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Quaternary ammoniumyl chitosan derivatives for eradication of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms Priyanka Sahariah, Már Másson, and Rikke Louise Meyer Biomacromolecules, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00718 • Publication Date (Web): 25 Jul 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on July 27, 2018
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Biomacromolecules
Quaternary ammoniumyl chitosan derivatives for eradication of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms Priyanka Sahariaha*, Már Mássona, Rikke Louise Meyerb,c a
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland b
c
iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Weids Vej 14, 8000Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
KEYWORDS. TBDMS-chitosan, Quaternary ammoniumyl chitosan, Antibiofilm activity, Structure-activity relationship.
ABSTRACT. Bacterial biofilms tolerate extreme levels of antibiotics. Treatment of biofilm infections, therefore requires development of new or modified antimicrobials that can penetrate biofilms and are effective against dormant persistent cells. One such new approach uses the biodegradable biopolymer chitosan and its derivatives as antimicrobials. In this study, we
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performed synthetic modification of chitosan to selectively introduce different cationic and hydrophobic moieties at varying ratios on chitosan. This improved its aqueous solubility and antimicrobial activity towards bacterial biofilms. Initial evaluation of the chitosan derivatives showed increased activity towards planktonic Staphylococcus aureus. The effect of the quaternary ammoniumyl chitosan derivatives against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms was more variable. The most effective derivatives contained hydrophobic groups, and their efficacy against biofilms depended on the ratio and length of the alkyl chains. Three-dimensional imaging of biofilms confirmed the accessibility and antimicrobial effect of chitosan derivatives with alkyl chains in the full depth of the biofilms.
1. INTRODUCTION A large amount of the bacterial population is known to exist as dense and highly hydrated aggregates in a self-produced extracellular matrix in the form of biofilms1. Bacterial biofilms can often lead to serious infections and diseases in humans. Bacteria in biofilms have a different physiology compared to the planktonic cells, which leads to increased tolerance to antimicrobials1. Due to the increased emergence of antibiotic resistant biofilms, several new strategies for combating bacterial biofilms have been developed. These include e.g. using amphiphilic small molecules2, nanoparticles3, biomaterials4-5, and plant extracts6. A new approach uses the biodegradable biopolymer chitosan and its derivatives as antimicrobials for the treatment and prevention of bacterial biofilms5,
7-8
. Chitosan is a linear
polysaccharide obtained from the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans such as shrimps,
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Biomacromolecules
lobsters and crabs mainly in the form of chitin. Chitosan, which is obtained by deacetylation of chitin, shows promising antibacterial properties against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria at pH
