Environ. Sci. Techi101. 1984, 18, zo3-zo6
(6) Kringstad, K.; Lindstrom, K., submitted for publication in Environ. Sci. Technol. (7) Holmbom, B. R.; Voss, R. H.; Mortimer, R. D.; Wong, A. Tappi 1981,64,(3),172. (8) Kringstad, K. P.; Ljungquist, P. 0.;de S o w , F.; Stromberg, L. M. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1981,15,562. (9) Holmbom, B. R.; Voss, R. H.; Mortimer, R. D.; Wong, A. paper presented at the Canadian Wood Chemistry Symposium, Niagara Falls, Sept 13-15, 1982. (10) McKague, A. B.; Lee, E. G.-H.; Douglas, G. R. Mutat. Res. 1981,91,301. (11) Kringstad, K. P.; Ljungquist, P. 0.;de Sousa, F.; Stramberg,
I
I
50 60 70 80 90 100 O h Methanol
L. M. In “Water Chlorination: Environmental Impact and Health Effects”;Jolley, R. L., et al., Eds.; Ann Arbor Science, Publishers: Ann Arbor, MI, 1983;Vol. 4,Chapter 93. (12) Hoglund, C.; Allard, Ad.; Neilson, A. H.; Landner, L. Sven. Papperstidn. 1979,82,447. (13) Nazar, M. A.; Rapson, W. H. Pulp Pap. Can. 1980,81,191. (14) Nazar, M. A.; Rapson, W. H. Environ. Mutagen. 1982,4, 435. (15) Eriksson, K.-E.; Kringstad, K.; de Sousa, F.; Stromberg, L. M. Sven. Papperstidn. 1982,85,R73. (16) Kringstad, K. P.;Ljungquist, P. 0.;de Sousa, F.; Stromberg, L. M. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1983,17,468. (17) Voss, R. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1983,17,530. (18) Veith, G. D.; Austin, N. M.; Morris, R. T. Water Res. 1979, 13,43. (19) Renberg, L.; Sundstrom, G.; Sundh-NygBrd, K. Chemosphere 1980,9,683. (20) Butte, W.; Fooken, C.; Klussman, R.; Schuller, D. J. Chromatogr. 1981,214,59. (21) McDuffie, B. Chemosphere 1981,10,73. (22) Miyake, K.; Terada, H. J. Chromatogr. 1982,240,9. (23) Hammers, W. E.; Meurs, G. J.; De Ligny, C. L. J. Chromatogr. 1982,247,1. (24) Shostakovskii, M. F.; Annenkova, V. Z.; Ivanova, L. T.; Ugryumova, G. S. Izv. Sib. Otd. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. Khim. Nauk 1967,6,104. (25) Biagi, G. L.; Barbaro, A. M.; Gamba, M. F.; Guerra, M. C. J. Chromatogr. 1969,41,371. (26) Biagi, G. L.; Barbaro, A. M.; Guerra, M. C.; Gamba, M. F. J . Chromatogr. 1969,44,195. (27) Renberg, L.; Sundstrom, G. Chemosphere 1979, 7, 449. (28) Bruggeman, W. A.; Van der Steen, J.; Hutzinger, 0. J. Chromatogr. 1982,238,335. (29) Renberg, L.; Sundstrom, G.; RoshOlofsson, A X . , submitted for publication in Environ. Sci. Technol. (30) OECD, Guidelines for testing of Chemicals, Section 3, Degradation and Accumulation, Paris, June 1981. (31) Leo, A.; Hansch, C.; Elkins, D. Chem. Rev., 1971,71,525.
Figure 3. Relationship between log k’ values for 2-chloropropenal and the concentration of methanol in the mobile phase. Each point represents the mean of four determinations. Standard devlatlon about the regression, 0.05; standard error of intercept, 0.19.
are rather stable. The compounds are responsible for a minor part of the overall mutagenic activity of such liquor but have a degree of lipophilicity that is higher than the level a t which studies of bioaccumulation using living organisms are recommended. However, such studies can only be performed when the nature of the individual responsible compounds is known. From Figure 3 it may be derived that the log ito value of 2-chloropropeeal, a compound previously demonstrated to account for an important part of the mutagenic activity of spent chlorination liquors (II), is 1.04. This shows, as can be expected, that this strong mutagenic compound belongs to the least lipophilic compounds present in the liquor. Further investigations to identify the lipophilic mutagenic compounds are under way a t this laboratory.
Literature Cited (1) Ander, P.; Eriksson, K.-E.; Kolar, M.-C.; Kringstad, K.; Rannug, U.; Ramel, C. Sven. Papperstidn. 1977,80,454. (2) Eriksson, K.-E.; Kolar, M.-C.; Kringstad, K. Sven. Papperstidn. 1979,82,95. (3) Stockman, L.; Stromberg, L.; de Sousa, F. Cellul. Chem. Technol. 1980,14,517. (4) Rannug, U.; Jenssen, D.; Ramel, C.; Ericksson, K.-E.; Kringstad, K. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1981, 7, 33. (5) Douglas, G. R.; Nestmann, E. R.; McKague, A. B.; Kamra, 0. P.; Lee, E. G.-H.; Ellenton, J. A.; Bell, R.; Kowbel, D.; Liu, V.; Pooley, J. In “Applicationof Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures 111”; Waters, M.; Sandu, S.; Claxton, L.; Lewtas, J.; Nestnow, S.; Chernoff, N., Eds.; Plenum Press: New York, 1982.
Received for review May 17,1983. AGcepted August 24, 1983.
Similarity of Some Organic Compounds in Spark- Ignition and Diesel Engine Particulate Extracts Thomas D. Behymer and Ronald A. Hltes* School of Public and Envlronmental Affairs and Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
The abundance and distribution of selected p o ~ y c y c ~ ~ c aromatic hy&ocarbom (pm)and oxy-^^^, as well as the alkyl homologues of each, produced by automobiles equipped with diesel and spark-ignition engines were compared. These different engine types produced PAH and oxy-PAH mixtures which were qualitatively and quantitatively similar; thus, it will be difficult to differentiate diesel emissions from those produced by sparkignition engines once they enter the environment.
Introduction Anyone who has been bicycling behind a city bus when 0013-936X/84/0918-0203$01.50/0
it accelerates is aware of the microscale environmental hazards associated with diesel engines. The cyclist becomes enveloped in a cloud Of Soot and noxious odors. Not withstanding these local effects, the large-scale environmental impacts Of diesel engine exhaust were of little concern until recently when it was noted that the market share of diesel-powered cars had been increasing and was likely to increase to 10-15% by 1990 ( I ) . This is a lot of cars. Unfortunately, diesel engines produce 30-100 times more particulate matter than equivalently sized spark-ignition engines, and although this particulate matter is composed primarily of carbon, 10-40% by weight can be
0 1984 American Chemical Society
Envlron. Sci. Technol., Vol. 18, No. 3,
1984
203
___
-
Table I. Amount of Unsubstituted PAH and Their Alkyl Homologues -
compound naphthalene (C,) Cl
c,
c3
fluorene (C,)
c, c2
c 3
phenanthrene (C, )
c, c2
c 3
pyrene and fluoranthene (C,) Cl
c2
c3
phenylnaphthalene (C,)
c, c 2
c3
a
_
_
