB-

d

S

F

S

ISG

AB381-1 ISG ISG ISG IBI

I

I

S S

b

S

20% Solids'

I

S

S

1 I

AB272-3

I

8

S

.-.

0.5-Sec.

An-

B I I I B B BBG

e

Vol. 41, No. 10

I I

P b

S

BBL

I

BBG I I d BbC I BSd IBG I

S

S

e

S S 8

S

e

S

! S S 5 3 ISG

S

I IGG

S Y 8

F

S

S

S

S

S

S S S S 9 S S

S

S S I

BSS

S

s

F S

I

S

S

S 5 5

RS

nitrocellulose

S I I

I 5

S p

S

F

Y

I IBH

S

s

S

Y E S

S d

S S

1

S S S S S

E

1 I

I 1 B

e

b ISS

S E

I I 1 I

8

s

8

S

S

:

3

E 8 P

I 1

I

e

F

S

B

8

S

9 p

8 B

S S

S S S S

S

d

I I

I d

S I

F

I I B I 1

S

BSS IBG

S

I 1

S

I

I b

A-48 cellulose acetate

IBG

S R S

S BS* S

1

s Y

8

P

8 1 8

: I 1 I

8 B I B I

r

E 9 S f3 8 B b Ethylene chloride:rlleth>l alcohol ( 4 . I 8 S 8 $ IBB S S s S BB(; Bas Ethylene ch1orjde:methyl alcohol (1:l ] c I S I 9 s s S BSb 3 I Ethvlene ch1oride:methyl alcohol (1 : 4 ) p S S 3 F BSR S BS(; 5: BR* b Propylene ch1oride:methyl alcohol (4: 1) 15s S 8 IS* a S E 3 9 J E3 Propylene ch1oride:methyl alcohol (1:1) I S F P I I;: 6 P a BSI Propylene chloride: methyl alcohol (1 :48' a 3 a S s s S Vitroethane:ethyl alcohol (4: 1' s d b F 8 S S BSk s s s S Vitroethane:ethyl alcohol (1: 11 R6b 8 r S s IBI s I d IRC: I Nitroethane:ethyl alcohol (1 : 4 > p ISG S E I I IGC? s s 1 I 5enzene:methyi alcohol (4: 1) S P 8 E I 3 1% IBB s B IR c: b Benzene :methyl alcohol (1 : 1) I S 8 BSS F J I BS.. s I Beneene:methgl alcohol (1 : 4) I 3 I I S I 1 BS6 I Toluene: methyl alcohol (4: l i I S P BSS I I 5 9 S BSG Li I To1uene:methyl alcohol ( I : 1) S r; I 8 B IBR 1 I S 8 IBB 1 Toluene: methyl alcohol (1 :4) c Ail esters shown are insoluble in water, simple aliphatic ethers, and aliphatic a n d s a t u r a t e d cyclic hydrocarbons. S completely soluble; n, borderline solubility (grainy or partly soluble); G , gel 07 semigel; and I , insoluble o r swollen. T h e first letter in column, solubility a t 80° F.; second letter in column. solubility a t 150' t o 160° F. or boilinp point I f lower; third letter in column, solubility after cooling t o SOo F.; and if only one letter in column, solubility is t h e anme a t all temperatures. I

I"

.

!

s

,\ increased and acetyl decreased, there is a gradual lonering of the melting point and a decrease in density. Comparing these values, it should be noted that the densitieq of all the cellulose rtcetate butyrates are appreciably lower than that of cellulose nitrate. affording about 3070 greater film coverage from a given weight of ester. The moisture regain values are much lower than iur ccllulose acetate, indicating much better dimensional stability and better n eathering qualities. Hardness values for films formed from uiiplasticized cellulose icetate butyrates as measured by the Sward Rocker (9)are slightly leas (approximately 5 to 10%) than those found for films of 0 5-second nitrocellulose coated under comparable conditions. Hardness also tends to decrease slightly as the butyryl content of rhe eiter is increased. However, the actual magnitudes of the hardness values as well as values for properties such as tensile

strength, elongation, and flexibility are very iiiariiedly affected by the solvents used and the coating conditions employed, and are subject to wide variation by the inclusion of modifying rrsins and plasticizers ( 7 ) ; hence, no specific values are given. I t will be shown later that the solubility and compatibility generally improve as the amount of but,vyl group in the (rstpr i,c increased. SOLUBILITY

The solubilities of t h s e esters in a. wide range oi' wlvent,s at two different concentrations are listed in Table 111, together with the solubilities of lacquer-type cellulose acetate and 0.5-second RS-type nitrocellulose for comparison. Considering the four cellulose acetate butyrates as a group, it can be seen that the solubility, in general, improves with increase in the butyryl con-

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

October 1949

TABLE IV. AB-161-2 Viscosity, Order of CP. increase 44 1 64 2 Insol. ..

.-

hetons Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketont Methyl acetate E t h y l acetate Isopropyl acetate ?-Butyl acetate Methylene chloride Ethylene chloride Propylene chloride Xitromethane Sitroethane 2-Nitropropane Methyl Cellosolve acetate Cellosolve acetate .Methyl Cellosolve Ethylcellosolre 1,4-Dioxane Tetrachloroethane Cyclohexanone Dichloroethyl ether Ethyl lactate Intrinsic viscosity in acetone

98 109 Insol. Insol. 114 240 Insol 330 190 Inso! 390 [nsol, Insol Insoi. 440 56n !cGU

Insol Insol I,0

3

SOLUTIOS VISCOSITYIN COMMOS LACQL E:R SOLVENTS (Viacosity i n centipoises, 10% solids, 25' C.) AB-272-3 AB-381-1 Viscosity, Order of Viscosity, Order of CP. increase cp. increase 1 47 1 19 79 2 24 2 5 910 14 39

10

121 155 290 1400 2800 14000 Insol. 410 480 i700 440 730 470 650 490

11

13000

12

740 23000

.4. t

,

5 7

8

6

(r

I .

2327

!OOO

3 4

5

16 17 20

..

6

9

18 7 12 8 11 10 19 13 21 I5

I.1

Lent. Type .4B-161-2, haviug the lowest butyryl content, has the most limited solubility. This ester is generally soluble in the lower molecular weight ketones, esters, chlorinated hydrocarbons, m d nitroparaffins. Its solubility in higher boiling solvents is definitely limited. As the amount of butyryl in the ester is increased, the esters become soluble in many more solvents. Types AB-272-3, AB-381-1, and AB-500-1 with higher butyryl contents have fairly similar solubilities. They are in general -oluble in most ketones, esters, ether-alcohols and their esters, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, and nitroparaffins. Type AB-500-1 shows solubility in benzene, though for the most part these esters are insoluble in hydrocarbons (both aliphatic and Aromatic), alcohols, and simple ethers when these solvents are used alone. The small differences in solubility within this group indicate that t-ype AB-272-3 shows slightly better solubility in the more polar solvents (ether-alcohols) while BB-500-1 dissolvee better in the more nonpolar type. The solubilities of this group of the three higher butyryl esters :.4B-272-3, AB-381-1, and 4B-500-1) when compared with those % i f 0.5-second nitrocellulose show considerable similarity. The principal differences in the single solvents are noted in the cases been used as a measure of and P. 3olvent power in nitrocellusolvency n-Butyl Ethyl naphtha naphtha Xylem alcohol alcohol qolvenr lose lacquer technology. It 4R-161-2 is defined as the number of 2.0 1.2 2.0 1.4 Acetone Ketone 0 0.6 7 milliliters of diluent (nonsol2.1 i .6 3.0 2.7 Nitropthane Xitroparaffin 1.2 1.7 1.5 1 .@ Ethyl acetate5 0.6 vent) per milliliter of eolEster O 6 I. . 4 2.B 1.5 I .n Ethylene chloridi. Chlorinated vent which a solution of 6 hydrocarbon cellulose ester will tolerate 4n-272-2 0.6 without precipitation of the 4.i i. r. e. t.o.n 7.5 .3 . 7 3.2 ..e. 0.5 3.5 2.8 1.9 8.9 Methyl ethyl ketonr ester. Knowledge of the dilu0 5 4 ,2 2.3 1.5 10Sitroethane 0.1 0.7 3.9 0.5 Sitropropane IO+ tion ratio with various dilu0.4 1.9 1.3 2.6 8.1 Ethyl acetate 0.1 r n t s is of i m p o r t a n c e ili 0.5 1.3 3.7 1.6 n-Butyl acetate 0.5 2.E 2.1 3.3 10' N e t h y l Cellosolr-E- awrari 0.8 iormulating solvent combina2.8 6.2 3.i 8.2 Ethyl lactate I> R o .:, I@+ 3.Q Ethylrne chloride ~I'hlorir~ated $3 , 1 rions and in d e t e r m i n i n g tivdrnrrrrhon allowable amounts of diluent, \B-381-1 to be used in thinners. 1 . 1 8.5 8.1 b.9 lieton+ IO+ 3.4 6.4 4.7 l.i Dilution ratios for the dif10+ 0 . 9 9 . 2 5.7 IO+ Yitroparafbn IO+ 0.8 ierenf cellulose acetate butyr3.5 5.9 7.2 10+ Gel 1. o 10+ IO+ Ether-alrohol ates have been determined 01 .. 32 2.2 1.0 9.8 '0-t J ,3 .5.! 3.7 9.1 1.2 for five different common dilEater 0.5 2.0 2.3 7.4 G.0 0.i u e n t s f o l l o w i n g t,he 5.1 1.8 i. 2 10.0 'tat6 10.1 6.9 9.6 3.6 0 p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d b! 0 .. :9 3 ,0 3.5 1.5 10.0 Chlorinated 1 % 2 4 9.4 i.n hydrocarhnrr 0 , Gardner (5). The diluentt; selected were ethyl alcohol 1H - 3 0 i (formula 3-A d e n a t u r e d j , 1Ut icetonr Lietont LOT 107 LO+ 32 . 3 0 n-butyl alcohol, xylene, high 9.4 Alethy1 eth31 ! w i ( > n t 10+ 10+ 10+ Kitroethane IO+ LO IO+ Kitroiminffiij 10+ 1.6 solvency n a p h t h a ( b o i l i n g 2.2 SitroDroDane 10+ IO+ LO 10+ 2.8 range 200" to 275' F., 73% 9.5 Ertrr lo+ 8.2 IO+ 6.2 5.5 8.C LO+ 21.8 .6 a r o m a t i c s ) , a n d Varnisk. IO+ 10+ LO+ lo+ 9.0 3.5 3 . ti 10+ 2.0 Makers and Paints (V.M. and 2 . 4 i . 7 Chlorinated IO+ IO+ 1.8 P.) naphtha. Dilution ratios 7.2 io+ 9.1 hydrocarbon lTere determined for firaaj Values g i r r n for 5% final ester concentration, due t o poor solubility at high conceiitrations in ethyl acetate done. ester concent,rations (one of b Values (except for I-.M.and P. naphtha) determined hy modified procedure due t o limited initial aolubi!ity in them near 10%) and then exconcentrated solution.=containing large amounts of diluent. trapolatetl LO 10% final concentration for purposes of comparison. I n a majority Formula 13 gives. a satisfactory spraying lacquer where mediuni of caaea there nas little variation of the dilution ratio with drying time is desired. Kitroethane x a s used as the base for ester ~h~ values obtained at final ester Formula 14, giving solution viscosities slightly hgher than the concentration are reported in Table VIII. From this i t can first group, but ShoTIiIlg appreciably less slope for its Jriscosityconcentration curve. This gives relatively lower viscosities a t be seen that dilution ratios [or types YB-272-3, $13-381-1, and I B - ~ O O -are ~ for the part fairly high and inthe higher ester concentrations. Formula 15 is a very inexpensive base solution formula which contains a low amount of active crease in this order. The values for the two higher butyryl solvent but is formulated to give unusually Ion- solution viscosiesters are romparable to or better than thme obtained for nitroties. On the other hand, formula 16 containing no alcohol in the diluent gives much higher viscosity values and an increased slope to the viscosityconcentration curve. ComTABLE Ix. DILUTIONRATIOSAT 10% FIS.41, ESTER paring the results for formulas 9 and 16, the value of inclu;AB-381-1) * sion of the proper amount of Diluent . ~alcohol in conjunction with tfi gh-t-Butyl joivency Y.M. and P aromatic hydrocarbon diluent Solvent (A11 Alixtures 1 : l l Fhhyl alcohoi alcohol Xylene naphtha naphtha LS apparent. Acetone: methyl alcohol 6.5 3.5 IO+ These data emphasize the 10+ 1.1 hcetone:ethyl alcohol 6.3 3.2 lot 10-11.0 fact that the solvent combinaMethyl ethyl ketone: methyl alcohol 5.2 2.5 IO+ tion used can markedly affect IO+ 1.2 AMethyl ethyl ketone:ethyl alcohol 1.4 2.3 9.3 9.9 1.2 the viscosity of the solution Ethyl acetate:methyl alcohol 3.5 2.1 IO+ and also that the relative IO+ 1.1 Ethyl acetate:ethyl alcohol 8.4 2.0 7.2 7.2 i.! merits of two solvent comButyl acetate: methyl alcohol 2.8 1.5 9.5 binations a t one concentraIO+ 1.1 Butyl acetste:ethyl alcohol 2.5 1.3 i.3 7.7 1.1 tion cannot n e c e s s a r i l y b e Ethylene dichloride: methyl alcohol 3.7 1.3 io+ a c c u r a t e l y predicted from 10.0 1.4 Ethylene dichloride: ethyl alcohol 4 . 0 2 . 0 ?.9 I@+ 1.2 measurements made a t another Propylene dichloride: methyl alcohol 4.2 1.8 LO+ concentration. IO+ 1.1 Propylene dichloride: ethyl alcohol 4 . 0 2 . 0 6 . 1 1 0 . 0 1.4 Proper balancing of the Toluene: methyl alcohol 3.0 1.4 9.9 evaporation rates of the sol6.0 0.6 3.0 1.2 7.4 Toluene :ethyl alcohol 4.0 0.8 vents used will also have to High solvency naphtha: methyl alcohol 3.3 0.9 6.2 be done m-ith the requirements 5.0 0.4 High solvency naphtha:ethyl alcohol 2.5 0.9 5.4 0.5 4.2 of the proposed method of a p plication in mind. I__-_

-

Diluent

Hish ------

++

Y?@

\.AI.

2332

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY TABLEX.

COMPATIBILITY O F AB.,161-2" __ ~25q

Plasticizer IXethyl phthalate Dibutyl phthalate Dioctyl phthalate Santicizer 41- 17 Santicizer E-15 Santicizer B-16 Santicizer 8 Santicizer 10 Santiriaer 1-H Triacetin Tripropionin rributyrin Tricrrsyl phosphate Triphrnyl phosphate Ethyl benzoate Dibutyl sehacate Dioctyl sebarate Butyl adipate Butyl stearatr Methyl Cellosolve ?tearate hlethox Ethox Raw castor oil Blown castor oil Camphor

C

C

C C

C C

C C

C

C C

C C

C

C E R T a I V C'oM\lOY PLASTICIZERS

loo$ C

C

H

C C C

C H

C C

C C C H H C

C

C

C

H T

C

C H

C C C

c

C

H C C C

C

'r

H

C

C

C

C C

S

H C

C C C H C H €1 C C H H c'

C

C c'

c C

C c' S

C C C C

C C

8H

c'

r

Vol. 41, No. 10 tolerance for uylene and high solvencv naDhtha is much higher while the tolerance for the alcohol dilurntq i q naturallx reduced.

.

COMP4TIBILITY UITH

H H C

l o w acetate, the wetate butyr-

fi

SH

?' I1 T

c

SH 11

PLASTICIZERS

In conipariwn with i.clluiite esters eshibit much inr-

proved plasticizer coniputi. bility a n d rotention. a + HS H H II c H C c pointed out hy FoniJ-ce : i n t i H H H s 11 9 Ii Meyer ( 1 j. H sH C T C The lacquer-type cellulose C T C R H H I1 d f1 acetate butyrates when coat i d H H H sri C H I1 from solvents are compatiiilr H 11 with most ester-type phetiii1 C . complete compatibility: T, clcar film b d t remains tacky; S,plasticizer exudes on standing: and 11, hazy h i m , plasticizer incoinyatible. zers a t normal p1:isticizer conb This plasticizer is apparently perfectly compatihle with the esters indicated at t h e lmvrr rilasticizrr conf,c'iItracentration. Table 9 * h o w tions. Howex-er, if subjected to cooling t o temperatures of around 10' F., or lower, i t uill exude p r o f u d y . the results of compatibility tests for 25 of the more comI S COlIPATIBILITY OF SYSTHETIC R E S I N S TABLEXI. TRDVDS The teat? mon plasticizers. Typr of Resin AB-161-2 .iB-272-3 AB-381-1 AB-SCiO- I .Alkyds ] were run a t plasticizer Ir Compatihility depends on rnodihws used rer~il.5. l I a n y rraina Phenolics of 25 and l O O ~ , hasetl on of these types designed for lacquer uqe are rnmpatible, particularly jI creaq with t y p e AB-381-1 ester Slaleics the weight of the cellulose Polyesters 1 ester and were evaluated I,\ .?.ryl 4~iifonamide-forrnaldebyde" condensates coating films from solvents Compatihilits very goodModified hydrocarbons a n d e x a m i n i n g t h e drirad G ood--+ +----Very good- - -----+ Chlorinated biphenyls film. Acrylates Fair Good Very good Fair A plasticizer was coiisd*-.-FairRosin deri\-atives +---Generally good -----+ ered complrtely compatible Polyvinyl acetates Fair Very good (:ood Poor if it gave a film which n-us Polyvinyl chlorides clear and free from haze both + ----..Gc Anerally noi i.otiipatihle Polyvinyl chloride-acetates ~---+Polyvinyl acetals as coated arid after stripping Cnmodified hydrocarbons) from the coating plate, if the Ifela mi nes film was not tacky after reaFurfurals .Alkyd resin plasticizers Fair + Generally good -- --- -----j sonable curing, and if the p l a s t i c i z e r showed no tendency to esuck on exposure to normal use conditions. The required amount of plabticizer decreases as the amount of cellulose. Type AB-161-2 shows much lower dilutiori ratios hutyryl in the ester is increased. For most uses rvhere the film i c than the rest, again emphasizing its relatively poor snliihility supported, a plasticizer level of from 5 to 25% based on the weight as compared to the higher butyryl esters. of the e the dilution ratio using ethyl alcohol is usually higher than the3 corresponding one for butyl alcohol, Corresponding values for COMPATIBILITI wm SYKTRETIC RESINS xylene and high solvency naphtha are about equal in most cases. S o definite rule can bo formulated for predicting the cornwhile V.M. and P. naphtha gives quite l o r values, as it does n-ith pntibility of the cellulose acetate butyrates with synthetic resin. nitrocellulose. Type AB-500-1 shows cxmeiderably higher values in films coated from solvent For any particular resin, it ib for the naphtha dilution ratios as well as for the otlirr tliluents t y under specific use conditions ti) when compared to the other esters. Tolerance of solvents determine its characteristics. Since compatibility is concontaining hydroxyl groups, such as the Cellosolves, is quit? siclerahlj- affected by the solvent combination used arid tiic low for alcohol diluents but high for hydrocarbons. Type type :tiid amount of plasticizer present, actual use tests are AB-272-3, when dissolved in those borderline solvents which doubly important. However, ,some trends can be pointed out, show unusually high viscosity, tolerates only very snxill :iniountr and Table XI lists the main t:pes of synthetic resins with general of hydrocarbon diluent, though its tolerance for alcohols is gcnromment,s on their compatihilii Y n-ith the commercial cellulose eral1.y good. acetate butyrates. In using these data for predicting dilution ratios for conip1r.s Detailed information 1111 the vonipatibility of certain specific solvent mixtures, it must be remembered that there can 111, resins is listed in Table X I . These tests were run by costing considerable interaction between the solvents. Since the thrrr films from solvents containing 2,i, 50, m d 1007, of resin higher butyryl esters show good solubility in aromatic hydroh a 4 on the weight, of the cellulose ester. No plasticizer was carbon-alcohol mixtures, the presence of one of these compoiientc included in any of these formulations, anti onl?- onin N o d . coumarone resin Hydrocarbon plasticizing: oil N o d . couiiiarone resin l l k r d plasticizer Unmod. sebacic alkyd Polyester plasticizer Polyester plasticizer Poly-e,ter plasticizer .4lkyd Synthetic polybasic acid alky d Styrene t y p e resin Alkyd plasticizer Nonoxidizing alkyd Alkyd resin plasticizer Nonoxidizing alkyd Alkyd [Aryl sulfonanlide-fornialdehyd? 1 condensate Hydrogenated rosin ester Hydrogenated rosin ester Rosin ester Rosin mod. alkyd Polyvinyl acetatr Polyvinyl acetate

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