Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 7964–7970
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Quantifying the Impact of Residential Heating on the Urban Air Quality in a Typical European Coal Combustion Region H E I K K I J U N N I N E N , †,‡ J A C O B M Ø N S T E R , † MARIA REY,† JOSE CANCELINHA,† KEVIN DOUGLAS,† MATTHEW DUANE,† ¨ LLER,† VICTTORIO FORCINA,† ANNE MU FRITZ LAGLER,† LUISA MARELLI,† ANNETTE BOROWIAK,† J O A N N A N I E D Z I A L E K , †,§ BOSTIAN PARADIZ,† DANIEL MIRA-SALAMA,† JOSE JIMENEZ,† UTE HANSEN,† COVADONGA ASTORGA,† KRZYSZTOF STANCZYK,| MAR VIANA,⊥ XAVIER QUEROL,⊥ RACHELLE M. DUVALL,# GARY A. NORRIS,# STEFAN TSAKOVSKI,∇ ´ K , †,[ A N D PETER WÅHLIN,O JIRI HORA B O R . L A R S E N * ,† European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 1IES/10IHCP, 1 Transport and Air Quality/10Chemical Assessment and Testing, Via Enrico Fermi, 2749 - Ispra (VA), 21020 - Italy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland, Malopolski Voivodship Inspectorate for Environ. Protection, pl. Szczepanski 5 - Krakow, 31-011- Poland, Central Mining Institute, Plac Gwarko´w 1, - 40-166 Katowice, Poland, Institute of Earth Sciences, ‘Jaume Almera’, CSIC, C/ Lluis Sole´ i Sabarı´s S/N 08028 Barcelona, Spain, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, J. Bourchier Blvd. 1, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria, National Environmental Research Institute, Department of Atmospheric Environment, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O.Box 358 - Roskilde, 4000 Denmark, and VSB -Technical University of Ostrava, Energy Research Center, 17 listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
Received January 12, 2009. Revised manuscript received July 21, 2009. Accepted September 1, 2009.
The present investigation, carried out as a case study in a typical major city situated in a European coal combustion region (Krakow, Poland), aims at quantifying the impact on the urban air quality of residential heating by coal combustion in comparison with other potential pollution sources such as power plants, industry, and traffic. Emissions were measured for 20 major sources, including small stoves and boilers, and the * Corresponding author phone: +39-0332-789647; e-mail: bo.larsen@ jrc.ec.europa.eu. † European Commission, Joint Research Centre. ‡ University of Helsinki. § Malopolski Voivodship Inspectorate for Environ. Protection. | Central Mining Institute. ⊥ Institute of Earth Sciences. # U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ∇ University of Sofia. O National Environmental Research Institute. [ VSB -Technical University of Ostrava. 7964
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY / VOL. 43, NO. 20, 2009
particulate matter (PM) was analyzed for 52 individual compounds together with outdoor and indoor PM10 collected during typical winter pollution episodes. The data were analyzed using chemical mass balance modeling (CMB) and constrained positive matrix factorization (CMF) yielding source apportionments for PM10, B(a)P, and other regulated air pollutants namely Cd, Ni, As, and Pb. The results are potentially very useful for planning abatement strategies in all areas of the world, where coal combustion in small appliances is significant. During the studied pollution episodes in Krakow, European air quality limits were exceeded with up to a factor 8 for PM10 and up to a factor 200 for B(a)P. The levels of these air pollutants were accompanied by high concentrations of azaarenes, known markers for inefficient coal combustion. The major culprit for the extreme pollution levels was demonstrated to be residential heating by coal combustion in small stoves and boilers (>50% for PM10 and >90% B(a)P), whereas road transport (
