Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 2710
Response to Comment on “Metal Emissions from Brake Linings and Tires: Case Studies of Stockholm, Sweden 1995/1998 and 2005”
(2)
(3)
We appreciate that Cetta et al. (1) have taken their time to read and comment on our work (2), and we welcome the opportunity to respond. Our introduction to the work as well as the aim clearly state the focus on parts of the global metal cycles for some selected metals for which brake linings and tires are thought/ known to be large emission sources. And by citing some part of our work (2) we hope to bring back the focus to where it was intended it to be: “Globally, metals are accumulated in the technosphere, especially in urban areas where the inuse stock is increasing, e.g., for copper (Cu) (3) and zinc (Zn) (4). From the stock, metal emissions to the biosphere may be significant, e.g., refs 5 and 6. Several studies have stressed road traffic as a source of metal emissions, particularly in urban areas (e.g., 7, 8), and brake linings as well as tires are known emission sources of particulate matter to the surrounding environment (9–12)”. And further: “The aim of the current study was to follow the development of metal emissions from brake linings and tire tread rubber over the period 1995/1998–2005, and to put the emitted metal quantities in relation to other metal emission sources in an urban area. The focus was on Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn and for tires, chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni)”. Thus, the aim of our study was not to address brake linings and tires as emission sources for all kind of substances, including organic compounds. We agree with Cetta et al. that for a more holistic approach in assessing these materials in a health or environmental risk perspective also substances other than metals must be studied. However, as environmental scientists we do not agree that “to be of environmental relevance” is the same as “relevance for human health”.
Literature Cited (1) Cetta, F.; Dharmo, A.; Schiraldo, G.; Allegra, L. Comment on “Metal Emissions from Brake Linings and Tires: Case Studies
2710
9
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY / VOL. 42, NO. 7, 2008
(4)
(5) (6) (7)
(8) (9)
(10) (11)
(12)
of Stockholm, Sweden 1995/1998 and 2005”. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 2708–2709. Hjortenkrans, D. S. T.; Bergbäck, B. G.; Häggerud, A. V. Metal Emissions from Brake Linings and Tires: Case Studies of Stockholm, Sweden 1995/1998 and 2005. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 5224–5230. Graedel, T. E.; Bertram, M.; Kapur, A.; Beck, B.; Spatari, S. Exploratory Data Analysis of the Multilevel Anthropogenic Copper Cycle. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 1253–1261. Graedel, T. E.; van Beers, D.; Bertram, M.; Fuse, K.; Gordon, R. B.; Gritsinin, A.; Harper, E. M.; Kapur, A.; Klee, R. J.; Lifset, R.; Memon, L.; Spatari, S. The multilevel cycle of anthropogenic zinc. J. Ind. Ecol. 2005, 9 (3), 67–90. Landner, L.; Lindeström, L. Copper in Society and in the Environment, 2nd rev. ed.; Swedish Environmental Research Group: Västerås, 1999. Landner, L.; Lindeström, L. Zinc in Society and in the Environment; Swedish Environmental Research Group: Kil, 1998. Lough, G. C.; Schauger, J. J.; Park, J.-S.; Shafer, M. M.; Deminter, J. T.; Weinstein, J. P. Emissions of Metals Associated with Motor Vehicle Roadways. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 4206–4214. Hjortenkrans, D.; Bergbäck, B.; Häggerud, A. New Metal Emission Patterns in Road Traffic Environment. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2006, 117, 85–98. Kupiainen, K. J.; Tervahattu, H.; Räisänen, M.; Mäkelä, T.; Aurela, M.; Hillamo, R. Size and Composition of Airborne Particles from Pavement Wear, Tires, and Traction Sanding. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 699–706. Councell, T. B.; Duckenfield, K. U.; Landa, E. R.; Callender, E. Tire-Wear Particles as a source of Zinc to the Environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 4206–4214. Sanders, P.; Xu, N.; Dalka, T.; Maricq, M. Airborne Brake Wear Debris: Size Distributions, Composition, and a Comparison of Dynamometer and Vehicle Tests. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 1060–4069. Garg, B.; Cadle, S.; Mulawa, P.; Groblicki, P. Brake Wear Particulate Matter Emissions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 21, 4463–4469.
D. S. T. Hjortenkrans,* B. G. Bergbäck, and A. V. Häggerud School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden ES7028069
10.1021/es7028069 CCC: $40.75
2008 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 02/06/2008
