12 Refining of Coal-Derived Syncrudes
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R. H. FISCHER and R. E. HILDEBRAND U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Coal Processing, Washington, DC 20545
In order to increase the supply of liquids fuels, DOE has embarked on an ambitious program to develop and commercialize direct hydro liquefaction processes. These liquids will be used to replace our dwindling supply of domestic petroleum. The initial marketing strategy calls for the utilization of the first coal derived liquids as boiler fuels. Use of these liquids as low sulfur fuel oil has substantial merit because it directly displaces imported oil in a market area which can easily absorb the output of the initial commercial ventures. While it is recognized that the byproduct naphtha will be refined to gasoline, this overall approach decouples to a significant extent the engineering scale -up and process development of the liquefaction technology from the downstream product upgrading optimization. Although the first major use of coal liquids will be as boiler fuels, it is clear that in order to make the largest impact on the U.S. liquid fuel demand, products from direct liquefaction have to be upgraded to quality liquid fuels for both transportation and home heating o i l uses. The products coming from the all-distillate coal liquefaction processes such as Η-Coal Syncrude, SRC-II and Donor Solvent, along with shale oil production will be candidates for use as refinery feedstock. It is, therefore, a matter of considerable interest to examine the outlook for the refining of syncrudes. In support of this effort, DOE is funding a number of small scale studies in upgrad ing refining. The objectives of this program are: To define the capabilities of state of the art petroleum processing for syncrude upgrading To develop new refining methods specifically tailored towards syncrudes To determine the relationship between syncrude refining and product toxicity. State of the Art Assessment It is generally recognized that the best refining strategy in volves the use of each potential feedstock and fraction in a way This chapter not subject to U.S. copyright. Published 1981 American Chemical Society Sullivan; Upgrading Coal Liquids ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
UPGRADING COAL LIQUIDS
252
Table I.
Comparison of Hydrogen Contents
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FEEDS -PETROLEUM - S H A L E OIL - C O A L SYNCRUDE PRODUCTS - B O I L E R FUEL - H I G H OCTANE GASOLINE - N O . 2 FUEL OIL - J E T FUEL
11 to 14.5% 11 to 12.0% 9 to 10.0%
9.0 to 12.0% 11.0 to 11.5% 12.0 to 14.0% 13.5 to 14.0%
Table I I . Boiling Range of Typical Petroleum (Arabian Lift Blend), Coal Syncrude, and Shale O Ù
PETROLEUM
COAL SYNCRUDE
SHALE OIL
N A P H T H A (C -40yF) S
VOL%
25
15-35
4
25
40-60
25
10-20
68
0
3
A T M G A S OIL
S ο ο ο
Ο
>
Ο
ON ON
12.
FISCHER AND HILDEBRAND
Coal-Derived Syncrudes
267
DOE REPORTS ON REFINING CHEVRON "Processing o f Paraho Shale O i l " , FE-2315-25, A p r i l 1978 "Processing of SRC-I", FE-2315-45, November 1979
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"Processing o f SRC-II", FE-2345-47, May 1980
UOP "Hydrotreating and Reforming Η-Coal Naphtha", FE-2566-12, March 1978 "Hydrotreating and F l u i d C a t a l y t i c Cracking of Η-Coal Gas O i l " , FE-2566-20, August 1978 "Hydrotreating of Η-Coal Gas O i l s " , FE-2566-23, November 1978 "Hydrotreating and Reforming EDS Naphtha", FE-2566-25, February 1979 "Hydrotreating and Reforming SRC-II Naphtha", FE-2566-27, June 1979 "Hydrotreating and FCC of EDS Gas O i l " , FE-2566-30, August 1979 "Hydrotreating o f EDS Gas O i l " , FE-2566-33, November 1979 "Crude O i l Versus Coal O i l Processing Comparison", DOE/ET/03117, TR-80/009-001, November 1979
FILTROL "New C a t a l y s t s f o r Coal L i q u i d R e f i n i n g " , Fourth Q u a r t e r l y Report, FE-2595-4, January 1980 SUNTECH "Conversion of Coal t o S y n t h e t i c Gasoline and other D i s t i l l a t e F u e l s " , Monthly Progress Reports FE-2306-36 through 42, J u l y through December 1979. RECEIVED January 13,
1981.
Sullivan; Upgrading Coal Liquids ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1981.
