RESEARCH RESULTS . . . immediately available
c
All manuscripts listed here are being considered for possible publication in one of the I&EC quarterlies. They are available to I&EC subscribers, and may be obtained at reproduction and handling cost. They should be treated in the same fashion as a personal communication. Use of the material in publications, or reference to it, should have the author’s approval. Please use the printed coupon, and include payment with your order.
Mass Transfer Studies in a Pulsed Extraction Column. Longitudinal Concentration Profiles. Simulation of Steady-State Pulsed Column Operation Using a Digital Computer
L. D. Smoot and A . L. Babb
Ms. No.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Send to: Research Results Service, l&EC 1 155 Sixteenth Street, N.W. Washington 6, D. C.
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General Equatlons for Testing Consistency of Multicomponent Vapor-liquid Equilibrium Data
L. C. T a o University of Nebraska
University of Washington Effects of column geometry and operating variables were determined in continuous and dispersed phases in methyl isobutyl ketone-acetic acid-water and 1,1,2-trichloroethane-acetonewater. Using IBM 650 and 709 computers longitudinal concentration profiles were computed and compared with experimental profiles.
General equations are presented for testing internal consistency along linear composition paths in a multicomponent system by methods available to binary systems. Convenient numerical methods are illustrated for testing local segments in a ternary and quaternary system.
Ms. No. 6
Rate Equations for Consecutive Heterogeneous Processes
49 pages, including 73Jigures, 4 tables.
$2.00
Ms. No. 102
73pages, including 4Jigures, 2 tables.
81.00
K. B. Bischoff and G. F. Fromeni Rijksuniversiteit te Gent, Belgium Simultaneous Absorption of Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia in Water
T . F. Hatch, Jr., and R . L. Pigford University of Delaware The process of gas absorption accompanied by chemical reaction was studied by mixing and contacting carbon dioxide and ammonia with a smooth laminar jet of water. Rates of absorption were determined by chemical analysis of the liquid leaving the jet absorption device.
Ms. No. 37
25 pages, including 5Jigures.
$2.00
The complexity of the derivation of rate equations for heterogeneous processes depends on whether the process has parallel combined with consecutive steps. Procedures for cases with only consecutive steps are outlined, and the case of a heterogeneous catalytic reaction with more than one rate-controlling step is covered in detail. The analysis is shown to provide a basis for experimental data that have recently become available.
Ms. No. 118
20pages, including 4Jigures, 1 table.
$2.00
Compaction of Semiplastic Materials
H . R . Gregory Coal Research Establishment, Stoke Orchard, Chltenham, England A process for briquetting bituminous coal without a binder,
Theory of Absorption and Chemical Reaction of Two Gases Simultaneously in a liquid
G. H. Roper, T . F. Hatch, Jr., and R. L. Pigford University of Delaware
M s . No. 181
The mathematical theory of the diffusion and simultaneous chemical combination of two gases dissolving in a liquid phase and reacting in the liquid near the interface is discussed mathematically. Mathematical solutions are also presented for the simultaneous absorption of two gases in a liquid which contains a third component capable of reacting chemically with both of the dissolved gases.
Ms. N o . 32
43pages, including Qfigures, 7 table.
without the need for fine grinding and high pressure, is applicable to semiplastic materials generally. High strength is obtained by introducing very high shear strain during compaction. Machines have been developed for commercial use.
$2.00
Fluidized Roasting of Arsenopyrites. of the Dearsenificatlon Process
$1.00
Theory of Mechanism
A. Vian, C . Iriarte, and A . Romero Piritas Espanolas, Madrid, Spain The behavior of arsenic compounds in two-stage roasting in the presence of iron oxides, and of oxygen in the first stage, is discussed. Industrial control of arsenical contamination must be based on the percentage of sulfur retained by the calcines and not the amount of air blown.
Ms. No. 197
Shock Tube Experiments Involving Phase Changes
77pages, including 12Jigures, 7 table.
27 pages, including Gjigures, 2 tables.
E. Termr Armour Research Foundation
Method for Improving Heat Transfer to a Boiling Fluid
A liquid-driven shock tube was used to study transient aspects of
C. W . Cowley, W . J. Timson, and J. A . Sawdye Linde Co.
$2.00
vaporization of a hot pressurized liquid suddenly allowed to expand to below saturation pressure. Water was mainly used as driving fluid. (Temperature changes u p to 500’ F., pressure up to 1000 p s i . )
A large increase in heat flux can be attained by interposing an insulating coating between the boiling liquid and the surface across which the heat is to be transferred.
Ms. No. 37
Ms. No. 276
17 pages, including 4jgures.
$1.00
19pages, including GJigures, 4 tables. VOL. 5 4
NO. 2
FEBRUARY
$1.00
1962
89
R E S E A R C H RESULTS Rate-Controlling Mechanisms in Ion Exchange. Variation with Particle Size
Study of
L . I. Stiel and George Thodos Northwestern University
M . R. Adams and R. E. West University of Colorado
-
Rates of Na + H + exchange with Doivex 50 resin were measured with particle diameters from about 25 to 600 microns. The exchange reaction itself becomes rate-limiting at diameters less than about 80 microns. Diffusional processes are ratelimiting at larger diameters.
Critical temperatures and pressures for 64 nonhydrogen-bonding substances of all types, primarily hydrocarbons, were calculated from reliable vapor pressure data available in the literature. An average deviation of 0,5970 for the critical temperature and 3.2% for the critical pressure resulted.
Ms. No. 2 2 6
Ms. N o . 329
18pages, including 5Jigures, 1 table.
87.00
9 pages, including 2figures.
81.00
Ethylene Production by Thermal Decomposition of Propane in a Fluidized Bed
Optimization of Squared Off Cascade as Applied to the Process of Distillation
M . G. Kher and H . Fiirst Technische Uniwrsitat Dresden
D . Gupta and S. N . Ray Atomic Energy Establishment, Trornbay, Bombay, India
Propane was decomposed in a fluidized bed composed of fine quartz. The decomposition products were analyzed by gas chromatography. Optimum temperature, contact time, etc., for maximum yield of ethylene and propylene were determined in quartz and steel tubes.
Generalized relations, developed for the design of a distillation plant to separate stable isotopes, have been used to determine the optimum plant volume and energy consumption for enriching heavy water up to 5% concentration, starting from natural water.
M s . N o . 232
37pages, including I IJigures, 2 tables.
82.00
M s . iVo. 330
12 pages, including 1 Jigure.
87.00
Reaction Rate Studies of the Catalytic Oxidation of Ethylene
Chemical Structure and Processing of Coal
L. G . Nault, D . W. Bolrne, and L. N. Johanson American Potash and Chemical Co., Washington State L‘niwrsity, and University of Washington
G . R. H i l l and L . B . Lyon University of Utah
A laboratory study of the kinetics of ethylene oxide formation from ethylene a t 200’ C. has used a silver catalyst on a nonporous granular support in differential and integral reactors. Both were flow-system packed-bed reactors immersed in Dowtherm for temperature control.
A new structural model for high volatile bituminous coal is presented, based on recent research. Applicability of newly developed catalytic hydrocracking-hydrotreating processes to coal conversion is discussed.
Ms. No. 237
50pages, including 78figures, 2 tables.
C.J.Huang and C . J . Hsu University of Houston
A study of the mechanism of mass transfer in a solid-liquid system is reported. The rates of dissolution of an organic acid into a solution containing another reactant were measured. Experimental data were compared with theory and causes of discrepancy explored.
M s . No. 257 A
31 pages, including 12Jigures.
M s . A’o. 343
72 pages, including 2Jgures.
81.00
$2.00
Mass Transfer Studies in an Agitated Vessel. Mass Transfer Accompanied by an Instantaneous Chemical Reaction
Method for Studying Precombustion Reactions of liquid Propellants
H. P. Heubusch Bell AerosysfemsCorp. Propellants were brought separately to conditions of temperature and pressure encountered on injection into an operating rocket engine, flowed into the arms of a Y-tube, allowed to react in the stem, then subjected to a chemical stop. Analyses showed the extent ofreaction. iMs. N o . 344
6pages, including 2Jigures.
81.00
82.00
Role of the Packing in a Scheibel Extractor
Chemical Aspects of Ethylene-Propylene Rubber Vulcanization with Aralkyl Peroxide and Coagents
J . R. Honekarnp and L. E. Burkhart Iowa State University
A . E. Robinson, J . V. Marra, and L. 0. Amberg Hercules Powder Co.
The methyl isobutyl ketone-water system was used to investigate the amount of extraction taking place in the packing and the effect of stirrer speed and flow rate on the performance of packed sections.
The discussion presents conclusions and interpretations based on exploratory work on EPR vulcanization with dicumyl peroxide. Supporting evidence is derived mainly from cross-link density analysis by the solvent swelling method.
M s . No. 2 6 4
3 6 pages, including IOJigures, 8 tables.
82.00
M s . Are. 345
22 pages, including SJigures, 4 tables.
82.00
Rapid Deactivation of Fresh Cracking Catalyst
Calculations of Ternary liquid Equilibria
A . Bondi, R. S. Miller, and W . G. Schlaffet Shell Development Co.
T . 4 . Chen and B. G . Kyle Kansas State University Tie lines are calculated rigorously using a high speed digital computer to solve a set of nonlinear algebraic equations arising from expressing thermodynamic criteria of equilibrium in terms of mole fractions and activity coefficients.
T h e investigation, undertaken to find the origin of rapid initial deactivation and suggest means of extending catalyst activity, outlines ways of testing new catalysts and new design ideas. A mathematical treatment of diffusion and burning rate is included.
M s . A’o. 293
31 pages, including GJigures, 2 tables.
82.00
Deposition of Phosphate Rock Particles Flowing in Straight Pipes
23pages, including 5Jigures, 7 tables.
2 1 pages, including dJigures, 2 tables.
82,00
N . H. Chcn Aerojet-General Corp.
Factors governing the formation of phosphate rock deposits in the transfer line between the calciner and the cyclone were investigated and conditions for their prevention were established.
Ms. N o . 335
M Y .N o . 346
Analytical Solutions for McCabe-Thiele Diagram
J . Tadmor (Tracker), A . Kogan, A . Talma, and W. Resnick Fertilizers and Chemicals, Ltd., Haifa, Israel
90
Critical Temperalures and Pressures of Substances from Vapor Pressure Data
82.00
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
A complete solution of the McCabe-Thiele diagram by the principle of difference equation is presented, and the results are compared with the graphical method.
MS. ‘To. 350
12pages, including 7 j g u r e .
$1.00
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See our insert in Chemical Engineering Catalog
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PHILADELPHIA 20, PA.
Conveyor Dryers -Spray DryerseTruck Dryers. Laboratory Dryers *Specialists in Machinery for the Textile Industry Circle NO. 31 01
Readen’ Senice Card VOL 5 4
NO. 2
FEBRUARY 1 9 6 2
91
R E S E A R C H RESULT§ Synthesis of 2.2-Dinitropropanol. Continuous Preparation
Studies on
Design and Control Feed Effluent-Exchanger Reactor Systems
E. E. Hamel, J . S.Dehn, J . A . Love, J . J . Scigliano, and A . H . Swift Aerojet-General Carp. Two routes to 2,2-dinitropropanol were evaluated. A continuous four-step laboratory process was developed, starting with nitroethane and involving preparation of l-chloro-l-nitroethane and potassium I-nitro-1-ethanenitronate as intermediates.
M s . No. 352
20 pages, including lOfigures, 5 tables.
$2.00
Skeletal Isomerization of Olefins over Aluminum Fluoride Catalysts
Simultaneous solutions of the steady-state heat and material balances for a first-order reaction were obtained on an analog computer and used to calculate the values of exchange and reactor lengths which minimized the equipment cost of the system.
Ms. No. 3 6 3
77pages, including ?figures, 2 tables.
87.00
Theory and Application of a Method for the Rapid Determination of Diffusion Coefficients
L. D . Moore, J . R. Kaiser, and R. C. Odioso Gulf Research €9Development Co.
J . C. Giddings and S.L. Seager University of Utah
An active and selective catalyst for the skeletal isomerization of olefins may be prepared by addition of certain metals or metal oxides to an anhydrous aluminum fluoride, which is described.
M s . No. 354
J . M . Douglas, J . C. Orcutt, and P. W . Berthiaume Atlantic Refining Co.
26pages, including 4figures, 6 tables.
$2.00
Carbonaceous Deposits on Silica-Alumina Catalyst
A method similar in operation to chromatographic techniques has been theoretically and experimentally extended for measuring a wide range of diffusion coefficients, in both gas and liquid phases. I t is more rapid than most conventional methods of similar accuracy.
M S . No. 364
24pages, including SJigures, 5 tables.
$2.00
J . W . H a l l and H. F. Rase University of Texas Coked silica-alumina cracking catalyst samples were examined by electron microscopy and differential thermal analysis. Resultsconfirm previous hypotheses and suggest two types of carbon may be formed.
Arsenic Pentoxide Cure of an Organic Adhesive. Route to Semi-Inorganic Adhesive Polymers
Ms. No. 355
Current research is concentrating on the reaction of heat-stable organic polymers with reactive inorganic reagents, to obtain semi-inorganic polymers with molecular weights useful for structural applications. Two results are a new arsenic-containing adhesive and a sealant.
7?pages, including ?figures.
$1.00
Diffusion in Packed Beds at l o w Flow Rates
George Roemer, J. S.Dranoff, and J . M . Smzth Northwestern University
Ms.
LI~o.3 5 6
76 pages, zncludzng d j g u r e s , 3 tables.
Reactions between Elemental Temperatures above 2500' C.
Carbon
and
$7.00
Hydrogen at
R. F. Baddour and J . M . Iwasyk Massachusetts Institute of Technology
37 pages, including 7 2 j g u r e s , 1 table.
$2.00
Supersaturation of Sulfates in Electrodialysis
Carl Berger and R. M . Lurie Ionics, Inc. Conditions that control the allowable level of supersaturation of calcium sulfate in the aste stream of electrodialysis clemineralizers were studied. T h e minimum relative volume of the stream is determined by its maximum permissible salt concentration. A commercial unit \\.as operated.
Ms. No. 3 5 9
31 #ages, including Gfigures, 8 tables.
$2.00
Catalysts for Polymerization of Isoprene to trans-1,4-Polyisoprene (Synthetic Balata)
87.00
Boron Curing Agents for Epoxy Resins
Borazines, monosubstituted boric acids, boroxines, and polyborates were investigated, in a search for polymers of improved thermal stability. Polyborates, boroxines, and the boroxineamine adduct show promise.
72 pages, including 5 tables.
$1.00
Rapid Thermal Cracking of Cetane at Elevated Pressures
B. M . Fabuss, J . 0. Smith, R . I . Lait, and A. S. Borsanyi Monsanto Research Corj. C. N . Satterfield Massachusetts Institute o j Technology Cetane was thermally cracked a t 200 to 1000 p.s.i.g., l l O O o to 1300' F., and feed rates of 1 to 8 liters of liquid per hour, with residence times of 0.25 to 10 seconds. T h e products were analyzed in detail and results interpreted to provide a quantitative picture of the complex polymerization and cracking phenomena that occur. M s . Xo.
369
33 pages, including 12figures, 2 tables.
82.00
Statistical Theory of Turbulence
George Tsu-:Ving Tsao 4 2 6 l / 2 NoTth Cypress St., Florence, Ala.
J.S.Lasky, H . K. Garner, and R. H . Ezeart LT.S.Rubber Co.
92
14pages, including 7Jigures.
D . T . Haworth and G. F. Pollnow Allis-Chalmers .Manufacturing Co.
M s . A'o. 3 6 8
A high-intensity arc reactor was designed and built to react carbon vapor and hydrogen. T h e hot gaseous reaction products \yere quenched and sampled with a water-cooled probe. Acetylene was the major reaction product.
MS.Aio. 358
H. H. Levine Narmco Industries
Ms. N o . 367
Mass transfer rates for several particle sizes a t Reynolds numbers below 100 were measured in a 2-inch column packed with spherical particles, through which nitrogen flowed. Effects of longitudinal diffusion on radial diffusivity were determined.
A New
A theory is proposed to explain the phenomenon of turbulence.
Efficiency of a catalyst made from triisobutylaluminum and vanadium trichloride was increased by a factor of 10 by supporting vanadium trichloride on clay to increase its surface area. Adding a tetraalkyl titanate as a third component gave a further 40-fold improvement.
Analogous to absolute temperature, which is a quantitative expression for molecular thermal motion, a new term, "degree of turbulence," is used to describe the turbulence motion in fluids.
M s . No. 3 6 0
Ms. A'o. 376'
13pages, including 7 tables.
$7.00
I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
15pages.
s1.00
ENCOURAGE T H E STUDY OF E N T O M O L O G Y - F ~ ~ten years Hercules, producer of toxaphene for insect pest control, has been donor to the National 4.H Entomology Awards Program. Its
purpose is to encourage boys and girls to study insect life and its relation to man’s health, wealth and happiness. The 1961National winners, shown above, each won a $400 college scholarship.
SELL PINE OIL PRODUCTS-The Pine Cleaner Information Center in New York, directed by Joan March Worden, is sponsored by Hercules to keep American women aware of the advantages of household pine cleaners and disinfectants. Now in its second year, the PCIC carries the pine oil story to millions through newspapers, magazines, radio, television, schools and women’s clubs.
M A K E PAINT APPLY SMOOTHLY-Good paints brush o n easily, without running. This viscosity control is provided in latextype paints by Natrosol@, a relatively new Hercules water-soluble polymer. Natrosol, being nonionic and completely organic, is fast finding uses in dozens of fields of application as a thickener, protective colloid, binder and film former.
Circle
No. 65 on Readers’ Service Card VOL. 5 4
NO. 2
FEBRUARY 1962
93
RESEARCH RESULTS
High Speed Memory Analog Computer. tegration, Direct and Implicit Differentiation
Generalized In-
S. H. Jury L’niuersity a j Tennessee Generalized operations have been extended to multidimensional functions, utilizing innovations involving high speed repetitive operation and dynamic storage or memory. Diagrams are presented, with symbols to facilitate rapid programming.
MS.
377
14pages, including IJgures, 7 table.
High Speed Memory Analog Computer. Multidimensional Space
97.00
Programming in
S. H. Jury University of Tennessee
A dynamic storage programming procedure avoids the pitfalls of patching a three-dimensional mesh on a two-dimensional patchboard. Readout is more flexible than in other procedures, and analog component requirements may be reduced.
‘Ms.N o . 378
16 pages, including 6Jgures.
Alcohol Sulfation.
67.00
Comparison of Reagents and Techniques
R. 1V. llfaddelow and E. L. Hatlelid Continental Oil Co. Typical sulfation procedures and examples for detergent range alcohols are assembled. The sulfation reagents for which procedures are given include concentrated sulfuric acid, oleum, chlorosulfonic acid, sulfamic acid, and sulfur trioxide.
.Us. ‘Yo. 387
23pages, including 21 tables.
$2.00
Heterogeneous Acid Hydrolysis of Sudanese Cotton AlphaCellulose
E. H. Daruwalla and R. T . Shet University of Bombay, India Data on loss of weight and degree of polymerization were analyzed. The kinetics of the reaction over a fairly wide range of acid concentration and temperature, and changes in the structure of cellulose during acid action, were studied.
M s . No. 3 8 2
32 pages, including 73$gures, 2 tables.
52.00
Statistical Analysis of Mass Transfer Coefficients in the Acetic Acid-Methyl Isobutyl Ketone-Water System
Y. Yabune and D . .M. Harnrnelbiau 1Jniverszty a j Texas Previous work was extended to nonequilibrium states with constant hydrodynamic conditions under both steady-and nonsteady-state transfer. Calculated mass transfer coefficients were correlated \vith various factors by statistical methods. Regression equations uere formulated.
‘MS.AVa. 383
22pages, including dJigures, 3 tables.
$2.00
Calculation of Center-line Temperatures in Tubular Heat Exchangers for Pseudoplastic Fluids in Streamline Flow S. E. Charm
Massachusetts Institute of Technology An equation was developed for determining the center-line temperature of pseudoplastic fluids by extending Eckert’s consideration of Newtonian fluids. Although it was experimentally difficult to achieve fully developed thermal conditions, the equation checked satisfactorily with experimental results.
M s . No. 384
75pages, including Ifigure, 1 table.
Rr.00
Surface Active Materials from Perfluorocarboxylic and Per. fluorosulfonic Acids
R. A. Guenthner and M . L . Vietor Minnesota Mining 3 Manujacturing Go. Preparation, properties, and applications of surface active materials derived from basic products of the Simons electrochemical fluorination cell are discussed. Ms. X o . 387 Circle NO. 39 on Readers’ Service Card
94
iNDUSTRlAL AND ENGINEERING
CHEMISTRY
23 pages, including 7 7 Jgures.
82.00
New)iagrammati
procedure o closed-circui unloading fo. odor control
Lower cost installation suggestions
Guide to safer, lower-cost handling of Acrylic Monamers %
This new, revised bulletin gives you the most up-to-date information on storage and handling of acrylic monomers. Data and recommendations are based on Rohm & Haas’ extensive engineering research and experience in acrylic monomer handling. Included are (1) new suggestions for lower-cost storage installations, (2)
item-by-item equipment lists, installation cost estimates, and return-oninvestment calculations for profit plan-
ROHM HA&AS P H I L A D E L P H I A 5 . P A .
ning, (3) procedures for safe drumming of bulk shipments, and (4) a diagrammatic procedure of closedcircuit unload& of bulk shipments for odor control. Get the benefit of Rohm & Haas’ continuing leadership in technical service, and save on your acrylic monomer purchases. Write to Dept. SP-31 for your copy today.
Rohm & Haas Acrylic Monomers Methyl Acrylate Ethyl Acrylate Butyl Acrylate 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate Methyl Methacrylate Butyl Methacrylate Hexyl Methacrylate Decyl-odyl Methacrylate Ethyl Methacrylate Lauryl Methacrylate Stearyl Methacrylate Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate t-Butvlaminoethyl Methacrylate Glacial Acrylic Acid Glacial-Methacrylic Acid. Circle NO. 101 on Resders’ Senice Clld
VOL. 5 4
NO. 2
FEBRUARY 1962
95
RESEARCH RESULTS
Detergent f r o m Chlorinated Egyptian Kerosine
B. E.-D. A . Gebril Alexandria Univtrsitv, Egyjt A kerosine cut (b.p. 220’ to 245’ C.) was refined and evaluated as a starting material for making kerylbenzene sulfonate detergents. A simplified washing apparatus was constructed to measure detergency power.
M s . .Vo. 388
72pages, including 3jigures, 7 tables.
81.00
Reaction o f A m m o n i a with C a r b o n a1 Elevated Temperatures
T . K. Shrwood and R. 0. M a a k Massachusetts Inszitufe o j Technology The study describes results obtained with a simple reactor using a heated filament, arranged for rapid cooling of reaction products. Most of the data reported are for the reaction of ammonia with carbon; a few are for the pyrolysis of methane and heptane.
M s . No. 390 I
20pages, including Gjgurrs.
82.00
1
equipment.
A n a l y t i c a l Solutions f o r Some A d i a b a t i c Reaclor Problems
J . M . Douglas and L. C. Eaglrton Atlantic Rcfining Go.
COMPANY, INC. J751 Westfield, New Jersey llA6
Central Ave. AOams 2-4200
-
Chili-VACTORSB Steam-Jet EVACTORW Fume Scrubbers Special Jet Apparatus Aqua-VAC:TORS@
Analytical solutions which describe adiabatic reactor operation for simple reaction mechanisms are tabulated in terms of exponential integral functions. The procedure for analytically determining the dynamic response of an adiabatic tubular reactor is outlined.
M s . No. 397
14pages, including 2 tables.
87.00
Circle NO. 100 on Readers’ Service Card
POSSIBLE ONLY
with a
SIGMAMOTOR PUMP M O V E CORROSIVE LIQUIDS) Material being pumped never comes i n contact w i t h pump mechanism Wove-like motion of steel fingers forces material through Tygon tubing. By changing size of tubing, capacity can be increased or decreased. Pump housing opens for removal and insertion of tubing
7 2 p a g e 4 including S f g u r e s , 1 table.
$7.00
G. D.Jones, R. E. Friedrich, and D. C. Mac Williams Thc Daw Chcmical Go.
The flocculation of siliceous suspensions by polyacrylamide and its anionic and cationic copolymers was studied in an effort to improve flocculation processes. Factors that bear on the bridging and adsorption mechanisms are discussed.
M s . No. 393
15pages, including Gfgures, 4 tables.
87.00
One-Slep Catalytic Conversion of Ethanol t o Butadiene in Fluidized Bed
One or more additives con be pumped to o solution in the exact amount desired by selecting the correct size of tubing ond regulating pump speed. Various controls can be incorporated to close valves ahead of pump. per min. t o 4.5 G.P.M.
Write for complete information on sizes and capacities.
SIGMAMOTOR, INC.
67 N. Main Street
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Circle No. 41 on Readers’ Service Card
96
T h e aim of the study was to establish the course of changes in cellulose polymolecularity during cellulose homogenization, by degrading alkali cellulose during aging. Purified sulfite pulps, prehydrolysis sulfate pulps, and two cord pulps from abroad were studied.
Factors in Flocculalion M e c h a n i s m
FEED A N D MIX) One or mare tubes can be feeding material t o a mix while a larger tube i s recircuiating the !iquid to produce agitation and thorough mixing Viscous materials can be pumped without danger of gumming or plugging. Remove tube and pump SI clean.
CC.
V. J . Masura Slovak Academy o j Sciences, Bratislaua, Czechoslovakia
M s . N o . 392
PUMP 2 OR 3 ‘DIFFERENT LIQUIDS S IMU LTAN EOU S LY Some models w i l l accommodate up to four tubes so thot four different iiquids can be passed through the pump a t one time without danger of contamination.
Capacities from 0.5
Chain-Length Distribution o f Alkali Cellulose during A g i n g of Several Types of Pulps
i N D U S T R l A L A N D ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
S. K . Bhattacharyya and B. N . Avasthr Indian Institute o j Technology, Kharagpur, India The reaction was carried out in a fluidized catalyst bed, using single, binary, and ternary catalyst systems in a wide range of catalyst composition, temperature, ethanol feed rate, ethanol concentration, deactivation of catalyst, and catalyst bed height. The process conversion of ethanol to butadiene was found to be considerably higher in the fluidized bed than in the fixed bed.
M s . N o . 394
35pages, including 7 2 j g u r e s , 4 tables.
82.00
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theTURBO-DRYER in a closed-circuit system at atmospheric pressure with inert gas as the drying medium. Leakage is negligible. Present installations recover methanol, acetone, isopropanol, benzene, butanol, cyclohexane, toluene and monochlorobenzene.
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VOL. 5 4
NO. 2
FEBRUARY
1962
97
RESEARCH RESULTS
Temperature Gradients and Velocity Profiles Obtained in a Hot Gas Recycle Pilot Plant Reactor
A . J . Forney, R. J . Demski, and J . H . Field Pittsburgh Research Center, Bureau of Mincs A temperature control problem was studied, using recycled gas to remove the heat liberated in the synthesis of high-B.t.u. gas by the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Modifications in catalyst packing improved gas distribution and temperature control. M s . No. 3 9 6
lgpagcs, including Q j g u r e s .
01.00
Boundary layer Mass Transport with Hetemgeneous Catalysis
C. L. Kusik and John HappcI New York University Vapor phase surface-catalyzed reactions in a multiparticle system with forced convection have been studied for modified Reynolds numbers from 100 to 1000. Boundary layer equations are solved for a binary system with constant surface concentrations.
Ms. No. 3 9 8
45pages, including ? j g u r e s , I table.
$2.00
An Equation of State Involving the Critical Ratio
Leo F . Epstein Vallecitos Atomic Laboratory, General Electric Co.
Circle No. 22
on
Readers' Service Card
T h e work represents an attempt to combine modern theory with empirical considerations. T h e result should be of use in making PVT calculations with a minimum of experimental data. 'Ms. h'o. 3 9 9
10 ,bages, including 2,figures.
81.00
New Spinning Method Using the Superheated Vapor of a Prescribed Solvent
Tetsuo Yoshida and Tsutomu Hyodo Osaka City University, Japan
A new application of superheated vapor is discussed, which shows promise of producing stronger, finer fiber of higher quality in smaller equipment. Ms. No. 400
13pager.
$1.00
Dehydrogenation of Pentanes with Oxygen
For more efficient performance in such operations as the introduction of liuuids in Drocessinu or the removal of fumes from exhaust systems. proper- selection of spray nozzles offers great opportunity. For proper selection you must have an ample choice of types, capacities, SP''ay patterns and materials. This Spraying Systems gives you with a choice of over 12,000 standard nozzles to meet every need.
...
For complete Informotion
. . . write for Catalog 2 4 .
S P R A Y I N G SYSTEMS CO. 3255 Randolph Street
9
Bellwood, Illinois
C . M . Selwitz and J . L. Stanmyer, Jr. Guif Research @ Develobment Co. Effects of contact time, temperature, surface, and small amounts of ozone on paraffin conversion, olefin efficiency, and product distribution were determined in order to find optimum conditions for the dehydrogenation of n- and isopentane in air.
Ms. No. 40?
76 pages, including S j g u r e s , 3 tables.
$1.00
Continuous Automatic Manufacture of Hypochlorite Solutions from Soda Ash
R. L . McBrayer and N . S.Nichols Wyandotte Chemicals Gorp. Experimental data demonstrate the applicability of oxidation potential as a means of control in a continuous system. Stability of the solutions as a function of temperature and concentration was studied.
Ms. No. 429 Circle No. 37 on Readers' Service Card
98
INDUSTRIAL A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
22pages, including 3 j g u r e s , 4 tables.
$2.00
