Self-Floating Carbonized Tissue Membrane Derived from Commercial

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Self-Floating Carbonized Tissue Membrane Derived from Commercial Facial Tissue for Highly Efficient Solar Steam Generation Yaxi Chen, Yanmei Shi, Hui Kou, Dali Liu, Yi Huang, Zhigang Chen, and Bin Zhang ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/ acssuschemeng.8b05830 • Publication Date (Web): 14 Jan 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on January 15, 2019

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ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Self-Floating Carbonized Tissue Membrane Derived from Commercial Facial Tissue for Highly Efficient Solar Steam Generation Yaxi Chen,†,‡ Yanmei Shi,*,‡ Hui Kou,§ Dali Liu,‡ Yi Huang,‡ Zhigang Chen,§ and Bin Zhang*,†,‡,  †Department

of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin

University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China ‡Tianjin

Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School

of Science, Tianjin University, No. 135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China Collaborative

Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, No. 92 Weijin Road,

Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China §State

Key Laboratory for Modiﬁcation of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of

Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Songjiang Campus: 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China *E-mail: [email protected] (Y.S.). *E-mail: [email protected] (B.Z.).

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KEYWORDS: Solar steam generation, Self-floating, Carbon material, Membrane, One-step synthesis

ABSTRACT. Solar steam generation holds a great promise for practically utilizing solar energy in sea water desalination and sewage purification on a large scale. It has been proven that local heating of the superficial water can maximize the energy efficiency for steam generation. So the photothermal materials are required to float on water while working. However, the fabrication of a photothermal material with self-floating ability, low cost and easy-preparation for solar steam generation is highly challenged. Herein, self-floating carbonized tissue membrane for high efficiency solar steam generation is prepared via the carbonization of the commercial facial tissue. The low-cost and scalable carbonized tissue membrane can float on water without any assistance, and can effectively generate water steam at the rate of 4.45 kg m-2 h-1 with photothermal conversion efficiency of as high as 95 % under 3-sun illumination. The selffloating ability, high solar steam generation performance and low cost make the carbonized tissue membrane to be potential alternative for practical application in the future.

INTRODUCTION Solar steam generation is an efficient way for solar energy utilization, and has a great application prospect in sea water desalination and sewage purification.1-3 Various materials have been proven to be capable of absorbing light and converting light to heat for water steam generation. These materials include metal nanoparticles,4-8 transition metal nitrides,9 carbides,10 metallic oxides with defects11-13 and carbon-based materials.14-22 Among all these materials, carbon-based


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materials have attracted extensive attention because of the wide light absorption and excellent stability under strong illumination.23 And the photothermal conversion efficiency of carbonbased materials can be further improved by fabricating them into membrane,24-30 assembling to 3-dimensional (3D) structure,31-33 or integrating with other materials.34 However, the carbonbased evaporators also perform the shortcomings of unavoidable decompaction, shedding, as well as the high production cost of graphene and carbon nanotubes. On the other hand, Wang group has proven the concept of local heating of the superficial water to maximize the energy efficiency for solar steam generation.35 So the photothermal materials are required to float on water while working. To this end, most of the photothermal materials need to be modified by polymer hydrophobic agents or introduce a supporting substrate to gain the self-floating ability. Nevertheless, the hydrophobic agents always suffer from the oxidation and decomposition under long-time or intense illumination.18 And the preparation of self-floating substrate with steam channels is always complicated. It is still highly challenged to develop a new kind of carbon-based material with self-floating ability, low cost and easypreparation for solar steam generation. Herein, with the intention of sustainable economy, we design a new photothermal membrane by the carbonization of low-cost and scalable commercial facial tissue (Figure 1a). The carbonized tissue membrane can self-float on the water without any assistance. And the carbonized tissue performs a high evaporation efficiency of 95 % under 3-sun illumination and outstanding stability for 80 cycles. The easy-preparation, self-floating ability, high evaporation efficiency, and the excellent stability make the carbonized tissue membrane meet the requirements of the practical production on a large scale.


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation of the carbonized tissue membrane. (b-e) XRD pattern (b), Raman spectrum (c), SEM images (d-e) of the carbonized tissue. (f) Contact angle of the carbonized tissue membrane. The insets show the shapes of a water droplet on the membrane with the tilt angle of 90º and 180º, respectively. (g) Optical photos of the carbonized tissue self-floating on the water.


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As shown in Figure 1a, the carbonized tissue membrane is obtained by the calcination of commercial facial tissue at 800 ºC in argon. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the carbonized tissue shows peaks of carbon (Figure 1b). And the Raman spectrum of the carbonized tissue displays the characteristic bands of D band at ~1335 cm-1 and G band at ~1587 cm-1 (Figure 1c), which are assigned to defected carbon atoms and sp2 hybridized graphitic carbon atoms.36 In addition, the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum of the carbonized tissue exhibits that only carbon can be detected in the carbonized tissue membrane (Figure S1 in the Supporting Information). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to characterize the microstructure of the facial tissue and the carbonized tissue. The SEM images of the facial tissue perform integrated 3D structure, which is made up of intricate flat fibers (Figure S2). After the calcination, the structure of the carbonized tissue changes little except for the rougher surface (Figure 1d-e and Figure S3). It is worth noting that the carbonized tissue with the complicated 3D membrane structure performs a nearly super hydrophobility. As shown in Figure 1f and Figure S4, the carbonized tissue shows a contact angle of 140º without any surface modification. Such high contact angle is normally acquired by modifying the photothermal materials with polymer hydrophobic agents.32 Moreover, when the carbonized tissue with a drop of water above is placed vertically and up-side down, the water droplet can still adhere to the membrane firmly, indicating a Wenzel’s wetting behavior of the carbonized tissue.37 And the nearly super hydorphobility endows the carbonized tissue with the self-floating ability to floating on the water without any assistance. (Figure 1g).35


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Figure 2. (a) Absorption spectra of the carbonized tissue and the facial tissue at the wavelength range of 300 to 1200 nm. (b) Temperature changes of carbonized tissue under different light intensity as the function of time. (c-d) IRT images and corresponding maximum temperature of the steady state samples under different light intensity. (c) Facial tissue. (d) Carbonized tissue.

Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy is employed to examine the light absorption of the samples. The absorption of the commercial facial tissue shows an extremely low value of ~6 % in the wavelength range of 300-1200 nm (Figure 2a). After the carbonization, the absorption of the carbonized tissue significantly increases to as high as 96 % (Figure 2a). The surface temperature changes of both tissues under different light illumination are recorded by infrared thermography (IRT). The initial temperatures of the both tissues are nearly the same (Figure 2b


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and Figure S5-7). Upon the light illumination, the temperature of the carbonized tissue rises rapidly, and reaches stable state about 1 min, whereas the temperature increase of the facial tissue is much smaller (Figure 2c and Figure S5-6). The final temperatures of the carbonized tissue under 1-sun, 2-sun and 3-sun illumination reach 58 ºC, 67 ºC and 83 ºC, respectively (Figure 2d). Specially, the temperature increase of the carbonized tissue under 3-sun illumination is up to 67 ºC, which is nearly 5 times higher than that of the raw facial tissue (14 ºC), indicating an excellent photothermal performances of the carbonized tissue. After the confirmation of the photothermal effect, we test the solar steam generation performance of the carbonized tissue (Figure S8). The carbonized tissue has the ability to float on water by itself, but the commercial facial tissue needs the assistance of the hydrophobilic agent to floating on the water. When compare the evaporator with different layers, single-layered carbonized tissue performs the highest steam generation efficiency (Figure S9). Parts a-c of Figure 3 show the mass of water evaporation in one hour of the single-layered carbonized tissue. The facial tissue and blank water are also measured under the same conditions for comparison. Since the light absorption of facial tissue is poor, its evaporation mass is almost the same with the blank water under weak illumination (Figure 3a-b). Under strong illumination, the water evaporation of facial tissue is even smaller than the blank water due to the high reflectance caused by the white color (Figure 3c). After carbonization, the carbonized tissue exhibits promoted evaporation mass, which is nearly 3 times larger than those of facial tissue and blank water under the illumination of 3 sun. The optical photo of the carbonized tissue evaporator with plenty of steam under the illumination of 3 sun is shown in Figure 3d. Additionally, the carbonized tissue performs an enhanced evaporation rate of as high as 4.45 kg m-2 h-1 under 3sun illumination (Figure 3e), which is much higher than those of facial tissue and blank water


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(Figure S10). An enhancement factor is obtained through the ratio of the evaporation rate of carbonized tissue to the evaporation rate of the facial tissue. Under the illumination of 3 sun, the enhancement factor is up to 2.35 (Figure S11), demonstrating a high photothermal promotion of the carbonized tissue. The water evaporation efficiency is estimated through the following equation,38 ƞ = v × hLV / P

(Equation 1)

where v is the evaporation rate of water, hLV is the total enthalpy, and P is the power of the incident light. And hLV can be calculated by Equation 2, hLV = 2260 + 4.2 × (T2 - T1)

(Equation 2)

where T2 is the final surface temperature of the carbonized tissue, and T1 is the initial temperature of the water. Based on the above equations, the evaporation efficiency of the carbonized tissue is calculated to be 95 % under 3-sun illumination (Figure 3f and Figure S12, see more heat loss analysis in the Supporting Information), which is almost the highest value of the carbon-based steam generation materials (Table S1).


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Figure 3. (a-c) Evaporation mass of water of carbonized tissue, facial tissue and blank water under different light intensity. (a) 1 sun. (b) 2 sun. (c) 3 sun. (d) Optical photos of the carbonized tissue evaporator with and without the illumination of 3 sun. (e) Time-dependent water evaporation rate of the carbonized tissue under different light intensity. (f) Evaporation efficiencies of the carbonized tissue under different light intensity. Stability is an important aspect in the estimation of the solar steam generation materials. Among the different materials, carbon-based materials are famous for the high stability even under intense solar irradiation.14, 33 Figure 4a shows the evaporation rates of the carbonized tissue for 80 cycles under the illumination of 2 sun. During 80 cycles, the evaporation rates of the


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carbonized tissue nearly stay the same. And the structure and the composition of the carbonized tissue show little change (Figure S13), indicating the high steam generation stability of the carbonized tissue. Furthermore, the carbonized tissue can float on the water without any help for more than 7 weeks, exhibiting the tough self-floating ability of the carbonized tissue (Figure 4b).

Figure 4. (a) Evaporation rates of the carbonized tissue over 80 cycles under the illumination of 2 sun. Each cycle lasts for 1 h. (b) Optical photos of the same piece of carbonized tissue selffloating on the water for 7 weeks.

The excellent solar steam generation performance of the carbonized tissue is inseparable from its unique structure and self-floating ability. The 3D structure of the carbonized tissue plays a vital role in the solar steam generation. The distortions and folds in the carbonized fibers are conducive to absorb more sunlight. And the gaps between fibers can serve as the channels for the generated steam. Besides, the intimate contact between the carbonized tissue and the water originating from the Wenzel’s wetting benefits the heat conduct from the membrane to the water, thus in favor of the solar steam generation efficiency. Furthermore, the integrated structure derived from the commercial facial tissue can prevent the degradation and agglomeration of


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many traditional photothermal materials under strong illumination. And with the self-floating ability, the carbonized tissue can float on the water all the time and avoid the oxidation of the hydrophobic agent, thus leading to an excellent stability. Moreover, the facial tissue as our precursor is made up from renewable wood pulp, leading to an extremely low production cost when compared with other evaporators (Table S1). The self-floating ability, high solar steam generation performance and low cost make the carbonized tissue membrane to be potential alternative for practical application in the future. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we demonstrate the carbonized tissue membrane derived from low-cost facial tissue for the high performance solar steam generation. The carbonized tissue with the composition of graphite carbon shows a complicated 3D structure and nearly super hydrophobility, endowing the carbon tissue self-floating ability on the water without any assistance. The light absorption of the carbonized tissue can reach up to 96 %. And the carbonized tissue performs an evaporation efficiency of as high as 95 % under 3-sun illumination. The carbonized tissue also exhibits outstanding stability for 80 cycles under the illumination of 2 sun. The self-floating, low-cost and scalable carbonized tissue holds a great promise for utilizing solar energy for practical sea water desalination and sewage purification on a large scale. ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information. The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: xxx.


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Additional characterizations, additional steam generation performances and the comparison with other reported carbon-based materials. (PDF) AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *E-mail: [email protected] (B.Z.). *E-mail: [email protected] (Y.S.). Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City (No. 17JCJQJC44700 and No. 17JCQNJC03200). REFERENCES (1) Lewis, N. S. Toward Cost-Effective Solar Energy Use. Science 2007, 315, 798-801, DOI 10.1126/science.1137014. (2) Liu, H.; Zhang, X.; Hong, Z.; Pu, Z.; Yao, Q.; Shi, J.; Yang, G.; Mi, B.; Yang, B.; Liu, X.; Jiang, H.; Hu, X. A Bioinspired Capillary-Driven Pump for Solar Vapor Generation. Nano Energy 2017, 42, 115-121, DOI 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.10.039. (3) Wu, X.; Wu, L.; Tan, J.; Chen, G. Y.; Owens, G.; Xu, H. Evaporation above a Bulk Water Surface Using an Oil Lamp Inspired Highly Efficient Solar-Steam Generation Strategy. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 12267-12274, DOI 10.1039/C8TA03280G.


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Self-floating carbonized tissue membrane with low cost and high solar steam generation efficiency is prepared via the carbonization of commercial facial tissue.


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Self-Floating Carbonized Tissue Membrane Derived from Commercial

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