Chemical Digest HIGH-SCHOOL CHEMISTRY AND THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF THE PUPIL* Chemistry is the servant of many other sciences; mineralogy, dietetics, agriculture, entomology, medicine, sanitation, as well as production manufacturing. I t is intimately related to industry, to commerce, t o the community, and the home. When the student senses these ties of the subject he begins to see it as capable of making transformations and working scientific wonders as marvelous as ever the Alchemists dreamed of. Emphasis of the general principles need not be abandoned for these life connections. Life situations dealing with such interests as photography, the automobile, or fire works may initiate the student into the subject but in the end he finds the essentials, the "gist of the matter," in a limited number of general principles. Over against the academic interest, which will be the motive for most high-school students, there will be, for some, the vocational interest. The desire t o be an analyst, or a chemical engineer, or a teacher of science, or a research worker will prompt these students to a study of the subject. ~igh-schoolpupils are forward-lookingaltruists. Problems demanding solutions not yet found are, to them, attractive. The motor fuel problem, synthetic medicines, utilization of waste, and by-products, all are bids for their desire to help remake the world. The teacher who helps them to get afeeling of responsibility for this part of the "world's unconquered" future will have no lack of interest. Many of the chemists who shall solve these needs are now in our high schools. I t is a part of the highschool teacher's privilege to help them t o that life service. H. R. SMITH
Several recent articles have called our attention to the need for more publicity in the field of chemistry. Chemistry, in spite of its usefulness to the public, still remains a "remote" science and mention of chemical terms is lacking almost entirely in our greatest of advertising mediums, the newspaper.
* An abstract of a paper read before the Physical Science Section of the Nebraska State Teachers' Assoc. by R. S. Mickle, Nov. 6, 1925, Lincoln, Nebr.
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PUBLICITY BOR CHEMISTRY
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An editorial in Canadian Chemistry and Metallurgy1 asks, "Why not more chemistry in elementary education?" Logically, this would seem a profitable starting point for the furtherance of the knowledge of chemistry. Quoting from this article, "If a child can be satisfied with the idea that there are only so many letters in all the words of the language, what is difficult about the concept that there are only so many different elemental substances in all the natural objects of the world? What a soul-satisfying and simple conception." It is pointed out that, "As a class, teachers, inspectors, educational authorities, ministers of education, and all concerned with the system of primary and secondary education, are weak in science. As a class, science teachers in the secondary schools are weak in chemistry. Only a small per cent are very highly trained in chemistry as a science, and practically none have had any industrial experience on which they could fall back in order to put any life into the subject as taught." The conclusion is that, "Making chemistry commonplace is simply following the age-long practice, whereby ideas are passed down, so that the most brilliant, original thought of one generation becomes the elementary education of succeeding times." The same situation is noted in a comment which comes to us from an English p~blication.~The attitude of the puhlic toward chemistry is shown by the following quotation: "The appearance in the daily press of regulations controlling the use of preservatives in food was an occasion of much interest in many ways, one of which was the reproduction in print of the formulae for sulfur dioxide and benzoic acid. Such an event is sufficientlyrare-one wonders if i t is u n i q u e t o attract some attention and it leads to the inquiry why the event should be either rare or unique. The language of chemistry is a t times reproached for its obscurity to the plain man, but special pleading of this kind does not move us. A little acquaintance with other branches of science shows that the possibility of a scientific jargon is no impediment to popularity with the public which has taken to itself the many new and curious terms of broadcasting without any reluctance. Yet chemistry is a science that is singularly broad in its appeal. It affords abundant material for the exercise either of the imagination or the sense of logic. . . . . Yet, almost every day, we find some inoffensive chemical maligned and some discovery announced that would be good if i t were new, or that is too good to be true. Perhaps, some day, the great newspapers will have chemistry editors just as they have sports and fashions editors. That time will not be long. We have noted with approval the excellent work some chemists are doing in writing on chemical topics in the daily papers. . . "
' Can. Chem. & Met., 9, 193 (1925). Chem. & Ind., 44, 432(1925).
Still further, a reviewer3 of "Phases of Modem Science," a hook compiled by the Royal Society of England, writes on publicity and science as follows: "The literary public is hardly dealt with where science is concerned. In periodical literature, as often as not, and with a few notable exceptions, the choice lies between what is technically accurate and dull and what is sensational and quite untrustworthy. This generation has seen science take its place as an essential element in education, and scientific experiment, once camed on in fear and secrecy, has now become a part of every boy's work a t school. Indeed, with such innovations as electric bells and lighting, telephones and wireless, i t is practised in every household. Yet there seem few enough writers who, having the necessary knowledge of science and, more important, understanding and enthusiasm for the objects and purposes of research, combine with these qualities the purely literary faculty for selecting and arranging material and presenting i t in W. R. W. readable form." Dutch Chemist to Teach at Cornell. Prof. Ernest Cohen of the University of Utrecht and president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry which will meet in Philadelphia next April has been appointed the first incumbent of a new Cornell visiting professorship made possible by an anonymous gift of $250,000. From February to June he will lecture on the most recent advances of chemistry, and tell of his own original investigations in physical and inorganic chemistry which have won him international distinction.-Science Sewice "Make Hay While Sun Shines" Proves Scientific Maxim. " 'Make hay while the sun shines' is more than a mere poetic slogan, for hay made in the dark is devoid of rickets-preventing properties." This was the keynote of a discussion on the importance of light for the maintenance of animal life before the meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, by Drs. H. Steenbock and E. B. Hart of the University of Wisconsin. The hitherto unappreciated importance of the ultra-violet radiation from the 4un is now recognized, and this invisible light is known to be the factor deciding between success and failure in animal rearing, Dr. Steenhock said. Animals obtaining sufficient full sunlight, or the proper kinds of foods on which sunlight has shone, live healthily and normally; but, said Dr. Steenhock: "Unfortunately these rays are not present in sufficient degree to ~ r o v i d ea wide margin of safety fur the animal. As n result we have rickets in the young and poor dentition, restricted lactation, abonivn and irnpovcrishrnent of the skeleton in lime to a dangerous extent in the adult. All of which appears to he of greater importance in animal welfare than has been generally realized." The prevention of these dire results, in animals as well as in human beings, has been shown to depend on the normal action of the blood in laying down the element calcium in the proper places and sufficient quantities. This building of the limy parts of the body has in turn been shown to depend on the action of the invisible short-wave light rays, which may he administered directly or through certain types of food, especially those rich in cholesterol, a substance related to the fats.-Science Senice "Onlooker," Discovery, 6, 373-5 (1925).
