INDUSTRIAL
12
AND ENGINEERING
CHEMISTRY
News Edition
BY
J O E L H. H I L D E B R A N D , P H . D .
SOLUBILITY A. C. S.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER INTRODUCTORY. I I M E T H O D S OF EXPRESSING; S O L U B I L I T Y .
IDEAL SOLUTION—RAOULT'S
XI
IV
SOLUBILITY RELATIONS RAOULT'S L A W .
BASED
D E V I A T I O N FROM R A O U L T ' S
XII
LAW.
XIII
R A O U L T ' S L A W AND O T H E R OF SOLUTION'S.
XIV
VII
CAUSES OF DEVIATIONS LAW.
FROM
XV
RAOULT'S
POLARITY.
T h e Dielectric C o n s t a n t . The Temp e r a t u r e Coefficient of Molecular Surface E n e r g y . T h e H e a t of Vaporization. Polarity and Chemical N a t u r e . IX
INTERNAL
PRESSURE.
Definition. From Equation •; of S t a t e . From H e a t of Vaporization. From Surface Tension. From Solubility D a t a . X
SOLVATION.
Solvation and Polarity. Difference in Positive and Negative C h a r a c t e r of the
SOLUBILITIES LYTE.
OF
SOLID
NON-ELECTRO-
SOLUBILITIES OF ELECTROLYTES.
Effect of Ionization of the Solute. S u m m a r y of F a c t o r s affecting Solubility of Solid Electrolytes. Illustrations. Effect of Relative Positive and Negative C h a r a c t e r s of Solvent and Solute. C h a n g e of Solubility with T e m p e r a t u r e . Solubilities in the Alcohols. Solvents of Low Polarity. Solubilities in Liquid. A m m o n i a . Solubilities of Fused Salts in E a c h O t h e r . Effect of a third C o m p o n e n t upon the Solubility of an Electrolyte in W a t e r .
Internal Pressure. Application of the van der Waals Theory. Chemical Combinations between the C o m p o nents, Association of one C o m p o nent. Criticism of Foregoing Theories. Polarity. Summary. VIII
S O L U B I L I T I E S O F L I Q U I D S IN L I Q U I D S .
Iodine. Sulfur. N a p h t h a l e n e . Solubilities of p - D i b r o m o b e n z e n e , P h e n a n threne, Triphenyl Methane, Anthracene and A n t h r a q u i n o n e . A l u m i n u m Bromide. Benzoic Acid. T h e Choice of Solvent for Recrystallization. Molecular Weight from Lowering of Freezing Point. Effect of Pressure u p o n the Solubility of Solids. Solid Solutions (a) Effect upon Solubility, (b) Factors Governing the F o r m a t i o n of Solid Solutions.
PROPERTIES
An Ideal Solution Obeys R a o u l t ' s Law at all T e m p e r a t u r e s and Pressures. H e a t of Mixing. Volume Changes on Mixing Liquids. W h a t Substances Can Obey R a o u l t ' s L a w at all Pressures and T e m p e r a t u r e s ?
S O L U B I L I T I E S OF G A S E S .
Relation to Differences in Internal Pressure and P o l a r i t y . Effect of Pressure.
T y p e s of Deviation from R a o u l t ' s Law. T h e D u h e m E q u a t i o n and its Consequences. Effect of T e m p e r a t u r e upon Deviations from Raoult's Law. F o r m a tion of two Liquid Phases. Effect of Deviations upon the Solubility of Gases. Effect of Deviations u p o n the Solubility of Solids. VI
MIXTURES.
Gases of Low Polarity. Ammonia. C a r b o n Dioxide a n d N i t r o u s Oxide. Solubility of Gases in Solids. Solubility of Gases in Aqueous Solutions.
UPON
Partial Vapor Pressures. T o t a l Vapor Pressure. Boiling Point-Composition Curve. Solubility of Gases. Miscibility of Liquids. Solubility of Solids. Other Solubility Relations.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF LIQUID
P a r t i a l Vapor Pressures. T o t a l Vapor Pressures and Boiling Point-Composition Curves. C o n s t a n t Boiling Mixt u r e s — M i n i m u m Boiling P o i n t s . Constant Boiling Mixtures—Maximum Boiling Points. F r a c t i o n a l Distillation. Molecular Weight from Rise in Boiling Point.
LAW.
Significance of the Ideal Solution. Definitions of the Ideal Solution. Comparison of Laws of V a n ' t Hoff and Raoult. S t a t e m e n t of R a o u l t ' s law when the Vapor cannot be regarded as a Perfect G a s : - - T h e Fugacity. Other Expressions for Raoult's Law.
P R I C E : $3.00 Components. Complexes a n d H y drates. U n s a t u r a t e d C o m p o u n d s .
T h e Solvent and the Solute. Designation of Components. M e t h o d s of expressing Solubilities. THE
o. 17
MONOGRAPH
Ready in March
III
Professor of C h e m i s t r y , in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of California
XVI XVII XVIII
METALLIC
SOLUTIONS.
P A R T I T I O N OF S O L U T E S B E T W E E N CIBLE L I Q U I D S .
IMMIS-
S O L U B I L I T Y AND V A R I O U S R E L A T E D NOMENA.
PHE-
Effect of Size of Particles upon Solubility. Surface T e n s i o n , Adsorption and Solubility. Effect of t h e Solvent upon Equilibrium in Solution. Electromotive force and Solubility.
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